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  • 1.
    Andrich, David
    et al.
    The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
    Hagquist, Curt
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health.
    Real and Artificial Differential Item Functioning in Polytomous Items2015In: Educational and Psychological Measurement, ISSN 0013-1644, E-ISSN 1552-3888, Vol. 75, no 2, p. 185-207Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Differential item functioning (DIF) for an item between two groups is present if, for the same person location on a variable, persons from different groups have different expected values for their responses. Applying only to dichotomously scored items in the popular Mantel–Haenszel (MH) method for detecting DIF in which persons are classified by their total scores on an instrument, Andrich and Hagquist articulated the concept of artificial DIF and showed that as an artifact of the MH method, real DIF in one item favoring one group inevitably induces artificial DIF favoring the other group in all other items. Using the dichotomous Rasch model in which the total score for a person is a sufficient statistic, and therefore justifies classifying persons by their total scores, Andrich and Hagquist showed that to distinguish between real and artificial DIF in an item identified by the MH method, a sequential procedure for resolving items is implied. Using the polytomous Rasch model, this article generalizes the concept of artificial DIF to polytomous items, in which multiple item parameters play a role. The article shows that the same principle of resolving items sequentially as with dichotomous items applies also to distinguishing between real and artificial DIF with polytomous items. A real example and a small simulated example that parallels the real example are used illustratively.

  • 2.
    Aronson, Olov
    et al.
    Jönköping University.
    Bergh, Daniel
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health (from 2013). Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Department of Political, Historical, Religious and Cultural Studies (from 2013).
    Smoking Motivation in the Face of Stigmatization: A Bourdieusian Analysis of Impressions2019In: Stigma and Health, ISSN 2376-6972, Vol. 4, no 1, p. 30-37Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Earlier research from Western countries has indicated that individuals with low socioeconomic status(SES) initiate tobacco smoking even though smoking is a stigmatized practice. We propose thattheoretical developments of Bourdieu’s theories on capital can reveal a plausible mechanism thatexplains smoking motivation in the face of stigmatization, and we perform a double-blind randomizedcontrolled experiment with the impressions of a smoking adolescent girl to test and elaborate on ourproposition. The empirical data was collected through questionnaires distributed to 622 Swedishadolescents during the fall of 2015. Half the questionnaires included a picture of a smoking girl and halfthe questionnaires included an identical picture without the act of smoking. Binary logistic regressionsindicate that the girl in the picture was perceived as significantly less likable, more popular, less kind,less compassionate, more deceitful, more conceited, and more liable to bully when she smoked a cigarettethan when she did not smoke. The theoretical analysis implies that adolescents with low SES may seekto smoke in the face of stigmatization because of a motivating mechanism that functions in accordancewith Bourdieu’s economic logic of action. The concluding section presents implications for tobaccocontrolpolicies.

  • 3.
    Assarsson, Rebecka
    et al.
    Umeå universitet.
    Petersen, Solveig
    Umeå universitet.
    Högberg, Björn
    Umeå universitet.
    Strandh, Mattias
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health (from 2013). Umeå universitet.
    Johansson, Klara
    Umeå universitet.
    Gender inequality and adolescent suicide ideation across Africa, Asia, the South Pacific and Latin America: A cross-sectional study based on the Global School Health Survey (GSHS)2019In: Global Health Action, ISSN 1654-9716, E-ISSN 1654-9880, Vol. 11, no sup3, p. 1-10, article id 1663619Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Suicide ideation is a health issue affecting adolescents worldwide. There are significant variations in suicide ideation between countries and genders, which have not been fully explained. Research is especially lacking in countries outside Europe and North America. Gender equality has been shown to matter in other aspects of adolescent mental health, such as life satisfaction, but has not been researched in relation to suicide ideation at national level.

    Objective: To investigate how national gender inequality is related to self-reported suicide ideation among adolescents, and whether this association differs between boys and girls.

    Methods: This is a cross-national, cross-sectional study using individual survey data from the Global School-based Student Health Survey, a survey in Africa, Asia, Latin America and the South Pacific, developed and supported by among others the WHO and the CDC; connecting this to national data: the gender inequality index from the UNDP; controlling for GDP per capita and secondary school enrolment. The data was analysed using a multilevel logistic regression method and included 149,306 students from 37 countries.

    Results: Higher national gender inequality, as measured by the gender inequality index, was significantly associated with a higher likelihood of suicide ideation in both girls and boys (odds ratio: 1.38 p-value: 0.015), but for girls and both sexes this was only after adjusting for selection bias due to secondary school enrolment (as well as GDP/capita). Interaction models showed that this association was stronger in boys than in girls.

    Conclusions: National gender inequality seems to be associated with higher levels of suicide ideation among adolescents in mainly low- and middle-income countries, especially among boys.

    Download full text (pdf)
    FULLTEXT01
  • 4.
    Augustsson, Hanna
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health.
    Hagquist, Curt
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Social and Life Sciences, Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health.
    Kartläggning av studier om nordiska ungdomars psykiska hälsa2011Report (Other academic)
  • 5.
    Baranowska-Rataj, Anna
    et al.
    Umeå universitet.
    Strandh, Mattias
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health (from 2013). Umeå universitet.
    Health effects of unemployment in couples: Does becoming unemployed affect a young partner’s health?2021In: Social Exclusion of Youth in Europe: The Multifaceted Consequences of Labour Market Insecurity / [ed] Marge Unt; Michael Gebel; Sonia Bertolini; Vassiliki Deliyanni-Kouimtzi; Dirk Hofäcker, Bristol: Policy Press, 2021, p. 58-80Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Download full text (pdf)
    FULLTEXT01
  • 6.
    Beckman, Linda
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Health Sciences (from 2013). Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health (from 2013).
    Traditional Bullying and Cyberbullying among Swedish Adolescents: Gender differences and associations with mental health2013Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of this thesis is to study the differences between traditional bullying and cyberbullying among adolescents, focusing on gender, psychosomatic problems, and disability, and to gain insight into health staff’s experience of bullying in schools.

    The four studies in this thesis were based on surveys undertaken among 3,800 adolescents in Grades 7, 8 and 9 in Sweden, as well as focus groups of 16 people consisting of school social workers and school nurses.

    While almost no gender differences were found among traditional victims, Study I showed that girls were more likely than boys to be cybervictims. Boys were more likely than girls to be traditional bullies, while girls were equally as likely as boys to be cyberbullies. Study II showed that psychosomatic problems were associated with being a victim, a bully or a bully-victim. Cyberbullying showed no stronger association with psychosomatic problems than traditional bullying. Study III: Three main categories emerged from school health staff’s experience: 1) “Anti-bullying team”; 2) “Working style”; and 3) “Perspectives on bullying”. The last two each comprised two sub-categories: “Team member”/“Single worker”; and “Contextual perspective”/“Individual-oriented perspective”. Study IV showed that, regardless of gender and grade, students with a disability were more likely to be bully-victims and, more particularly, bully-victims involved in both traditional bullying and cyberbullying. No differences between disabled adolescents and others were found with respect to the association between bullying and psychosomatic health.

    The results show that some adolescents are more likely to experience higher levels of psychosomatic health problems than others. They also show that some adolescents are more likely to be involved in bullying, either as victims, bullies or bully-victims. This thesis also discusses contextual and individual approaches adopted by schools in preventing bullying.

    Download full text (pdf)
    Traditional Bullying and Cyberbullying among Swedish Adolescents
  • 7.
    Beckman, Linda
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health.
    Hagquist, Curt
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health.
    Views of Bullying and Antibullying Working Styles Among School Nurses and School Social Workers in Sweden2016In: Journal of School Violence, ISSN 1538-8220, E-ISSN 1538-8239, Vol. 15, no 4, p. 438-459Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 8.
    Beckman, Linda
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Health Sciences.
    Hagquist, Curt
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health. Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Health Sciences.
    Hellström, Lisa
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Social and Life Sciences.
    Discrepant gender patterns for cyberbullying and traditional bullying - An analysis of Swedish adolescent data (vol 29, pg 1896, 2013)2014In: Computers in human behavior, ISSN 0747-5632, E-ISSN 1873-7692, Vol. 34, p. 353-353Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 9.
    Beckman, Linda
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health (from 2013).
    Hagquist, Curt
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health (from 2013).
    Hellström, Lisa
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health (from 2013).
    Discrepant gender patterns for cyberbullying and traditional bullying: An analysis of Swedish adolescent data2013In: Computers in human behavior, ISSN 0747-5632, E-ISSN 1873-7692, Vol. 29, no 5, p. 1896-1903Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In the wake of the rapid development of modern IT technology, cyberspace bullying has emerged among adolescents. The aim of the present study was to examine gender differences among adolescents involved in traditional bullying and cyberbullying. Cross-sectional data from 2989 Swedish students aged 13–15 were analyzed using logistic regression analysis. The results show discrepant gender patterns of involvement in traditional bullying and cyberbullying. First, although there were only minimal gender differences among traditional victims, girls are more likely than boys to be cybervictims when occasional cyberbullying is used as a cut-off point. Second, whereas boys are more likely to be traditional bullies, girls are as likely as boys to be cyberbullies. In conclusion, compared to traditional bullying, girls are generally more involved in cyberbullying relative to boys. We discuss these results in the light of adolescents’ usage of computerized devices.

  • 10.
    Beckman, Linda
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health.
    Hellström, Lisa
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health.
    Traditional bullying and cyberbullying2011Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 11.
    Beckman, Linda
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Health Sciences (from 2013).
    Stenbeck, Magnus
    Karolinska institutet.
    Hagquist, Curt
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health (from 2013). Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Health Sciences (from 2013).
    Disability in Relation to Different Peer-Victimization Groups and Psychosomatic Problems2016In: Children & Schools, ISSN 1532-8759, E-ISSN 1545-682X, Vol. 38, no 3, p. 153-161Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between disability, victims, perpetrators, and so-called "bully-victims" (someone reporting being both a victim and a perpetrator) of traditional, cyber, or combined victimization or perpetration and psychosomatic health among adolescents. Authors analyzed cross-sectional data from 3,820 Swedish students (ages 13 through 15) using linear and multinomial regression. The results show that students with a disability were more likely to be bully-victims and, more particularly, involved in both traditional and cyber victimization. Authors did not find any differences between adolescents with a disability and others with respect to the association between peer victimization and psychosomatic health. When developing intervention programs, schools may take a comprehensive approach due to the relatively large overlap between traditional and cyber victimization. Targeting groups with known disadvantages may also help reach out to bully-victims.

  • 12.
    Bergh, Daniel
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health (from 2013).
    An Analysis of the Psychometric Properties of the Social Responsibility Goal Orientation Scale Using Adolescent Data from Sweden2020In: Rasch Measurement: Applications in Quantitative Educational Research / [ed] Khine, Myint Swe, Singapore: Springer, 2020, 1, p. 241-259Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In the Achievement Goal Theory, different reasons for learning are contrasted. Mastery and Performance are most commonly used while less attention is paid to Social Responsibility goal orientations, despite that this is an integral part of many curricula. The purpose of this chapter is to examine the psychometric properties of a scale of Social Responsibility goal orientation by means of the polytomous Rasch model. The analysis is based on longitudinal data among Swedish students. One cohort (born 1992) of students in school year 9 (15-16 years old) were subjected to analysis. In total, 6,010 students responded to a paper-and-pencil questionnaire. A scale consisting of six polytomous items is analysed. General-fit statistics as well as their graphical representations (ICC) are used to evaluate the fit to the Rasch model. The social responsibility scale seems to fit the Rasch model fairly well, with good separation of individuals, and showing no reversed item thresholds, i.e., the response categories work as intended. However, there are indications of Differential Item Functioning (DIF) by gender and local dependency.

  • 13.
    Bergh, Daniel
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health (from 2013).
    Chi-Squared Test of Fit and Sample Size-A Comparison between a Random Sample Approach and a Chi-Square Value Adjustment Method2015In: Journal of Applied Measurement, ISSN 1529-7713, Vol. 16, no 2, p. 204-217Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Chi-square statistics are commonly used for tests of fit of measurement models. Chi-square is also sensitive to sample size, which is why several approaches to handle large samples in test of fit analysis have been developed. One strategy to handle the sample size problem may be to adjust the sample size in the analysis of fit. An alternative is to adopt a random sample approach. The purpose of this study was to analyze and to compare these two strategies using simulated data. Given an original sample size of 21,000, for reductions of sample sizes down to the order of 5,000 the adjusted sample size function works as good as the random sample approach. In contrast, when applying adjustments to sample sizes of lower order the adjustment function is less effective at approximating the chi-square value for an actual random sample of the relevant size. Hence, the fit is exaggerated and misfit under-estimated using the adjusted sample size function. Although there are big differences in chi-square values between the two approaches at lower sample sizes, the inferences based on the p-values may be the same.

  • 14.
    Bergh, Daniel
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health (from 2013). Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Department of Political, Historical, Religious and Cultural Studies (from 2013).
    Den värmländska skolan2016In: Värmländska utmaningar: Poitik Ekonomi Samhälle  Kultur Medier / [ed] P-O Norell & Lennart Nilsson, Karlstad: Karlstad University Press, 2016, p. 423-434Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [sv]

    Skolan är ett område som i högsta grad berör allmänheten. Detta märks både i den allmänna debatten i nyhetsrapportering och i vetenskapliga undersökningar av olika slag. Under de senaste fem valen har exempelvis skolfrågan varit en av de mest centrala frågorna. Enligt SVTs väljarundersökning 2014 var också skolfrågan en av de mest betydelsefulla frågorna för val av parti. Den svenska grundskolan har under senare år även utgjort ett hett debattämne i svensk massmedia. Debatten har hämtat näring från de försämrade resultaten för svenska grundskoleelever vid internationella jämförelser, inte minst utifrån den så kallade PISA-undersökningen och andra internationella men också nationella jämförelser. I detta kapitel analyseras olika aspekter av förtroendet för den värmländska skolan och attityder till några vanliga politiska förslag på skolans område

     

  • 15.
    Bergh, Daniel
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health. Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Department of Political, Historical, Religious and Cultural Studies.
    Measuring Adolescent Perceptions of School Climate: Measuring Adolescent Perceptions of School Climate –An analysis of the Psychometric Properties of a scale using Australian adolescent data2015Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Mobile: +4673-701 2448

     

    (1) Background: Adolescents spend a considerable amount of their time in the school environment.  Most adolescents are also subjected to compulsory school attendance, implying that they have to deal with the environment on a daily basis. In that sense the school environment is inescapable. There are several different measures on student experiences of the school environment, but School Climate is one of the most prominent. However, there seems to be no agreement upon definition and operationalization of the School Climate concept. Also, it is uncommon to find descriptions of robust psychometric analyses of School Climate measures.    

    (2) Aims: The purpose of the present study is to examine the psychometric properties of a scale of Adolescent Perceptions of School Climate by means of the Rasch model for ordered response categories.  

    (3) Sample: Using a paper-and-pencil based survey, the data was collected among 758 students  enrolled (school year 3-7) in schools located in central Perth of Western Australia in 2013.

    (4) Methods: A scale consisting of seven polytomous items is analysed by means of the polytomous Rasch model. General fit statistics as well as their graphical representations (ICC) are used to evaluate if the data fit the Rasch model. A particular focus is also directed towards possible Differential Item Functioning (DIF) across sex and grade.

    (5) Results: At a general level of analysis the scale seems to fit the Rasch model fairly well, with good separation of the individuals. Some items showed reversed item thresholds, i.e. the response categories did not work properly and as expected. Also, at a finer level of analysis focusing on DIF, the scale works fairly well, but with exceptions important in order to understand differences between younger and older adolescents.  

    (6) Conclusions: Although the scale fits the Rasch model fairly well, there is room for improvements. In particular the precision of measurement may be increased by improving the targeting through inclusion of additional items of appropriate severity.      

    Future directions

    As there seems to be a lack of instruments useful for invariant measurement of School Climate  across age groups and genders, efforts to develop instruments are required.   

  • 16.
    Bergh, Daniel
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health. Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Department of Social and Psychological Studies.
    Measuring Adolescent Perceptions of the Physical School Environment: An analysis of the psychometric properties of a scale using Swedish adolescent data2014Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    (1) Background: Adolescents spend a considerable amount of their time in the school environment.  Most adolescents are also subjected to compulsory school attendance, implying that they have to deal with the environment on a daily basis. In health research adolescent perceptions about the school environment are often linked to mental and psychosomatic health. However, measurements seems to be focused on psychosocial or psychological aspects of the school environment more often than physical.  

    (2) Aims: The purpose of the present study is to examine the psychometric properties of a scale of Adolescent Perceptions of the Physical School Environment by means of the Rasch model for ordered response categories.  

    (3) Sample: The analysis is based on the survey Young in Värmland which is a paper-and-pencil based survey, conducted recurrently since 1988 targeting all adolescent in school year 9 residing the county of Värmland, Sweden. So far, more than 20,000 individuals have participated in the survey. In the analysis presented here, five items based on adolescents’ perceptions of the physical school environment were subjected to analysis using RUMM2030, in total about 22,000 individuals.

    (4) Methods: A scale consisting of five polytomous items is analysed by means of the polytomous Rasch model. General fit statistics as well as their graphical representations (ICC) are used to evaluate if the scale fit the Rasch model. A particular focus is also directed towards possible Differential Item Functioning (DIF) across sex.

    (5) Results: At a general level of analysis the scale subjected to analysis seems to fit the Rasch model fairly well, with good separation of the individuals, and showing no reversed item thresholds, i.e. the response categories work properly and as expected. Also, at a finer level of analysis focusing on DIF, the scale works fairly well, but with exceptions important in order to understand differences between boys and girls.  

    (6) Conclusions: Although the scale fits the Rasch model fairly well, there is room for improvements. In particular the precision of measurement may be increased by improving the targeting through inclusion of additional items of appropriate severity.             

  • 17.
    Bergh, Daniel
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health. Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Department of Social and Psychological Studies.
    Sample size and Chi-Squared test of fit: A comparison between a random sample approach and a Chi-Square value adjustment method using Swedish adolescent data2014Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    (1) Background: Significance tests are commonly sensitive to sample size, and Chi-Squared statistics is not an exception. Nevertheless, Chi-Squared statistics are commonly used for test of fit of measurement models. Thus, for analysts working with very large (or very small) sample sizes this may require particular attention. However, several different approaches to handle a large sample size in test of fit analysis have been developed. Thus, one strategy may be to adjust the fit statistic to correspond to an equivalent sample of different size. This strategy has been implemented in the RUMM2030 software. Another strategy may be to adopt a random sample approach.

    (2) Aims: The RUMM2030 Chi-Square value adjustment facility has been available for a long time, but still there seems to a lack of studies describing the empirical consequences of adjusting a sample to a smaller effective sample in the statistical analysis of fit. Alternatively a random sample approach could be adopted in order to handle the large sample size problem. The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare these two strategies as test of fit approximations, using Swedish adolescent data.  

    (3) Sample:The analysis is based on the survey Young in Värmland which is a paper-and-pencil based survey conducted recurrently since 1988 targeting all adolescent in school year 9 residing the county of Värmland, Sweden. So far, more than 20,000 individuals have participated in the survey. In the analysis presented here, seven items based on the adolescents, experiences of the psychosocial school environment were subjected to analysis, in total 21,088 individuals.

    (4) Methods: For the purposes of this study, the original sample size was adjusted to several different effective samples using the RUMM2030 adjustment function, in the test of fit analysis. In addition, 10 random samples for each sample size were drawn from the original sample, and averaged Chi-Square values calculated. The Chi-Square values obtained using the two strategies were compared.

    (5) Results: Given the original sample of 21,088, adjusting to samples of 5,000 or larger, the RUMM2030 adjustment facility work as well as a random sample approach. In contrast, when adjusting to lower samples the adjustment function is less effective in approximating the Chi-Square value for an actual random sample of the relevant size. Hence, fit is exaggerated and misfit under estimated using the adjustment function. However, that is true for fitting but not for misfitting items.   

    (6) Conclusion: Even though the inferences based on p-values may be the same despite big Chi-Square value differences between the two approaches, the danger of using fit statistics mechanically cannot be enough stressed.

  • 18.
    Bergh, Daniel
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health (from 2013).
    Sample Size and Chi-Squared Test of Fit: A comparison Between a Random Sample Approach and a Chi-Square Value Adjustment Method Using Swedish Adolescent Data2015In: Pacific Rim Objective Measurement Symposium (PROMS) 2014 Conference Proceedings: Rasch and the Future / [ed] Zhang, Quan., & Yang, Hong. (Eds.), Springer, 2015, p. 197-211Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Significance tests are commonly sensitive to sample size, and Chi-Squared statistics is not an exception. Nevertheless, Chi-Squared statistics are commonly used for test of fit of measurement models. Thus, for analysts working with very large (or very small) sample sizes this may require particular attention. However, several different approaches to handle a large sample size in test of fit analysis have been developed. Thus, one strategy may be to adjust the fit statistic to correspond to an equivalent sample of different size. This strategy has been implemented in the RUMM2030 software. Another strategy may be to adopt a random sample approach.

    Aims: The RUMM2030 Chi-Square value adjustment facility has been available for a long time, but still there are few studies describing the empirical consequences of adjusting the sample to correspond to a smaller effective sample size in the statistical analysis of fit. Alternatively a random sample approach could be adopted in order to handle the large sample size problem. The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare these two strategies as test of fit approximations, using Swedish adolescent data. 

    Sample:The analysis is based on the survey Young in Värmland which is a paper-and-pencil based survey conducted recurrently since 1988 targeting all adolescent in school year 9 residing the county of Värmland, Sweden. So far, more than 20,000 individuals have participated in the survey. In the analysis presented here, seven items based on the adolescents, experiences of the school environment were subjected to analysis, in total 21,088 individuals.

    Methods: For the purposes of this study, the original sample size was adjusted to several different effective samples using the RUMM2030 adjustment function, in the test of fit analysis. In addition, 10 random samples for each sample size were drawn from the original sample, and averaged Chi-Square values calculated. The Chi-Square values obtained using the two strategies were compared.

    Results: Given the original sample of 21,000, adjusting to samples 5,000 or larger, the RUMM2030 adjustment facility work as well as a random sample approach. In contrast, when adjusting to lower samples the adjustment function is less effective in approximating the Chi-Square value for an actual random sample of the relevant size. Hence, fit is exaggerated and misfit under estimated using the adjustment function, in particular is that true for fitting but not misfitting items.  

    Conclusion: Even though the inferences based on p-values may be the same despite big Chi-Square value differences between the two approaches, the danger of using fit statistics mechanically cannot be enough stressed. Neither the adjustment function, nor the random sample approach is sufficient in evaluating model fit, instead several complementing methods should be used.

     

  • 19.
    Bergh, Daniel
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health (from 2013). Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Department of Political, Historical, Religious and Cultural Studies (from 2013).
    School Pressure, Family Relationships and psycho-somatic health complaints: are the associations similar for boys and girls?2017Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In adolescence, the experiences of psychosomatic health complaints emerge among some students. During later parts of adolescence (14-16 years old), differences between girls and boys have been observed. Adolescents spend a considerable amount of their time in school, but still the family is very influential. In order to improve adolescent psychosomatic health, it is important to rule out how different factors influence health for different groups of adolescents.To analyze the associations between school pressure, family relationships and psychosomatic health complaints among Swedish adolescents. A specific objective is to rule out whether the associations are similar for boys and girls i.e. to investigate potential statistical interaction effects by sex.This study is based on HBSC data collected in 2013/14 among Swedish adolescents. Statistical analysis was conducted using linear regression analysis (OLS) and multinomial logistic regression.Tentative results indicate that there are strong connections between students’ experiences of school pressure (risk factor), as well as family relationships (protective factor), and psychosomatic complaints (psychological, somatic and psychosomatic). However, it is important to recognize that the associations may work differently for girls and boys.In order to be able to improve the health of adolescents, it may be necessary to rule out the influence of different factors on psychosomatic health, and if this influence is similar for different groups of adolescents.

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  • 20.
    Bergh, Daniel
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health (from 2013). Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Department of Social and Psychological Studies (from 2013).
    Skolprestationer & psykisk ohälsa2019In: Skolhälsan, ISSN 0284-284X, no 1, p. 14-16Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 21.
    Bergh, Daniel
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health. Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Department of Political, Historical, Religious and Cultural Studies.
    The PsychoSomatic Problems Scale: an analysis of the psychometric properties using Australian adolescent data2015Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

     

    Background: The PsychoSomatic problems Scale (PSP-Scale) has frequently been used in the Scandinavian countries in order to monitor adolescent psychosomatic health. According to Psychometric analyses based on the the polytomous Rasch model, the PSP-scale shows good measurement properties (see Hagquist, 2008). However, the properties of the PSP-scale have not been examined for non-European samples and for younger adolescents.

    Aims: The purpose of the present study is to examine the psychometric properties of the PsychoSomatic Problems Scale by means of the polytomous Rasch model using an Australian sample of younger adolescents (school year 3-7).   

    Sample: Using a paper-and-pencil based survey, the data was collected among 758 adolescents enrolled (school year 3-7) in schools in central Perth of Western Australia in 2013.  

    Methods: The PSP-scale consists of eight polytomous items intended to tap information about student experiences of psychosomatic health complaints. The PSP-scale was analysed by means of the polytomous Rasch model. General fit statistics as well as their graphical representations (ICC) are used to evaluate if the data fit the Rasch model. A particular focus is also directed towards possible Differential Item Functioning (DIF) across school year and sex.

    Results: At a general level of analysis, the scale seems to fit the Rasch model fairly well, with good targeting and separation of the individuals. However, some of the items showed reversed item thresholds, indicating that the response categories did not work as expected in the Australian setting. Further there seems to be some tendencies of Differential item functioning by grade.

    Conclusions: In comparing the psychosomatic problems among different age groups, in particular younger and older, the analyst needs to be particularly cautious. Also, cultural and language aspects need to be addressed if an instrument is to be used in a different setting than the one it was developed in.   

    Future directions: There seems to be a lack of instruments useful for invariant measurement of psychosomatic health among adolescents in different age groups. However, in order to achieve invariant measurement across age groups, efforts to develop instruments are required, in particular if older and younger adolescents  are to be compared. 

    Further comments:

    Hagquist, C. (2008). Psychometric Properties of the PsychoSomatic Problems Scale: A Rasch Analysis on Adolescent Data. Social Indicators Research, 86: 511-523.

  • 22.
    Bergh, Daniel
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health (from 2013).
    Giota, Joanna
    Gothenburg University.
    Student achievement goals and psychosomatic health complaints among Swedish adolescents: the role of sex2022In: Journal of Public Health, ISSN 2198-1833, E-ISSN 1613-2238, Vol. 30, p. 1011-1022Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aim

    School related determinants (e.g. student motivation and goals) may be important for student achievement as well as their mental health. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyse the links between two goal orientations (mastery and performance) and psychosomatic health problems by investigating the general patterns as well as the patterns for specific classifications of students, in particular by investigating the potential statistical interaction effects by gender.

    Subject and methods

    Swedish nationally representative data among 4573 school year 9 students (15–16 years old) responding to the Evaluation Through Follow-up (ETF) questionnaire, in 2014, were used. Linear regression analysis as well as multinomial logistic regression were applied in order to address the research questions.

    Results

    Both the mastery orientation and the performance orientation are independently associated with adolescent psychosomatic health problems. The links between these goal orientations and psychosomatic health show different patterns. The mastery goal orientation may be considered a protective factor as there is a negative link to psychosomatic problems; the performance orientation may be considered a risk factor due to the positive association with psychosomatic health problems. The effect of performance orientation on psychosomatic health complaints was significantly stronger for girls (OR = 4.28) compared to boys (OR = 2.04). In particular, low mastery/high performance students may be at risk for experiencing poor psychosomatic health.

    Conclusion

    Adolescent psychosomatic health may be improved by the encouragement of student goals related to adaptive and successful goal profiles such as mastery orientation.

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  • 23.
    Bergh, Daniel
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health (from 2013). Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Department of Political, Historical, Religious and Cultural Studies (from 2013).
    Giota, Joanna
    University of Gothenburg, Department of Education and Special Education.
    The Social Responsibility Goal Orientation: An analysis of the psychometric properties of a scale using adolescent data from Sweden2018Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Introduction: In the Achievement Goal Theory, different reasons for learning are contrasted. Mastery and Performance are most commonly used while less attention is paid to Social Responsibility goal orientations, despite that this is an integral part of many curricula. Aims: The purpose of this paper is to examine the psychometric properties of a scale of Social Responsibility goal orientation by means of the polytomous Rasch model. Mehods: This study is based on data from the longitudinal ETF project (Evaluation Through Follow up) among Swedish students. Two cohorts (born in 1992 and 1998) of students in school year 9 were subjected to analysis. Data was collected by a self-administered postal questionnaires to randomly selected students. In total, 6,010 students responded in 1992 and 4,573 in 1998. A scale consisting of 6 polytomous items is analysed. General fit statistics as well as their graphical representations (ICC) are used to evaluate the fit to the Rasch model. Strategies to handle large samples in statistical test of fit are discussed.   Results: The social responsibility scale seems to fit the Rasch model fairly well, with good separation of individuals, and showing no reversed item thresholds, i.e. the response categories work as intended. The estimates are also relatively stable over cohorts. However, there are indications of Differential Item Functioning (DIF) by sex.    Conclusions: Although, the Social Responsibility scale fits the Rasch model fairly well, there are room for improvements. In particular, targeting may be improved by the inclusion of additional items of appropriate difficulty. 

  • 24.
    Bergh, Daniel
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health (from 2013). Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Department of Political, Historical, Religious and Cultural Studies (from 2013).
    Williamsson, Viktoria
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Department of Political, Historical, Religious and Cultural Studies (from 2013).
    Går det att höja kvaliteten och effektivisera examination i samhällskunskap?2016Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [sv]

    Examination utgör en central del i våra utbildningar, inte desto mindre verkar det vara ovanligt med djupare reflektioner över kvaliteten i dessa.

    Det projekt som vi vill dela med oss av här är ett pågående utvecklingsprojekt som har till syfte att  analysera examinationen i samhällskunskap inom ämneslärarutbildningen. Redovisningen baserar sig på en kvantitativ analys av hur väl en salsskrivning i samhällskunskap 1 på ämneslärarprogrammet tjänar sitt syfte, d.v.s. fungerar tentamen bra som examination betraktat? Hur skulle den kunna göras bättre?

    En central fråga rör om tentamens svårighetsgrad verkar vara anpassad till den studentgrupp som avses. Om några frågor skulle visa sig vara för enkla – alla studenter klarar frågorna - hjälper ju inte dessa oss med att mäta studenternas kunskaper. På motsatt sätt kan man tänka sig att några frågor är alldeles för svåra, d.v.s. inga studenter klarar av frågorna.  Analysen visar bl.a. att:

    • Genom att formulera väl övervägda frågor i förhållande till aktuella lärandemål skulle den insats och tidsåtgång som krävs för bedömning av tentamen kunna göras mer effektiv med ökad kvalitet, och studenter utsätts inte för onödiga frågor.
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    Bergh, Williamsson 2016
  • 25.
    Berglund, Victor
    et al.
    Umeå universitet.
    Johansson Sevä, Ingemar
    Umeå universitet.
    Strandh, Mattias
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health (from 2013).
    Subjective well-being and job satisfaction among self-employed and regular employees: does personality matter differently?2016In: Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, ISSN 0827-6331, E-ISSN 2169-2610, Vol. 28, no 1, p. 55-73Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Little is known about the importance of personality traits for subjective well-being

    (SWB) and job satisfaction among self-employed. The aim of this article is to

    investigate if the Big-Five personality traits (extraversion, agreeableness,

    conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness to experience) have different

    relationships with SWB and job satisfaction among self-employed compared with

    regular employees. Data come from a Swedish survey comprising representative

    samples of self-employed (n D 2483) and regular employees (n D 2642). Personality

    traits are measured using a 10-item personality measure. Our findings show that there

    are only small differences, between self-employed and regular employees, in the

    associations between personality traits and SWB. For job satisfaction, on the other

    hand, we find much stronger relationships for self-employed than the regularly

    employed. For self-employed, every personality trait except ‘openness to experience’

    have a significant positive relationship with job satisfaction. In comparison, only

    ‘extraversion’ and ‘emotional stability’ are significantly correlated to job satisfaction

    among regular employees. The relationship between ‘extraversion’ and job

    satisfaction was furthermore substantially weaker among regular employees.

    Therefore, being self-employed seems to be particularly beneficial for individuals

    scoring high on ‘extraversion,’ ‘agreeableness,’ and ‘conscientiousness.’

  • 26.
    Bortes, Christian
    et al.
    Umeå University, Sweden.
    Strandh, Mattias
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health (from 2013). Umeå University, Sweden.
    Nilsson, Karina
    Umeå University, Sweden.
    Is the effect of ill health on school achievement among Swedish adolescents gendered?2019In: SSM - Population Health, ISSN 2352-8273, Vol. 8, p. 1-8, article id 100408Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This study investigates why the relationship between health problems requiring hospitalization between the ages of 13 and 16 and school achievement (school grades in 9th grade) in Sweden was stronger for girls than for boys. We reviewed previous research on gender differences in subjective health, health care utilization and medical drug treatment to identify mechanisms responsible for this gendered effect. The relationship was analysed using retrospective observational data from several national full-population registers of individuals born in 1990 in Sweden (n = 115 196), and ordinary least squares techniques were used to test hypotheses. We found that girls had longer stays when hospitalized, which mediated 15% of the interaction effect. Variability in drug treatment between boys and girls did not explain the gendered effect of hospitalization. The main mediator of the gendered effect was instead differences in diagnoses between boys and girls. Girls’ hospitalizations were more commonly related to mental and behavioural diagnoses, which have particularly detrimental effects on school achievement. © 2019 The Authors

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  • 27.
    Bortes, Cristian
    et al.
    Umeå University.
    Landstedt, Evelina
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Department of Social and Psychological Studies (from 2013).
    Strandh, Mattias
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health (from 2013). Umeå University.
    Psychotropic medication use and academic performance in adolescence: A cross-lagged path analysis2021In: Journal of Adolescence, ISSN 0140-1971, E-ISSN 1095-9254, Vol. 91, p. 25-34Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Introduction: The study investigated the directionality of associations between mental health problems and school grades across two timepoints (T1 and T2) during mid to late adolescence; in school year 9 (ages 15-16) and school year 12 (ages 17-18). The study also investigated variation in the associations as a function of gender and across socioeconomic groups. Methods: Longitudinal data from several Swedish administrative registers were utilised. Information on prescribed psychotropic drugs was used as a proxy for mental health problems, and teacher-assigned school grades were used to measure academic performance. The study sample comprised 85 186 individuals (50.7% girls) born in 1991 who were alive and resident in Sweden in 2010. Directions of associations were analysed by estimating a series of cross-lagged path models. Results: The model with the best fit to data showed that higher school grades at T1 were associated with relatively lower rates of mental health problems by T2, for both boys and girls, mainly in socioeconomic groups with the highest educated parents. This association was equal in size across all of the socioeconomic groups that were explored. Conclusions: Performing well in school is equally important for boys' and girls' subsequent mental health, but only among adolescents in socioeconomic groups with the highest educated parents. The results underscore the importance of promoting opportunities for youth to do as well as they can in school.

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  • 28.
    Bortes, Cristian
    et al.
    Umeå University.
    Ragnarsson, Susanne
    Umeå University .
    Strandh, Mattias
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health (from 2013). Umeå University.
    Petersen, Solveig
    Umeå University.
    The Bidirectional Relationship Between Subjective Well-Being and Academic Achievement in Adolescence2021In: Journal of Youth and Adolescence, ISSN 0047-2891, E-ISSN 1573-6601, Vol. 50, no 5, p. 992-1002Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The well-being of young people in relation to their school performance has received increased attention in recent years. However, there is a lack of knowledge about the longitudinal and reciprocal relationship between adolescents' subjective well-being and their academic achievements. The current study examined the bidirectional relationship between subjective well-being and academic achievement across two timepoints (T1 and T2) during the course of mid to late adolescence, i.e., in school year 9 (age 15), and school years 11-12 (ages 17-18). The study also investigated variation in the association as a function of adolescent gender. Data on subjective well-being and teacher-assigned school grades of 723 adolescents (48.7% girls) residing in Sweden were analyzed by estimating a series of cross-lagged path models. The findings suggest gender differences in the relationship as no associations were found among boys. Support for a bidirectional relationship between the constructs was only found for girls. For girls, higher subjective well-being at T1 was associated with higher academic achievements at T2, while higher academic achievements at T1 was associated with lower subjective well-being at T2. These findings highlight that the subjective well-being of adolescent girls may be important for their ability to perform at school, but their academic achievements may also inflict negatively on their subjective well-being.

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  • 29.
    Bortes, Cristian
    et al.
    Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
    Strandh, Mattias
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health (from 2013). Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
    Nilsson, Karina
    Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
    Health problems during childhood and school achievement: Exploring associations between hospitalization exposures, gender, timing, and compulsory school grades2018In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 13, no 12, p. 1-14, article id e0208116Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aims To investigate while accounting for health at birth 1) associations between health problems during childhood, measured as hospitalizations, and school achievement in the final year of compulsory school, measured as overall grade points and eligibility for upper secondary education, 2) if and how gender moderates the association between health problems and school achievement, 3) if and how the timing of a health problem during childhood is associated with later school achievement. Methods Analyzes were performed on a population-based cohort (n = 115 196) born in 1990 in Sweden (51.3% boys, 48.7% girls) using data from several national registries. Multiple linear regression and logistic regression were used to analyze associations between study variables. Results Overall grade points and eligibility for continuation to upper secondary school were lower for individuals exposed to hospitalizations. Only the association between hospitalizations and overall grade points was moderated by gender and only for ages 13-16 years. Exposure close to actual grading had worst outcomes. Conclusions Health problems, measured through hospitalizations, was significantly associated with lower school achievements among Swedish children. Girls exposed to health problems requiring hospitalizations had relatively poorer school achievements as compared to boys. Health problems requiring hospitalization during junior high school had the greatest negative association with final achievement at compulsory school.

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  • 30.
    Bortes, Cristian
    et al.
    Umeå University.
    Strandh, Mattias
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health (from 2013). Umeå University.
    Nilsson, Karina
    Umeå University.
    Parental Illness and Young People's Education2020In: Child Indicators Research, ISSN 1874-897X, E-ISSN 1874-8988, Vol. 13, no 6, p. 2069-2091Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of parental health problems on the probability of youths leaving upper secondary education before completion in Sweden, and to investigate potential gender differences in these effects. Medical and social microdata from Swedish administrative registers were used. The study population consisted of individuals born between 1987 and 1990 (N = 398,748) who were still alive and residing in Sweden in 2010. We employed a quasi-experimental pre-test post-test study design. Logistic regression was used to analyse the relationships between indicators of parental illness and young people's early school leaving in relation to health and sociodemographic confounders. Having had a mother or father with psychiatric, but not somatic, illness that necessitated hospitalisation after completing compulsory schooling was significantly associated with an increased probability of leaving upper secondary education. We found no significant gender-specific interaction effects. The existence of these effects in Sweden, a country with an extensive institutional welfare system, suggests that similar but more pronounced effects may exist in regions lacking such systems.

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  • 31.
    Bortes, Cristian
    et al.
    Umeå Universitet.
    Strandh, Mattias
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health (from 2013). Umeå Universitet.
    Nilsson, Karina
    Umeå Universitet.
    Sibling Ill Health and Children's Educational Outcomes2020In: Journal of School Health, ISSN 0022-4391, E-ISSN 1746-1561, Vol. 90, no 5, p. 407-414Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND The presence of health problems in a child is known to be negatively associated with later academic achievement, but less is known about the educational outcomes for siblings of children in poor health. The study investigated how having a sibling with health problems affects a healthy sibling's academic achievement. METHODS We utilized medical and social microdata from Swedish administrative population registers. Our sample consisted of N = 115,106 individuals (51.3% boys) born in 1990 in Sweden. We compared children with ill siblings to children whose siblings did not have poor health. Siblings' hospital admissions and the academic achievements of the healthy sibling during their final year of compulsory education (at the age of 15-16) were analyzed using linear and logistic regression in relation to individual health- and family-related confounders. RESULTS Sibling hospitalization was significantly associated with lower overall grade points (beta = -10.73, p < .001) and an increased odds ratio (OR) of ineligibility for upper secondary education (OR = 1.42, 95% confidence interval = 1.31-1.52, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS School and health personnel should also consider the needs of healthy siblings during their work with children in poor health, because they too can be disadvantaged.

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  • 32.
    Brikell, Isabell
    et al.
    Karolinska Inst, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Kuja-Halkola, Ralf
    Karolinska Inst, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Larsson, Jan-Olov
    Karolinska Inst, Stockholm, Sweden.;Univ Orebro, Sch Med Sci, Orebro, Sweden..
    Lahey, Benjamin B.
    Univ Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA..
    Kuntsi, Jonna
    Kings Coll London, MRC Social Genet & Dev Psychiat Ctr, Inst Psychiat Psychol & Neurosci, London, England..
    Lichtenstein, Paul
    Karolinska Inst, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Rydelius, Per-Anders
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health. Karolinska Inst, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Larsson, Henrik
    Karolinska Inst, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Relative immaturity in Childhood and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms From Childhood to Early Adulthood: Exploring Genetic and Environmental Overlap Across Development2016In: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, ISSN 0890-8567, E-ISSN 1527-5418, Vol. 55, no 10, p. 886-895Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been linked to immaturity relative to peers in childhood, yet it is undear how such immaturity is associated with ADHD across development. This longitudinal twin study examined the genetic and environmental contributions to the association between parents' perception of their child's immaturity relative to peers (RI) in childhood and ADHD symptoms across development. Method: 1,302 twin pairs from the Swedish Twin Study of Child and Adolescent Development were followed prospectively from childhood to early adulthood. Parent ratings of RI were collected at 8 to 9 years and parent and self-ratings of ADHD symptoms were collected at 8 to 9, 13 to 14, 16 to 17, and 19 to 20 years using the Child Behavior Checklist Attention Problems scale. In addition, ADHD symptoms corresponding to DSM criteria were used for sensitivity analysis. Analyses were conducted using longitudinal structural equation modeling with multiple raters. Results: RI-related etiologic factors, predominantly influenced by genes, explained 10-14% of the variance in ADHD symptoms from 8 to 9 up to 16 to 17 years. The influence of these RI-related factors on ADHD symptoms attenuated to 4% by 19 to 20 years of age. The remaining variance in ADHD symptoms was primarily explained by genetic factors independent of RI, which remained relatively stable across development, explaining 19% to 30% of the variance in ADHD symptoms from 13 to 14 up to 19 to 20 years. Conclusion: The results show that RI is significantly associated with ADHD symptoms, particularly during childhood and adolescence, and that the association is primarily explained by a shared genetic liability. Nevertheless, the magnitude of associations across development was modest, highlighting that RI is merely one aspect contributing to the complex etiology of ADHD symptoms.

  • 33.
    Danielsson, Nanette
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Social and Life Sciences, Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health.
    Norell-Clarke, Annika
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health (from 2013).
    Hagquist, Curt
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health (from 2013). Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Health Sciences (from 2013).
    Associations between adolescent sleep disturbance and different worry themes: findings from a repeated cross-sectional study from 1988 to 20112016In: Sleep Health, ISSN 2352-7218, E-ISSN 2352-7226, Vol. 2, no 3, p. 194-197Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective

    The objective was to investigate relationships between adolescent sleep disturbance and various worry themes.

    Methods

    Questionnaire data from 8 cross-sectional collections between 1988 and 2011 were used. The sample included more than 20,000 adolescents aged 15-16. Binary logistic regressions were used for the analyses.

    Results

    Sleep disturbance and female sex increased the odds of worrying about all themes. Sleep disturbance shared stronger associations with worry about financial security, accidents/illness, being bullied, and terrorist attacks (odds ratios, 2.65-3.35) compared with worry about environmental destruction or nuclear war (odds ratios, 1.73-2.11). No interactions between sleep and year of investigation were found.

    Conclusions

    Little is known about the association between adolescent worry and sleep, and about sleep disturbance and specific worry content. This study shows that the strength in the relationship between adolescent worry and sleep varies with worry themes. Knowledge of the worry content related to sleep may aid in targeting preventions and interventions.

  • 34.
    Draxler, Helena
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Department of Social and Psychological Studies (from 2013).
    Hjärthag, Fredrik
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Department of Social and Psychological Studies (from 2013).
    Tillfors, Maria
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Department of Social and Psychological Studies (from 2013).
    Almqvist, Kjerstin
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Department of Social and Psychological Studies (from 2013). Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health (from 2013).
    Changes in Psychiatric Symptoms in Swedish Mothers Who Took Part in Project Support: An Intervention for Mothers Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence With Children Who Have Developed Conduct Problems2023In: Violence against Women, ISSN 1077-8012, E-ISSN 1552-8448Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Project Support (PS) is an evidence-based individual support and parenting program developed for mothers exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV) whose children have developed conduct disorders. This Swedish feasibility study focuses on changes in the mothers' psychiatric symptoms, in relation to social and emotional support received as part of PS. In a within-subject design in a naturalistic setting (i.e., 10 social service units), mothers (n = 35) reported a significant decrease in symptoms, but from an individual perspective, most mothers still suffered from clinical levels of psychiatric symptoms. The need for additional interventions for mothers exposed to IPV is discussed.

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  • 35.
    Evans, Brittany
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health (from 2013).
    Beijers, Roseriet
    Radboud University, the Netherlands.
    Hagquist, Curt
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Health Sciences (from 2013).
    de Weerth, Carolina
    Radboud University, the Netherlands.
    Childhood urbanicity and hair steroid hormone levels in ten-year-old children2019In: Psychoneuroendocrinology, ISSN 0306-4530, E-ISSN 1873-3360, Vol. 102, p. 53-57Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Research suggests that it may be more stressful for children to grow up in an urban area than in a rural area. Urbanicity may affect physiological stress system functioning as well as the timing of sexual maturation. The purpose of the current study was to investigate whether moderate urbanicity (current and childhood, ranging from rural areas to small cities) was associated with indices of long-term hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis functioning (cortisol, cortisone, dehydroepiandrosterone and progesterone levels) and whether sex moderated any associations. Method: Children (N = 92) were all 10 years old and from the Dutch general population. Hair samples were collected and single segments (the three cm most proximal to the scalp) were assayed for concentrations of steroid hormones (LCMS/MS method). Neighborhood-level urbanicity and socioeconomic status were measured from birth through age ten years. Analyses were controlled for neighborhood- and family socioeconomic status, body mass index and season of sampling. Results: The results from multivariate analyses of variance showed no associations between current or childhood moderate urbanicity and hair steroid hormone concentrations. Interaction terms between moderate urbanicity and sex were not statistically significant. Conclusions: Associations between urbanicity and steroid hormone levels may only be detectable in highly urban areas and/or during later stages of adolescence. Alternatively, our findings may have been due to most children being from families with a higher socioeconomic status. 

  • 36.
    Evans, Brittany
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health (from 2013). Radboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands, VU University AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherland.
    Buil, J. M.
    VU University AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands; Erasmus University RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands.
    Burk, W. J.
    Radboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands.
    Cillessen, A. H. N.
    Radboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands.
    van Lier, P. A. C.
    VU University AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands ; Erasmus University RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands.
    Urbanicity is Associated with Behavioral and Emotional Problems in Elementary School-Aged Children2018In: Journal of Child and Family Studies, ISSN 1062-1024, E-ISSN 1573-2843, Vol. 27, no 7, p. 2193-2205Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Abstract: Adults are 38% more likely to suffer from a psychiatric disorder when they live in an urban compared to a rural area. Urban upbringing may be particularly important. The aim of the present study was to examine whether urbanicity was independently associated with mental health in elementary school-aged children. Specifically, we investigated whether living in a more urban area was associated with exhibiting more behavioral and emotional problems, and whether this remained while controlling for other major risk factors for mental health problems in children. Data came from a Dutch general population study of children (n = 895). Information from four waves was used, in which children were aged approximately 8, 9, 11, and 12 years old. We used mixed effects models to assess the association between urbanicity and the outcomes of behavioral problems and emotional problems separately, while controlling for other major risk factors. The analyses showed that children who lived in more urban areas were significantly more likely to exhibit behavioral (p < .001) and emotional (p < .001) problems. This effect remained when controlling for neighborhood socioeconomic status, gender, ethnicity, family socioeconomic status, parental symptoms of psychopathology, parenting stress, and parenting practices (behavioral: p = .02, emotional: p = .009). In line with research in adults, urbanicity seems to be independently associated with behavioral and emotional problems in children. A possible underlying mechanism is that the city is a stressful environment for children to grow up in, which contributes to an increased risk for mental health problems.

  • 37.
    Evans, Brittany
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health (from 2013). Radboud University, NLD.
    Huizink, A. C.
    Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, NLD; Högskolan i Skövde.
    Greaves-Lord, K.
    Erasmus University Medical Center, NLD.
    Tulen, J. H. M.
    Erasmus University Medical Center, NLD.
    Roelofs, K.
    Radboud University, NLD.
    van der Ende, J.
    Erasmus University Medical Center, NLD.
    Urbanicity, biological stress system functioning and mental health in adolescents2020In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 15, no 3, article id e0228659Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Growing up in an urban area has been associated with an increased chance of mental health problems in adults, but less is known about this association in adolescents. We examined whether current urbanicity was associated with mental health problems directly and indirectly via biological stress system functioning. Participants (n = 323) were adolescents from the Dutch general population. Measures included home and laboratory assessments of autonomic nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning, neighborhood-level urbanicity and socioeconomic status, and mother- and adolescent self-reported mental health problems. Structural equation models showed that urbanicity was not associated with mental health problems directly. Urbanicity was associated with acute autonomic nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis reactivity such that adolescents who lived in more urban areas showed blunted biological stress reactivity. Furthermore, there was some evidence for an indirect effect of urbanicity on mother-reported behavioral problems via acute autonomic nervous system reactivity. Urbanicity was not associated with overall autonomic nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis reactivity or basal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning. Although we observed some evidence for associations between urbanicity, biological stress reactivity and mental health problems, most of the tested associations were not statistically significant. Measures of long-term biological stress system functioning may be more relevant to the study of broader environmental factors such as urbanicity.

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  • 38.
    Evans, Brittany
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health (from 2013).
    Kim, Yunhwan
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health (from 2013).
    Hagquist, Curt
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health (from 2013).
    A latent class analysis of changes in adolescent substance use between 1988 and 2011 in Sweden: associations with sex and psychosomatic problems2020In: Addiction, ISSN 0965-2140, E-ISSN 1360-0443, Vol. 115, no 10, p. 1932-1941Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aims To characterize changes in patterns of adolescent substance use in Sweden between 1988 and 2011, and to assess whether sex and psychosomatic problems were associated with substance use and whether these associations changed over time. Design Secondary analysis of repeated cross-sectional survey data. Survey data were collected eight times and analyzed as four cohorts (1988-91, 1995-98, 2002-05 and 2008-11). Setting and participants The sample included all 15-16-year-olds in Varmland County, Sweden (n = 20 057). Measurements Binary-coded substance use measures included life-time use of alcohol and tobacco, getting drunk and past school year use of inhalants. An eight-item scale was used to assess psychosomatic problems. Findings A three-class model fitted the data best (i.e. non/low use, mainly alcohol use and polysubstance use). The patterns of substance use were different among cohorts; most notably, adolescents in the last cohort had lower odds of being included in the alcohol and polysubstance use classes rather than the non/low use class than in the earlier cohorts (all Ps < 0.001). Males had higher odds than females of being in the polysubstance use class rather than the non/low use class among the first three cohorts (all Ps < 0.001) but not the last. Sex was not associated with inclusion in the alcohol use class rather than the non/low use class. Adolescents who reported more psychosomatic problems had higher odds of being included in the alcohol and polysubstance use classes rather than the non/low use class (all Ps < 0.001). The associations of sex and psychosomatic problems with class inclusion did not change during the study period. Conclusions Between 1988 and 2011, patterns of substance use among adolescents in Sweden shifted away from polysubstance use and alcohol use to non-use or low use. Associations between patterns of substance use and sex and psychosomatic problems remained largely consistent across the study period.

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  • 39.
    Evans, Brittany
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health (from 2013).
    Kim, Yunhwan
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health (from 2013).
    Hagquist, Curt
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health (from 2013).
    Changes in patterns of adolescent substance use from 1988 to 2011 in Sweden: a latent class analysis2019In: European Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1101-1262, E-ISSN 1464-360X, Vol. 29, p. 47-47Article in journal (Other academic)
  • 40.
    Evans, Brittany
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health (from 2013).
    Kim, Yunhwan
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health (from 2013).
    Hagquist, Curt
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health (from 2013).
    Classroom disorder and internalizing problems among swedish adolescents: Changes between 1988 and 20112020In: Journal of School Health, ISSN 0022-4391, E-ISSN 1746-1561, Vol. 90, no 7, p. 554-563Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND Internalizing problems have increased among Swedish adolescents. We examined whether classroom disorder was associated with internalizing problems and whether it explained the trends in internalizing problems. Furthermore, we examined whether school contextual factors were associated with internalizing problems and whether they moderated the association between classroom disorder and internalizing problems. METHODS We used repeated cross-sectional survey data (1988-2011) among all 15- to 16-year-old students in Varmland, Sweden (N = 9491 boys, N = 9313 girls). School-level factors were the proportions of students with a low/average socioeconomic or an immigration background. RESULTS Results from mixed effects models showed that classroom disorder was associated with internalizing problems across the years of investigation but did not explain the trends in internalizing problems. This association was moderated by the school-level proportion of students with a low/average socioeconomic background but not the school-level proportion of students with an immigration background. CONCLUSIONS Students who perceived their classroom to be disorderly more often also reported more internalizing problems. Future studies are necessary to investigate other potential school factors that may explain the trends in internalizing problems.

  • 41.
    Evans, Brittany
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health (from 2013). NLD.
    Van Der Ende, J.
    NLD.
    Greaves-Lord, K.
    NLD.
    Huizink, A. C.
    University Skövde; Vrije University Amsterdam, NLD.
    Beijers, R.
    NLD.
    De Weerth, C.
    NLD.
    Urbanicity, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning, and behavioral and emotional problems in children: A path analysis2020In: BMC Psychology, E-ISSN 2050-7283, Vol. 8, no 1, article id 12Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Urbanization is steadily increasing worldwide. Previous research indicated a higher incidence of mental health problems in more urban areas, however, very little is known regarding potential mechanisms underlying this association. We examined whether urbanicity was associated with mental health problems in children directly, and indirectly via hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis functioning. Methods: Utilizing data from two independent samples of children we examined the effects of current urbanicity (n = 306, ages seven to 12 years) and early childhood urbanicity (n = 141, followed from birth through age 7 years). Children's mothers reported on their mental health problems and their family's socioeconomic status. Salivary cortisol samples were collected during a psychosocial stress procedure to assess HPA axis reactivity to stress, and at home to assess basal HPA axis functioning. Neighborhood-level urbanicity and socioeconomic conditions were extracted from Statistics Netherlands. Path models were estimated using a bootstrapping procedure to detect indirect effects. Results: We found no evidence for a direct effect of urbanicity on mental health problems, nor were there indirect effects of urbanicity through HPA axis functioning. Furthermore, we did not find evidence for an effect of urbanicity on HPA axis functioning or effects of HPA axis functioning on mental health problems. Conclusions: Possibly, the effects of urbanicity on HPA axis functioning and mental health do not manifest until adolescence. An alternative explanation is a buffering effect of high family socioeconomic status as the majority of children were from families with an average or high socioeconomic status. Further studies remain necessary to conclude that urbanicity does not affect children's mental health via HPA axis functioning.

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  • 42.
    Franssen, Gaston
    et al.
    University of Amsterdam.
    Van Geelen, Stefan
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health (from 2013). Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital of the University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.
    Self-management as management of the self: Future directions for healthcare and the promotion of mental health2017In: Philosophy, Psychiatry, and Psychology, ISSN 1071-6076, E-ISSN 1086-3303, Vol. 24, no 2, p. 179-184Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 43.
    Giota, Joanna
    et al.
    Göteborgs universitet.
    Bergh, Daniel
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health (from 2013).
    Adolescent Academic, Social and Future Achievement Goal Orientations: Implications for Achievement by Gender and Parental Education2021In: Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, ISSN 0031-3831, E-ISSN 1470-1170, Vol. 65, no 5, p. 831-850Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Research on social aspects of academic motivation is scarce. Based on twonationally representative cohorts within the Swedish longitudinal ETFproject,the study examined (a) relationships between academicmastery/performance, social and future achievement goal orientations inthe Swedish grade 9 compulsory school (2008/2014); (b) theirimplications for academic achievement; (c) interaction effects by genderand parental education. Social responsibility exerts the strongest effecton achievement; independently and combined. Girls strive for thesegoals more often than boys. All orientations are important forachievement; and for disadvantaged students in particular. The findingsare important for interventions on enhancing motivation and reducingachievement gaps between student groups.

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  • 44.
    Giota, Joanna
    et al.
    University of Gothenburg.
    Bergh, Daniel
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health (from 2013). Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Department of Social and Psychological Studies (from 2013).
    Emanuelsson, Ingemar
    University of Gothenburg.
    Changes in individualized teaching practices in municipal and independent schools 2003, 2008 and 2014: Student achievement, family background and school choice in Sweden2019In: Nordic Journal of Studies in Educational Policy, ISSN 2002-0317, Vol. 5, no 2, p. 78-91Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The study investigated student experiences of teaching practices in grade 9 at 2003, 2008 and 2014 after the Swedish education reforms of the 1990s. Teaching practices in both municipal and independent schools were related to student achievement and family background. Data from three nationally representative cohorts within the ongoing Swedish longitudinal ETF-project have been used. The results show changes from more conventional to more individualistic teaching practices. Independent schools emphasize more self-regulated learning. Child-centred forms of work are though found to be equally beneficial for student achievement as more conventional teaching methods. In spite of education reforms, family background is equally important for student achievement as earlier. Obtained results are discussed in relation to increased school competition in Sweden.

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  • 45.
    Grip, Karin K.
    et al.
    Gothenburg Univ, Dept Psychol, S-40530 Gothenburg, Vastergotland, Sweden..
    Almqvist, Kjerstin
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health (from 2013).
    Axberg, Ulf
    Gothenburg Univ, Dept Psychol, S-40530 Gothenburg, Vastergotland, Sweden..
    Broberg, Anders G.
    Gothenburg Univ, Dept Psychol, S-40530 Gothenburg, Vastergotland, Sweden..
    Perceived Quality of Life and Health Complaints in Children Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence2014In: Journal of family Violence, ISSN 0885-7482, E-ISSN 1573-2851, Vol. 29, no 6, p. 681-692Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Children 9 to 13 years old exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV) reported on their violence exposure, attachment to both parents, temperament (negative emotionality and emotion regulation), perceived quality of life, and health complaints. Half of the children perceived their quality of life as good and did not have recurrent health complaints. When controlling for socioeconomic status, health complaints were associated with higher IPV exposure and negative emotionality, whereas quality of life was associated with attachment security, higher capacity for emotion regulation, and lower negative emotionality. These results underscore the importance of increasing and supporting the capacity of children exposed to IPV to handle and express their emotions, as well as making school nurses and other primary care practitioners more attentive to IPV as a possible background factor in children's health complaints.

  • 46.
    Hagquist, Curt
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health (from 2013).
    Adolescent mental health: Gender differences in consequences for everyday life2017Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 47.
    Hagquist, Curt
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health (from 2013).
    Alcohol consumption and life satisfaction among adolescents: The moderating role of gender2018Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 48.
    Hagquist, Curt
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health. Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Health Sciences.
    Alkohol-, narkotika- och tobaksvanor bland niondeklassare: Resultat från Ung i Värmland 1988-20112012Report (Other academic)
  • 49.
    Hagquist, Curt
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health (from 2013). Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Health Sciences (from 2013).
    Analysis of Differential Item Functioning in Social Science Research using the Rasch Model2016Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 50.
    Hagquist, Curt
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health (from 2013).
    Analysis of Differential Item Functioning: When is item split justified?2017Conference paper (Other academic)
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