The Cauchy-Schwarz (C-S) inequality is one of the most famous inequalities in mathematics. In this survey article, we first give a brief history of the inequality. Afterward, we present the C-S inequality for inner product spaces. Focusing on operator inequalities, we then review some significant recent developments of the C-S inequality and its reverses for Hilbert space operators and elements of Hilbert C*-modules. In particular, we pay special attention to an operator Wielandt inequality.

This thesis is devoted to the study of mixed norm spaces that arise in connection with embeddings of Sobolev and Besov type spaces. We study different structural, integrability, and smoothness properties of functions satisfying certain mixed norm conditions. Conditions of this type are determined by the behaviour of linear sections of functions. The work in this direction originates in a paper due to Gagliardo (1958), and was further developed by Fournier (1988), by Blei and Fournier (1989), and by Kolyada (2005).

Here we continue these studies. We obtain some refinements of known embeddings for certain mixed norm spaces introduced by Gagliardo, and we study general properties of these spaces. In connection with these results, we consider a scale of intermediate mixed norm spaces, and prove intrinsic embeddings in this scale.

We also consider more general, fully anisotropic, mixed norm spaces. Our main theorem states an embedding of these spaces to Lorentz spaces. Applying this result, we obtain sharp embedding theorems for anisotropic Sobolev-Besov spaces, and anisotropic fractional Sobolev spaces. The methods used are based on non-increasing rearrangements, and on estimates of sections of functions and sections of sets. We also study limiting relations between embeddings of spaces of different type. More exactly, mixed norm estimates enable us to get embedding constants with sharp asymptotic behaviour. This gives an extension of the results obtained for isotropic Besov spaces by Bourgain, Brezis, and Mironescu, and for anisotropic Besov spaces by Kolyada.

We study also some basic properties (in particular the approximation properties) of special weak type spaces that play an important role in the construction of mixed norm spaces, and in the description of Sobolev type embeddings.

In the last chapter, we study mixed norm spaces consisting of functions that have smooth sections. We prove embeddings of these spaces to Lorentz spaces. From this result, known properties of Sobolev-Liouville spaces follow.

This thesis is devoted to the study of mixed norm spaces that arise in connection with embeddings of Sobolev and Besov type spaces. The work in this direction originates in a paper due to Gagliardo (1958), and was continued by Fournier (1988) and by Kolyada (2005).

We consider fully anisotropic mixed norm spaces. Our main theorem states an embedding of these spaces into Lorentz spaces. Applying this result, we obtain sharp embedding theorems for anisotropic fractional Sobolev spaces and anisotropic Sobolev-Besov spaces. The methods used are based on non-increasing rearrangements and on estimates of sections of functions and sections of sets. We also study limiting relations between embeddings of spaces of different type. More exactly, mixed norm estimates enable us to get embedding constants with sharp asymptotic behaviour. This gives an extension of the results obtained for isotropic Besov spaces $B_p^\alpha$ by Bourgain, Brezis, and Mironescu, and for Besov spaces $B^{\alpha_1,\dots,\alpha_n}_p$ by Kolyada.

We study also some basic properties (in particular the approximation properties) of special weak type spaces that play an important role in the construction of mixed norm spaces and in the description of Sobolev type embeddings.

We study mixed norm spaces

V (Rn)

that arise in connection with embeddings of

Sobolev spaces

W

1

1

(Rn). We prove embeddings of V (Rn)

into Lorentz type spaces defined in terms

of iterative rearrangements. Basing on these results, we introduce the scale of mixed norm spaces

V

p

(Rn). We prove that V ½ V p

and we discuss some questions related to this embedding.

We explicitly construct the canonical rational models of Shimuracurves, both analytically in terms of modular forms andalgebraically in terms of coefficients of genus 2 curves, in thecases of quaternion algebras of discriminant 6 and 10. Thisemulates the classical construction in the elliptic curvecase. We also give families of genus 2 QM curves, whose Jacobiansare the corresponding abelian surfaces on the Shimura curve, andwith coefficients that are modular forms of weight 12. We applythese results to show that our j-functions are supported exactlyat those primes where the genus 2 curve does not admitpotentially good reduction, and construct fields where thispotentially good reduction is attained. Finally, using j, weconstruct the fields of moduli and definition for some moduliproblems associated to the Atkin-Lehner group actions

It is known that any Lie Group is an orientable manifold. Thus, a non-orientable surface cannot have a structure of Lie group. However, actions of Lie groups on non-orientable Klein surfaces exist. We deal in this paper with such actions.

We obtain a new variational characterization of the Sobolev space $W_p^1(\Omega)$ (where $\Omega\subseteq\R^n$ and $p>n$). This is a generalization of a classical result of F. Riesz. We also consider some related results.

We find the best constants in inequalities relating the standard norm, the dual norm, and the norm ‖𝑥‖(𝑝,𝑠)∑∶=inf{𝑘‖𝑥(𝑘)‖𝑝,𝑠}, where the infimum is taken over all finite representations ∑𝑥=𝑘𝑥(𝑘) in the classical Lorentz sequence spaces. A crucial point in this analysis is the concept of level sequence, which we introduce and discuss. As an application, we derive the best constant in the triangle inequality for such spaces.

We characterise the strong- and weak-type boundedness of the geometric fractional maximal operator between weighted Lebesgue spaces in the case 0 < p ≤ q < ∞, generalising and improving some older results.

Some new inequalities of Carleson- and Hardy- type in Banach function space settings are proved and discussed. In particular, these theorems both generalize and unify several classical inequalities e.g. those by Hardy, Polya-Knopp, Carleman, Hardy-Knopp and Carleson. As applications some new inequalities are pointed out.

We prove a multiplicative inequality for inner products, which enables us to deduce improvements of inequalities of the Carlson type for complex functions and sequences, and also other known inequalities.

For an increasing weight w in B_p (or equivalently in A_p), we find the best constants for the inequalities relating the standard norm in the weighted Lorentz space Λ^p(w) and the dual norm.

We consider the discrete Boltzmann equation for binary gas mixtures. Some known results for half-space problems and shock profile solutions of the discrete Boltzmann for single-component gases are extended to the case of two-component gases. These results include well-posedness results for half-space problems for the linearized discrete Boltzmann equation, existence results for half-space problems for the weakly non-linear discrete Boltzmann equation, and existence results for shock profile solutions of the discrete Boltzmann equation. A characteristic number, corresponding to the speed of sound in the continuous case, is calculated for a class of symmetric models. Some explicit calculations are also made for a simplified 6+4 -velocity model.

Half-space problems for the Boltzmann equation are of great importance in the study of the asymptotic behaviorof the solutions of boundary value problems of the Boltzmann equation for small Knudsen numbers. Half-space problems provide the boundary conditions for the fluid-dynamic-type equations and Knudsen-layer corrections to the solution of the fluid-dynamic-type equations in a neighborhood of the boundary. Here we consider a half-space problem of condensation for apure vapor in the presence of a non-condensable gas by using discrete velocity models (DVMs) of the Boltzmann equation. The Boltzmann equation can be approximated by DVMs up to any order, and these DVMs can be applied for numerical methods,but also for mathematical studies to bring deeper understanding and new ideas. For one-dimensional half-space problems,the discrete Boltzmann equation (the general DVM) reduces to a system of ODEs. We obtain that the number of parametersto be specified in the boundary conditions depends on whether the condensing vapor flow is subsonic or supersonic. Thisbehavior has earlier been found numerically. We want to stress that our results are valid for any finite number of velocities.This is an extension of known results for single-component gases (and for binary mixtures of two vapors) to the case when a non-condensable gas is present. The vapor is assumed to tend to an assigned Maxwellian, with a flow velocity towards thecondensed phase, at infinity, while the non-condensable gas tends to zero at infinity. Steady condensation of the vapor takes place at the condensed phase, which is held at a constant temperature. We assume that the vapor is completely absorbed, that the non-condensable gas is diffusively reflected at the condensed phase, and that vapor molecules leaving the condensed phase are distributed according to a given distribution. The conditions, on the given distribution at the condensed phase, needed for the existence of a unique solution of the problem are investigated, assuming that the given distribution at the condensed phase is sufficiently close to the Maxwellian at infinity and that the total mass of the non-condensable gas is sufficiently small. Exact solutions and solvability conditions are found for a specific simplified discrete velocity model (with few velocities).

We study some questions related to discrete velocity models (DVMs) of the Boltzmann equation. In the case of plane stationary problems the typical DVM reduces to a dynamical system (system of ODEs). Properties of such systems are studied in this paper in the most general case. In particular, a topological classification of their singular points is made and dimensions of the corresponding stable, unstable and center manifolds are computed. These results are applied to typical half-space problems of rarefied gas dynamics. A classification of well-posed half-space problems for linearized DVMs is made. Exact solutions of a (simplified) linearized kinetic model of BGK type are found as limiting case of corresponding discrete models. The main results of the paper can be also used for moment approximations and other versions of discretizised kinetic equations

We consider a non-linear half-space problem related to the condensation problem for the discrete Boltzmann equation and extend some known results for a single-component gas to the case when a non-condensable gas is present. The vapor is assumed to tend to an assigned Maxwellian at infinity, as the non-condensable gas tends to zero at infinity. We assume that the vapor is completely absorbed and that the non-condensable gas is diffusively reflected at the condensed phase and that the vapor molecules leaving the condensed phase are distributed according to a given distribution. The conditions, on the given distribution, needed for the existence of a unique solution of the problem are investigated. We also find exact solvability conditions and solutions for a simplified six+four-velocity model, as the given distribution is a Maxwellian at rest, and study a simplified twelve+six-velocitymodel.

We study some questions related to general discrete velocity (with arbitrarily number of velocities) models (DVMs) of the Boltzmann equation. In the case of plane stationary problems the typical DVM reduces to a dynamical system (system of ODEs). Properties of such systems are studied in the most general case. In particular, a topological classification of their singular points is made and dimensions of the corresponding stable, unstable and center manifolds are computed.

These results are applied to typical half-space problems of rarefied gas dynamics, including the problems of Milne and Kramer. A classification of well-posed half-space problems for linearized DVMs is made. Exact solutions of a (simplified) linearized kinetic model of BGK type are found as a limiting case of the corresponding discrete models.

Existence of solutions of weakly non-linear half-space problems for general DVMs are studied. The solutions are assumed to tend to an assigned Maxwellian at infinity, and the data for the outgoing particles at the boundary are assigned, possibly depending on the data for the incoming particles. The conditions, on the data at the boundary, needed for the existence of a unique (in a neighborhood of the assigned Maxwellian) solution of the problem are investigated. Both implicit, in the non-degenerate cases, and sometimes, in both degenerate and non-degenerate cases, explicit conditions are found.

Shock-waves can be seen as heteroclinic orbits connecting two singular points (Maxwellians) for DVMs. We give a constructive proof for the existence of solutions of the shock-wave problem for the general DVM. This is worked out for shock speeds close to a typical speed, corresponding to the sound speed in the continuous case. We clarify how close the shock speed must be for our theorem to hold, and present an iteration scheme for obtaining the solution.

The main results of the paper can be used for DVMs for mixtures as well as for DVMs for one species.

We study typical half-space problems of rarefied gas dynamics, including the problems of Milne and Kramer, for the discrete Boltzmann equation (a general discrete velocity model, DVM, with an arbitrary finite number of velocities). Then the discrete Boltzmann equation reduces to a system of ODEs. The data for the outgoing particles at the boundary are assigned, possibly linearly depending on the data for the incoming particles. A classification of well-posed half-space problems for the homogeneous, as well as the inhomogeneous, linearized discrete Boltzmann equation is made. In the non-linear case the solutions are assumed to tend to an assigned Maxwellian at infinity. The conditions on the data at the boundary needed for the existence of a unique (in a neighborhood of the assigned Maxwellian) solution of the problem are investigated. In the non-degenerate case (corresponding, in the continuous case, to the case when the Mach number at the Maxwellian at infinity is different of -1, 0 and 1) implicit conditions are found. Furthermore, under certain assumptions explicit conditions are found, both in the non-degenerate and degenerate cases. An application to axially symmetric models is also studied

In this paper we study typical half-space problems of rarefied gas dynamics, including the problems of Milne and Kramer, for the discrete Boltzmann equation. The discrete Boltzmann equation reduces to a system of ODEs for plane stationary problems. These systems are studied, and for general boundary conditions at the "wall" a classification of well-posed half-space problems for the homogeneous, as well as the inhomogeneous, linearized discrete Boltzmann equation is made. Applications for axially symmetric models are studied in more detail. Exact solutions of a (simplified) linearized kinetic model of BGK type are also found as a limiting case of the corresponding discrete models.

Existence of solutions of weakly non-linear half-space problems for the general discrete velocity (with arbitrarily finite number of velocities) model of the Boltzmann equation are studied. The solutions are assumed to tend to an assigned Maxwellian at infinity, and the data for the outgoing particles at the boundary are assigned, possibly linearly depending on the data for the incoming particles. The conditions, on the data at the boundary, needed for the existence of a unique (in a neighborhood of the assigned Maxwellian) solution of the problem are investigated. In the non-degenerate case (corresponding, in the continuous case, to the case when the Mach number at infinity is different of -1, 0 and 1) implicit conditions are found. Furthermore, under certain assumptions explicit conditions are found, both in the non-degenerate and degenerate cases. Applications to axially symmetric models are studied in more detail

The analytically difficult problem of existence of shock wave solutions is studied for the general discrete velocity model (DVM) with an arbitrary finite number of velocities (the discrete Boltzmann equation in terminology of H. Cabannes). For the shock wave problem the discrete Boltzmann equation becomes a system of ordinary differential equations (dynamical system). Then the shock waves can be seen as heteroclinic orbits connecting two singular points (Maxwellians). In this work we give a constructive proof for the existence of solutions in the case of weak shocks. We assume that a given Maxwellian is approached at infinity, and consider shock speeds close to a typical speed , corresponding to the sound speed in the continuous case. The existence of a non-negative locally unique (up to a shift in the independent variable) bounded solution is proved by using contraction mapping arguments (after a suitable decomposition of the system). This solution is then shown to tend to a Maxwellian at minus infinity. Existence of weak shock wave solutions for DVMs was proved by Bose, Illner and Ukai in 1998 [1]. In their technical proof Bose et al. are following the lines of the pioneering work for the continuous Boltzmann equation by Caflisch and Nicolaenko [2]. In this work, we follow a more straightforward way, suiting the discrete case. Our approach is based on results by the authors on the main characteristics (dimensions of corresponding stable, unstable and center manifolds) for singular points [3] to general dynamical systems of the same type as in the shock wave problem for DVMs. Our proof is constructive, and it is also shown (at least implicitly) how close to the typical speed , the shock speed must be for our results to be valid. All results are mathematically rigorous. Our results are also applicable for DVMs for mixtures. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. The support by the Swedish Research Council grant 20035357 are gratefully acknowledged by both of the authors.REFERENCES[1] C. Bose, R. Illner, S. Ukai, Transp. Th. Stat. Phys., 27, 35-66 (1998) [2] R.E. Caflisch, B. Nicolaenko, Comm. Math. Phys., 86, 161-194 (1982)[3] A.V. Bobylev, N. Bernhoff, Lecture Notes on the Discretization of the Boltzmann Equation, World Scientific, 2003, pp. 203-222

We study the shock wave problem for the general discrete velocity model (DVM), with an arbitrary finite number of velocities. In this case the discrete Boltzmann equation becomes a system of ordinary differential equations (dynamical system). Then the shock waves can be seen as heteroclinic orbits connecting two singular points (Maxwellians). In this paper we give a constructive proof for the existence of solutions in the case of weak shocks. We assume that a given Maxwellian is approached at infinity, and consider shock speeds close to a typical speed c, corresponding to the sound speed in the continuous case. The existence of a non-negative locally unique (up to a shift in the independent variable) bounded solution is proved by using contraction mapping arguments (after a suitable decomposition of the system). This solution is shown to tend to a Maxwellian at minus infinity. Existence of weak shock wave solutions for DVMs was proved by Bose, Illner and Ukai in 1998. In this paper, we give a constructive proof following a more straightforward way, suiting the discrete case. Our approach is based on earlier results by the authors on the main characteristics (dimensions of corresponding stable, unstable and center manifolds) for singular points to general dynamical systems of the same type as in the shock wave problem for DVMs. The same approach can also be applied for DVMs for mixtures