Writing by hand is not that obvious in todays digitalized society, much of what we write and read is digitized. Today we communicate via SMS, email, and social media instead of sending letters and postcards. What do teachers think of handwriting still being a part of the curriculum? Will handwriting survive or is it on its way out?In this survey nine teachers in preschool to sixth grade have been interviewed to hear their opinions about the handwriting, if they think it is important to preserve it. How they motivate their children to write by hand even though the society is digitalized. If they feel that the educational material companies have adapted to the digital curriculum or if there still are good analogue materials available.The results show that the teachers think handwriting is important as there is a connection between brain and hand which is good for learning. The students also practice their fine motor skills when they are allowed to write by hand, which the teachers attach great importance to.

This essay aims at analyzing how to work with factual texts with early-age pupils. I analyzehow four elementary school teachers work with reading and understanding of factual texts. Inthis survey, I study the context in which teachers work with factual texts and when theychoose to introduce them to the pupils. I also looked at what reading strategies teachers usewhen reading factual text with their pupils. As my main method, I have used interviews and Ihave collected and analyzed material relevant and useful for my study. The four informantschosen for the survey are active teachers and have worked in the profession for at least tenyears to gain a breadth in their experience. They work at two different schools. My studyshows that factual texts are an important part of the teaching for my informants, but there is adifference between the schools. One school works continuously with a genre goal and has agreater awareness of reading factual texts than the other school has.

The purpose of this essay is to examine how teachers can develop motivation within upper secondary students for reading comprehension in the school subject of Swedish. Some aspects are examined in relation to the purpose of this essay such as both of the target groups’ attitudes and views towards reading comprehension, reading and motivation as well as similarities and differences between them. This essay also shows what kind of reading habits upper secondary students and Swedish teachers have in and outside of upper secondary school. Gender is an underlying factor that is examined in relation to the previously mentioned target groups. Two surveys were handed out to upper secondary students and Swedish teachers. They had to reply qualitative and quantitative questions with a focus on motivation in relation to reading comprehension based on different perspectives. The result showed that there are different ways, such as literary variation and an engaging approach, teachers can use to develop motivation within upper secondary students for reading comprehension in the school subject of Swedish. Both of the target groups believe that an active participation amongst each other in the classroom is important in order to express motivation towards reading comprehension and reading. The majority of them has a positive attitude towards both of the areas with the opinion that it is important to read and understand different texts because as a reader you receive new thoughts and perspectives as well as an increased vocabulary. Furthermore, upper secondary students and Swedish teachers have different views on how they experience and if they are motivated towards areas in the school subject of Swedish that involves reading comprehension and reading. One example is that both of the areas are important in order for students to develop positively for their future working life or future studies. The majority of both target groups are also able to see the positive sides of reading comprehension and reading despite varied reading habits in and outside upper secondary school, such as the fact that students prefer young adult literature while teachers enjoy non-fiction.

The purpose with this essay is to, based on different examples of youth language, examine upper secondary students’ and Swedish teachers’ attitudes to and usage of youth language in and outside upper secondary school with a focus on oral language production in the school subject of Swedish. This essay will also focus on if and how upper secondary students’ accomplishments in the school subject of Swedish are affected by their usage of youth language as well as what kind of view that upper secondary students and Swedish teachers have about this and about the opposite group’s usage of youth language. Two underlying factors, as in gender and age, will also be examined in relation to the previously mentioned target groups. Two surveys were handed out to upper secondary students and Swedish teachers. They got to answer qualitative and quantitative questions about attitudes to and usage of youth language. The result showed that upper secondary students use youth language more than Swedish teachers, both in and outside upper secondary school, for example through slang, curse words and discourse markers. Both of the target groups have different attitudes to youth language where Swedish teachers consider that it is limited while upper secondary students believe that it creates solidarity. Swedish teachers and upper secondary students also have different opinions about the fact that students’ usage of youth language might affect their accomplishments in the school subject of Swedish. However, the majority of both target groups believe that it has a negative influence. There are also similarities and differences between both target groups’ views on the counterpart’s usage of youth language. For example, the Swedish teachers believe that youth language can be innovative while upper secondary students express that it is embarrassing if their teachers try to use youth language in the classroom.

The purpose of the study is to examine how teachers at secondary school work with book reviews in their teaching, what they consider the intent of book reviews to be and what methods they consider to be favourable in the work. This is a qualitative study in which semi-structured interviews have been conducted with eight teachers to demonstrate similarities and differences between their different approaches and mindset. After the interviews have been transcribed, they are analysed on the basis of a thematic analysis.The results show that the teachers have a predominantly positive attitude towards book reviews. However, there is an ambiguity among them, while they consider that book reviews are a favourably element that can include several important knowledge development elements, they also consider that the element should not take up too much space in the teaching as there are other things that need more space. The idea of book reviews does not seem to be to develop students' knowledge of book reviewing as a genre, however they are used more as an implement to verify students' reading comprehension and other abilities. The results also show that specific methods are in fact barely used in the writing on book reviews because the intention is more of a controlling nature than developing students' genre knowledge.

In Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen, gender roles and gender expectations relate to class differences in a system of social convention which operates to delimit all of the characters - men and women, rich people and less privileged people - to a greater or lesser extent, in a way which reflects actual class and gender structures in England around 1800. The most important strain of social commentary on gender and class in the novel is constituted by the characterisation of Elizabeth Bennet. She is associated with intelligence in a way which is vital to her successful breach of gender and class conventions. This essay starts out from Susan Morgan’s ”Intelligence in Pride and Prejudice” and will extend her arguments in my reading of the novel to prove that Elizabeth’s intelligence allows her to transgress social conventions related to gender and class more successfully than other characters and arrive at a happy ending despite having defied social convention. A number of other characters also represent a breach of class and gender conventions. Lydia Bennet elopes with Mr. Wickham, which at the time was considered scandalous. Mr. Darcy tries to ignore his affection for Elizabeth but fails to do so. In comparison to the unconventionality of Elizabeth, who manages to overcome every obstacle by relying on her intelligence in a way which also benefits Darcy and secures a happy ending for him as well, their transgressions are not as successful.



Despite the extensive research on slavery during the antebellum, few authors have investigated the connection between the Mississippi river and its importance and status as a symbol of freedom throughout The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, written by Mark Twain. Therefore, this essay attempts to analyze just how much the river actually meant for Huck and Jim during their journey towards freedom. The methodology of this analysis is based on a qualitative content analysis where categories are created and put it in relation to the historical and political landscape the novel presents. By investigating how the river functioned as an optional escape route that would lead the slaves far away from the notoriously bad treatment on the cotton fields, as well as the dangerous riverside settings which involved several risks for both Huck and Jim, this essay concludes that the river does not only work as an escape route away from captivity and civilization, it also provided the characters with a comfortable and safe home which alone could symbolize liberty.

The amin with this paper is to investigate how a few of today’s idioms are interpreted, if there are any difference between generations in the interpretation and if the younger generation in higher extent than the older tends to interpret them in other ways. This have been investigated trough a quantitative web-based survey there the respondents were asked to state their interpretation of twelve idioms, also answer a few questions regarding their use of idioms. The collected material has been transformed into precent units. The respondent’s answers were categorized by age, one group with respondents born 1990 or earlier and one group with respondents born 1990 or later. 

The research shows that idioms, of both groups, interprets by original meaning in high extent since more than a good half answer according standard interpretation. With the exception of a few idioms there least 50 % of the younger group stated another interpretation than the original.

This study aims to study layout and presentation of grammar teaching in textbooks geared to- wards secondary education. A content analysis has been applied to achieve the purpose of this survey and as a basis for this, six textbooks written for the upper secondary school's course Swedish 2 have been used. The analysis has been made based on four different themes, the space of the grammar chapter in the book, how grammar is justified, which grammatical areas are treated and how the grammar exercises are designed. 

The results of this study show that grammar is largely given as much space as other chapters of the same type, but that the grammar chapter is often placed far back in the book. Regarding justifications, the link to curriculum/knowledge requirements, language accuracy and writing skills are the most common. The areas covered vary slightly, but common to all books is that they teach phrases, parts of sentences and syntax. The textbooks' structure of exercises differs both in number and which grammatical areas they aim to practice, where sentence parts are the area, all books contain exercises on. In other words, the textbooks provide different conditions for the student because to some extent they teach different grammatical areas. 

Este estudio investiga el uso de las herramientas digitales en el aula virtual de español como lengua extranjera (ELE) en los primeros niveles de la enseñanza. Por medio de una encuesta digital, se analizan las respuestas de 59 profesores de ELE que trabajan en la escuela secundaria y bachillerato suecos en los niveles A1-A2 según el Marco Común Europeo de Referencias (MCER). Con el objetivo de indagar sobre el uso de herramientas digitales en el contexto virtual antes y después de la implementación de la prevención de la pandemia, el estudio demuestra que los profesores utilizan regularmente herramientas digitales en la clase de ELE. Además, a consecuencia de la situación de enseñanza cambiada, el uso ha aumentado. Las herramientas digitales que más han incrementado en uso son las relacionadas a la comunicación con los alumnos, para la planificación de la clase, para gestionar las sesiones y para la evaluación. Por último, se estudia las dificultades que representan el trabajo de algún aspecto en particular en el contexto virtual. Los resultados evidencian que la destreza que más complejidad representa en el aula de ELE virtual es la destreza oral junto al proceso de evaluación.

The purpose of this study was to analyze how love is portrayed in the novel Doktor Glas,written in diary form. With a starting point in the theories of French psychoanalyst and authorJulia Kristeva, the portrayal of love in the novel is in focus. The classic work of Söderberg,published 1905, is a staple of literary history in Sweden because of its timeless themes andability to provoke. Doktor Glas gives an insight into a man’s inner life through his diaryentries and therefore his psyche. The reader follows, for example, him falling in love with thepriest's wife, Helga Gregorius. The focus of the essay is to analyze if the psychoanalyticmethods, that were developed later in the century, can be applied to a novel that was writtenbefore these concepts were popularized.The result shows that while many of Julia Kristeva's theories are applicable to the novel, aportion of her theories on the psychoanalytic process of love is less accurate in relation to theportrayal of love in Hjalmar Söderberg’s work.

Research shows that students largely work individually in math books and a lot of literature suggests that students' interest in mathematics decreases with age. As the source for the choice of my research is an interest in how the tasks and information in the textbook contributes to student motivation and desire to learn mathematics. One way to examine this is to find out what students think about the information in the mathematics textbooks by allowing them to describe the characteristics of the data that they are motivated by. The survey will contribute to the knowledge about the types of tasks which, according to the students, is more motivating to them than others. It provides a knowledge that teachers can weigh into their choice of textbooks and other teaching resources. The purpose of the study is to examine the characteristics of mathematic tasks students in second grade will find motivating. The information contained in the students' regular teaching materials and students' stories or descriptions are the starting point for the study. My research question is: what characterizes mathematic tasks that students experience that is motivating to learn math? The research strategy and research design is qualitative study. Information collected from interviews at a certain time. Of the result and the analysis I have concluded that what characterizes a motivating task is based on the difficulty of the tasks.

Undersökningen går ut på att ta reda på hur Selma Lagerlöf har använt dialekt som stildrag i boken Kejsarn av Portugallien. Kvalitativ och kvantitativ textanalys används som metod för att besvara undersökningens forskningsfrågor. Syftet med undersökningen är att ta reda på hur dialekten används som stildrag, vem som framställs som dialekttalare samt vilken dialekt som förekommer i boken. Resultatet visar att Lagerlöf har använt dialekt för att placera in boken i en viss geografisk miljö samt att dialekten visar vilken samhällsklass karaktärerna hör till. Resultatet visar också att det är fattiga och enkla människor utan högre utbildning som framställs som dialekttalare samt så rör det sig om en variant av värmländskan som återfinns i landskapets södra delar som har starka drag från götamålsområdet.  

Den här studien är ett försök till att kartlägga hur manliga och kvinnliga författare förekommer och presenteras i två olika läromedelsserier som används på gymnasiet i ämnet svenska. Undersökningen genomförs med hjälp av kvalitativ och kvantitativ analys samt så genomsyrar en genusteori undersökningen. I den kvantitativa analysen undersöks tre läromedel från vardera serie och i den kvalitativa analysen undersöks ett läromedel från vardera serie.

Resultatet visar att det förekommer skillnader i hur manliga och kvinnliga författare förekommer och presenteras i läromedlen. Den kvantitativa analysen visar att det förekommer fler manliga författare i båda läromedelsserierna och den kvalitativa analysen visar att det förekommer störreskillnader i det ena läromedlet än i det andra. 

This article seeks to describe a particular relationship between a contemporary Swedish poet and the literary tradi-tion. Here the works of Eva Ribich are compared to the obsolete descriptive poems of the eighteenth century, as repre-sented by Johan Gabriel Oxenstierna (1750–1818). The comparison seeks to lay bare a similarity, based on how theircommon theme – the times of day – creates the formal dynamic of the poems themselves. Furthermore, the aspectsof Ribich’s poetry that critics have found problematic – their distanced observation of nature and the somewhat staticpastoral quality – are illuminated by this comparison. By including reception in the comparison between the poems,one can point to a horizon of expectation that has been in place for a long time and that poses obstacles to a properunderstanding of this kind of poetry. These parallels between the poems are interesting not as examples of overt affi-liation or creative rewriting but as examples of a collective, anonymous tradition, based on sedimented literary formand widespread patterns of cognition.

The article treats the place of the body in thecultural criticism of Viktor Rydberg, not only as a central theme but also as an image with the potential to figuratively describe societal and even cosmic relationships. Rydberg’s idealof the symmetrical and athletic body is seen inthe perspective of his dependence on German neo-humanism and the gymnastic movement.The ideal of bodily symmetry figures as an image of universal man who defies the division of labor, while the deformed body inversely figures as an image of the lack of wholeness in a stratified bourgeois society. This is further elucidated by an analysis of Rydberg’s view of Darwinism and his fear of degeneration .In the final section, special attention is given to Rydberg’s broodings on the “Future of theWhite Race”. In this text, the body is a figure of the collectivity (the body politic) and its diseases signify political and moral crisis, while the remedy for this state of affairs lies in recognizing the unity of the living, the deadand the unborn in the body of Christ.

Abstract

This essay is a comparative study of two youth novels with bullying as a motif. The novels are Vi kallar honom Anna by Peter Pohl and Gilla Hata Horan by Johanna Nilsson. Bullying at school is an ever present problem for students, teachers, parents and school management. The society is obliged to provide a safe and equal environment where every student is included. The school system of today take actions to prevent bullying. I believe literature could play a part in that work. The purpose of the essay is to examine similarities and differences between the texts in how bullying is described 60 years ago, and the bullying that exists today and often takes place on the Internet. I also plan to use the result in literature classes. I have in my analysis used a comparative method, and biografic science where focus lies on what the author wants to say with the text.

My analysis shows that the texts displays many situations that relates to science. There are many similarities and differences between the texts, but the biggest difference is the description of how teachers and management looked at bullying in the 1950s, compared to today. Another difference is the description of how bullying today takes place around the clock, compared with how bullying mainly took place during school time 50 years ago, differences that clearly is stated in the novels. Back in the day you knew who the persons that performed bullying was. Today you can be anonymous, which makes it hard to know who is behind it. Both authors have their own experiences from bullying with a time difference of 40-50 years. Despite the time gap bullying is described with essentially the same universal components in cause and effect.

Keywords: Bullying, study of motifs, comparative, intertextuality

The aim of this study was to examine how Swedish compound nouns are translated by the machine translation program Google Translate. In order to conclude what main types of mistranslation occur, different texts were first translated by the program; all compound nouns were then listed and analysed, and the mistranslated compound nouns were categorised in accordance with the manner of mistranslation. The study was also working from a hypothesis that the frequency of a compound would affect the chances of getting a correct translation. To test this hypothesis, queries were run in a Swedish corpus to get an estimation of how frequently used the compounds are. The results show that mistranslations could be categorised into four different types, and that the most common types of mistranslation were omitting part of the compound, and translating reoccurring compounds inconsistently. The hypothesis that compounds with high frequency in the corpus would be correctly translated, while compounds with low frequency would be incorrectly translated, could not be conclusively confirmed or refuted. Although there was some indication of a link between frequency and translation accuracy, the connection was not clear enough to claim that there is a correlation.

The aim of this study is to identify which nationalities are represented, and how the foreign and the Swedish is depicted, in 12 cookbooks for children published in Sweden between 1960 and 2014. First, a content analysis was carried out in order to identify adequate analytical categories to describe how national and non-Swedish origin can be expressed. The following categories were identified: explicit mentioning of nationality such as country, continent, and other expression for specific areas; part or whole recipe names with foreign, i.e. non-Swedish words, and type of kitchen; recipes with non-Swedish names of ingredients; informative texts and explanations, and other evidence for foreign origin. Secondly, the depiction of the foreign and the Swedish was studied through discourse analysis to unveil how norms and values is expressed discursively. The study shows that the occurring nationalities overall correspond to those found in adults’ cookbooks, also in terms of the culinary Other. It also shows that there are various ways that norms and values can be expressed discursively regarding food, countries, and culture, which sometimes include stereotypical notions, and that authors of children’s cookbooks carry a responsibility regarding these aspects in a broader didactic perspective, by transmitting knowledge, and by addressing the child as a reader.

The ways in which someone’s first language (L1) influences his or her second language (L2) to create errors, that is negative transfer, is a topic that has received much attention in the field of Second Language Acquisition (SLA). Previous research has suggested that negative transfer is responsible for many errors. The primary aim of this study is to investigate article and preposition errors in the production of Swedish learners of English and to discuss these errors in relation to negative transfer. The secondary aim is to compare transfer errors by L1 Swedish and L1 Portuguese learners of English.

The first and main part of the study is a corpus investigation of the written production of 80 students in upper secondary school (high school). The second part is a multiple-choice test constructed to provoke transfer errors. It was distributed to students in upper secondary school in Sweden and in Brazil. The results from the corpus analysis are largely in line with those of previous research, for example with regards to how definite article errors are more common than indefinite article errors, and how contexts with definite articles and generic noun phrases seem prone to create transfer errors. The corpus study also shows that substitution was the most common preposition error and that many transfer preposition errors supposedly were caused by direct translations. Through the multiple-choice test, the degree to which the first language had an impact on individual errors could be revealed. All in all, the study reveals several aspects of negative transfer that perhaps a single-language investigation could not, because it is in the comparison of English-learners with different L1s that the most interesting results occur.

This is a qualitative study which aim is to investigate teachers view, perspective of reading disabilities and which methods and strategies that are used in the classroom by teachers to minimize reading disabilities. By interviewing four teachers the study has shown that comprehensive studies are needed to counteract this phenomena. What emerges in the study is that every single teacher must have in-depth knowledge about what causes reading disabilities. That includes phonological awareness, decoding, morphological awareness, general reading difficulties, motivation and family level. As a result these causes are important to pay attention to early to reduce reading disabilities and take the right measures. The teacher also need knowledge about methods and strategies in their reading instructions to increase the student’s reading ability. Regarding to that background the study has shown that full class teaching shall have a high teaching standard but sometimes must be adapted to the individual's needs. Finally the study shows that the teachers competence of the subject regarding the Swedish language is crucial to counteract the phenomena reading disabilities within the school system.

This qualitative study aims to expand knowledge about how primary school teachers can use read-aloud to stimulate the language development of students with Swedish as a second language by investigating how eight primary school teachers include a second language perspective in read-aloud activities. Data for this study was gathered using semi-structured personal interviews. The results revealed that teachers employ read-aloud practices in various ways and to varying degrees, but all of them incorporate it at some point. The majority of teachers consider visual support and explaining words and sentences to be important. Furthermore, they also emphasized the significance of discussions about the language and the content of the reading material. They highlighted that the choice of read-aloud books plays a pivotal role and both the content and the linguistic level of the book should be considered. It is also beneficial for the chosen book to be culturally relevant and resonate with the students' backgrounds. 

The purpose of this study is to investigate the attitudes of Swedish elementary school teachers when it comes to homework. Do they use homework in their classes? What are the reasons that they use homework? What kind of homework do they use? The study also check if there are teachers that don ́t use homework and why they don ́t.

The method at use is a survey where elementary school teachers answer questions about the use of homework. The survey were posted in a Facebook-group for elementary teachers. Except for the questions about homework there were some background-questions. Based on the answers a result were acquired.

The results of the survey were that a large majority of the teachers that answered use homework. Even though they are not regulated in any of the governing documents available for the Swedish school. The main reason why homework is used by a large majority is to help the children enhance their reading ability.

The aim of this study is to examine arguments that have occurred in the debate concerning de, dem and dom during the past three years in Sweden’s six biggest newspapers (Dagens Nyheter, Expressen, Göteborgs-Posten, Aftonbladet, Svenska Dagbladet och Sydsvenskan, this according to Tidningsutgivarna [TU]). The arguments are collected from articles via the article search tool Retriever. Different search strings were tested in Retriever’s search field in order to find articles regarding the dom-debate. Eventually the search strings and phrases ”de och dem”, ”de/dem” and ”dom-debatten” resulted in most hits. Based on specific selection criteria, 26 articles remained. During the same period of time, the study also set out the examine which of the pronouns that are most used in written language: the informal version dom or the formal version de and dem, using Språkbanken’s concordance tool Korp. In this way, the study demonstrates a connection between the arguments that occur in today’s debate and the actual user statistics. Furthermore, the results are also compared with Språkrådet’s recommendation regarding these pronouns. As such, the results in this study present the debate’s temperature and the pronouns user statistics, which eventually lead to conclusions about the current de-dem-dom-climate. Content analysis of the arguments and user statistics revealed that de and dem are used more frequently than dom in written language. It also concludes there are more arguments supporting a continuing use of de and dem in media during the last three years, compared to arguments supporting a dom-reform during the corresponding period of time.

The concept 'mess-understanding' has circulated in online media and is so prevalent that it is now included in the Urban Dictionary. The folk concept of mess-understandings is a pun for misunderstandings arising in an online media context. Posting one's own or others' miscommunication and/or typographical errors has grown to be a popular way of sharing humor via cross-platform sharing on the Internet. The aim of this paper is to analyze short message service (SMS) dialogues shared in social media, with a special emphasis on those with the highest degree of 'shareability' and/or popularity. The study specifically focuses on understanding linguistic and communicative reasons behind these dialogues being treated as humorous by users. As such, the study aims to shed light upon current cultural conceptions of communication and humor. Data was collected from the photo sharing website Pinterest from users who had posted or reposted 'screen shots' from their own or others' SMS conversations. In order to collect as much valuable data as possible, a manual search strategy was developed with three different word strings which resulted in a corpus of 160 dialogues. Content analysis of the data revealed certain recurrent humor themes, such as allusions to sexual conduct or bodily functions, generation gaps, technology difficulties, and lexical ambiguity. 

This study’s aim is to examine which arguments that occur, in three popular teaching aids in upper secondary school’s grammar education, to learn grammar. The study is carried out through a comparative teaching aid analysis of three common teaching aids that deal with grammar, based on 20 teachers authentic choice of teaching aids. Through these teaching aids, a compilation of the arguments is carried out. Furthermore, the study also consists of a questionnaire that aims to examine student’s outlook on these arguments, but also their perception on grammar’s relevance and utility in school’s education. The students get to describe if they think that the teaching aid’s arguments are legitimate. To combine a study of which arguments that occur in popular teaching aids of why students should learn grammar, with a questionnaire of student’s outlook on these arguments, thus show if students find the teaching aids’ arguments to be justified – hence can we know if the argument holds according to the students. It is highly relevant to examine how popular teaching aids motivates students to learn grammar, since previous research show that grammar education is faced with big problems, like for instance student’s ability to understand grammar’s relevance and usefulness in relation to school. The study’s result shows that the majority of the students actually consider grammar to be important – but also that they think that grammar is boring. Furthermore, the study also shows that the majority of the students consider nine out of the ten arguments to be legitimate. The study moreover shows that the majority of the students, after taking part of the arguments, thought that grammar was important even before they saw the teaching aid’s arguments, and almost one third answered that the arguments had helped them realize the importance of grammar.

This essay aims to examine the scapegoat motif in Birgitta Trotzig's novel En berättelse från kusten (1961). The important part is to study how the scapegoat motif is portrayed in the novel, how the plot leads to persecution and final sacrifice and how it is related to the novel as a whole. I discuss the term scapegoat through the French theoretician René Girard, who developed some criteria to be met in order to the scapegoat motif to work. The essay results show that the three stages in Girard's theories exist in the novel. At first a great disease that causes children of almost every family to die and it makes the society to slowly collapse. The frustration leads to a search for a cause to the disease, however not the real cause, rather a crime and someone to blame. Someone, is not just anyone, the person has some distinctive victims markers. The scapegoat, Merete, is both socially and physically aberrant and that makes her the perfect scapegoat. The result shows that her death is a ritual reconciliation that ends the chaos and makes people free of the guilt they felt. This motif is also a part of a bigger reconciliation theme. Everything seems to weave into a pattern that requires suffering and great sacrifice to achieve reconciliation. Both the city and the monastery's restoration required suffering where Merete and Apelone both suffered and died to save the whole nation from perish. 

This essay discusses how three textbooks in literature are dealing with the core content of the syllabi for Svenska 1 and Svenska 2 as well as how the textbooks relate to principles about good learning material formulated by textbook researcher Tom Wikman. I have formulated two main areas of research based on his principles. The essay looks at how the textbook enable to activate students and secondly how the textbooks relates to students different prior knowledge. I have chosen secondary school textbooks that are issued after 2011 as they will be able to relate to the new curriculum GY11. The textbooks Hej litteraturen! (2013), Svenska impulser 2 (2012) and Svenska timmar litteraturen (2012) has been analyzed. In my analysis many similarities and differences between the textbooks has been made visible. The textbooks focus on the reader and the entertainment factor. The personal, and often direct, speech to the reader permeates the three textbooks. All textbooks is about the entertaining aspect of the paratext, Svenska impulser 2 are visual with pictures and illustrations, Svenska timmar litteraturen have an author's voice and Hej litteraturen! have a storytelling presentation. Svenska timmar litteraturen and Svenska impulser 2 have advanced sections and tasks of different levels of difficulty, making it available to students with different previous knowledge. This level difference is not, however, in Hej litteraturen! Students' knowledge is still taken into account by all textbooks by relating historical facts to everyday facts that students probably are aware of. All textbooks provide a chronological presentation of the history of literature and mainly contain the core content (centralt innehåll) of Swedish courses. However, there is no section on contemporary writings and authors in Svenska timmar litteratur and Hej litteraturen! Danish and Norwegian literature in the original language is also absent; however Svenska impulser 2 and Svenska timmar litteraturen have extra content in the form of anthologies that contain texts of that kind. In essence, it is the Western culture that is the focus, with some exeptions.

Ursula K Le Guin wrote The Left Hand of Darkness (1969) because she wanted to explore the limitations of gender and sexuality in a way that reflected the ongoing epistemic changes in her society. She created the Gethenians, an ambisexual, androgynous species that live most of their life without an assigned sex, making their entire society lack the concept of gender. Le Guin writes in her essay “Is Gender Necessary? Redux” (1988) that she wanted to erase gender to find out what was left. This essay will examine how the themes of gender and sexuality are explored in the Left Hand of Darkness, questioning if gender was actually erased. It is Le Guin’s linguistic choices and assumption that androgyny is masculine that assigns male gender to the Gethenians, without them having a biological sex. This renders the female experience invisible, creating a severe imbalance between the male and female part of them. However, by using Genly Ai - one of the main narrators, a male character from Terra (Earth) - gender is still presented as something fluid and non-binary, even though the Gethenians are generally perceived as more masculine. Sexuality, on the other hand, is more fluid and open, presenting a completely different idea than the norm present in the world of the reader. On Gethen, sexuality is celebrated when it is controlled and separate from everyday life, contrary to the celebration of a constant, masculine and aggressive view on sex. In conclusion, The Left Hand of Darkness presents the reader with a safe and comfortable version of androgyny, ultimately leaving many readers wanting more from the thought experiment.

The aim of this study is to compare how dales’ attitudes towards dalbo-dialekt differ between the following variables: age, geographical origin and gender. Therefore, this study presents three research questions: what attitude do dales have to their own dialect? How do these attitudes toward dalbo-dialekt differ in relation to gender, geographical origin and age? Is there any difference in the attitudes to dalbo-dialekt between people who were born and/ or raised in Dalsland and people who were not born and/ or raised in Dalsland?

In order to achieve the purpose of this study and be able to answer the research questions, a survey has been chosen as the method. Through a survey it is possible to find differences and similarities in order to see how the attitudes towards dalbo-dialekt differ between the variables of the study. The survey consists of a questionnaire of 15 questions which collect plenty of relevant data and information for the purpose of the study and the research questions.

The results of this study show that dales generally have a positive attitude toward dalbo-dialekt. There are also differences and similarities between the variables but the common denominator is that dales have a positive attitude towards dalbo-dialekt. This is something that surprised me a lot as I expected more negative attitudes and opinions about dalbo-dialekt and much more difference between the variables. 

This study is based on the spoken and written dialectal expressions which I encountered  among students during my practical period in school. The aim of this study is to investigate how many spoken and written dialectal expressions are used by students and, at the same time, if these dialectal expressions may influence Swedish teachers in the assessment process. This study has three research questions: the first is about teachers’ interpretation of the spoken and written dialectal expressions used by students. The second concerns the strategy which teachers use in order to identify the  difference between the Swedish dialects and the Swedish standard language. The third question regards teachers' perceptions about a possible connection between students’ use of dialectal expressions and their grade. Qualitative interviews with teachers from junior-high school and gymnasium are the chosen method for this study in order to answer the research questions. The result of this study shows that students do not tend to write in dialect and also that dialectal expressions occur in varying amounts in their speech. Teachers focus on giving both written and spoken feedback to the students in order to increase their linguistic consciousness, but spelling exercises rarely occur in this field. The result shows that there is no connection between students’ use of dialectal expressions and their grade. However, teachers’ assessment is significantly harder when it comes to students’ language in written tasks compared to that in speeches. 

This study aims to give an account of five teachers’ views and understandings of second language (L2) learners’ previous knowledge, as well as, their linguistic and cultural backgrounds. This is carried out by the means of qualitative interviews, where the sampling consists of five primary school teachers at various schools. The findings are presented and analyzed using a thematic analysis. Furthermore, the study indicates that teachers in general have a positive attitude to learning more about their L2 learners’ prior knowledge and backgrounds, both for the pupils, as well as, their own sake. However, they know very little about it, and there are shortcomings in the knowledge of what the appropriate approach might look like in order to find out about this. Lastly, the study also shows that teachers strive to become better at identifying the L2 learners’ backgrounds and previous knowledge.

The aim of my study is to investigate the position of oral communication in today's schools. I am interested in the teachers' perceptions of oral communication when it comes to teaching and also how oral communication relates to writing. Several different sources describe the subject from different angles to create a clearer picture of past opinions and knowledge. The survey is conducted through the qualitative method of interviews. The theoretical starting point is based on Vygotsky's sociocultural perspective and stresses that learning is an active part through interaction between development and education, placing great responsibility on the teacher. The results are analyzed and it appears that it is difficult to determine how the verbal communication relates in school. It appears that teachers lack education in rhetoric and show thus a lack of oral communication in teacher training. The teachers interviewed emphasize, however, that work on oral communication is important for students' expression and understanding. Regarding the oral and written communication, they [?] emphasize theat interaction between these forms is important for students to develop.

The purpose of the study was to describe how teachers interpret information in curriculum about the term worldview, and how they plan and perform education. The term worldview describes as a ground experience about humans’ worldviews. Humans can have different experiences in religious and non-religious meaning. Humans view on existence and the world, could be from a worldview. The term worldview includes many questions about why we exist, how humans are, what society stands for and the belief in “higher power”. International research from the 70th showed that there is not an equivalent term for the word “livsåskådning” (worldview). In the curriculum Lpo94, describes how education active can promote humans equal value. In the curriculum Lgr11 describes how humans view on life had changed and still is. Religion and worldview is central terms in education of religion, because they are important for the human culture. In society of today we live in diversity and with increased knowledge we understand each other better. In education in religion will pay attention to how human in religious traditions lives and express their beliefs in different ways. In curriculum Lgr11 describes how the pupils should have abil- ity to develop and reflect over their questions of life, identity and approach.

In education are discussions about what may affect pupils understanding to religion and their worldview. There is negative aspects with teachers decisions about content in edu- cation when teachers themselves have an own worldview and interpretation that they think are important. This could lead to that the pupils not have ability to develop their own worldview.

The connection between worldview and didactics shows how pupils should be given space to create their own choice between different worldviews. Education in religion should provide pupils knowledge about different worldviews. The pupils are often given knowledge about world religions and a fast review about worldviews. Non-religious worldviews constitute a part of the subject of religion in different forms of rituals and culture.

The study is built on a qualitative design, which means to develop deeper understanding of the subject. This study is based on interviews with three teachers in elementary school, 4-6, who teaches religion. The interviews was performed with semi- structured, audio recording interviews with opened supplementary. After the interviews the material was transcribed directly by the author. The text was read several times to find similarities and differences in the teacher’s description of the term worldview. The result are divided in categories that connect the interview questions. Four categories showed: The term worldview, Teachers description of the term worldview in the curriculum and Teachers interpretation of the curriculum and also planning and implementing of their education current worldview. In the category teacher’s interpretation of the curriculum and also planning and implementing of their education current worldview are divided into five subcategories: interpretation, implementing and teacher’s description of the pupils and teachers team. The result showed that informants did not have awareness about the term worldview and did not have time to educate about the term in the subject religion. The study also showed that the teachers thought it were difficult to discuss the term with the pupils their worldview though it could perceive as sensitivity.

The purpose of the study was to describe how teachers interpret information in curriculum about the term worldview, and how they plan and perform education. The term worldview describes as a ground experience about humans’ worldviews. Humans can have different experiences in religious and non-religious meaning. Humans view on existence and the world, could be from a worldview. The term worldview includes many questions about why we exist, how humans are, what society stands for and the belief in “higher power”. International research from the 70th showed that there is not an equivalent term for the word “livsåskådning” (worldview). In the curriculum Lpo94, describes how education active can promote humans equal value. In the curriculum Lgr11 describes how humans view on life had changed and still is. Religion and worldview is central terms in education of religion, because they are important for the human culture. In society of today we live in diversity and with increased knowledge we understand each other better. In education in religion will pay attention to how human in religious traditions lives and express their beliefs in different ways. In curriculum Lgr11 describes how the pupils should have abil- ity to develop and reflect over their questions of life, identity and approach.

In education are discussions about what may affect pupils understanding to religion and their worldview. There is negative aspects with teachers decisions about content in edu- cation when teachers themselves have an own worldview and interpretation that they think are important. This could lead to that the pupils not have ability to develop their own worldview.

The connection between worldview and didactics shows how pupils should be given space to create their own choice between different worldviews. Education in religion should provide pupils knowledge about different worldviews. The pupils are often given knowledge about world religions and a fast review about worldviews. Non-religious worldviews constitute a part of the subject of religion in different forms of rituals and culture.

The study is built on a qualitative design, which means to develop deeper understanding of the subject. This study is based on interviews with three teachers in elementary school, 4-6, who teaches religion. The interviews was performed with semi- structured, audio recording interviews with opened supplementary. After the interviews the material was transcribed directly by the author. The text was read several times to find similarities and differences in the teacher’s description of the term worldview. The result are divided in categories that connect the interview questions. Four categories showed: The term worldview, Teachers description of the term worldview in the curriculum and Teachers interpretation of the curriculum and also planning and implementing of their education current worldview. In the category teacher’s interpretation of the curriculum and also planning and implementing of their education current worldview are divided into five subcategories: interpretation, implementing and teacher’s description of the pupils and teachers team. The result showed that informants did not have awareness about the term worldview and did not have time to educate about the term in the subject religion. The study also showed that the teachers thought it were difficult to discuss the term with the pupils their worldview though it could perceive as sensitivity.

The purpose of this study was to investigate how factors such as the home environment and children's social and emotional relationships might affect the literacy development, especially if children who live in a dysfunctional environment are at risk of further reading- and writing difficulties. I have been inspired by triangulation, and have used three different kinds of qualitative interviews for the study. Due to the restrictions of the size for this study, I have had to limit the amount of interviews and have conducted interviews with two adult survivors using unstructured conversational interviews, which share many similarities with regular life stories. I have also conducted a semi-structured interview with a teacher for special needs education.  The results of the study showed that a child’s environment, culture and past experience can inhibit or support the literacy development. For those children who live in a dysfunctional environment, the literacy development affects negatively because of the lack of security, motivation, support and structure, important things which a child needs. This kind of environment is causing emotional and concentration difficulties because the mind is focused on other things than school work, which inhibit the learning.

This master thesis focuses on teaching in reading comprehension strategies and genre knowledge. The study is based on research that shows that education in these areas is important for students' development of reading comprehension. Reading comprehension in itself is the basis for future knowledge acquisition and further studies. The purpose of this study is to investigate how teachers, active in the range from pre-school classes to third grade classes, works explicitly with reading comprehension strategies and genre knowledge. 

The research is based on a web-questionnaire survey of all teachers for current grades in the subjects Swedish, Mathematics, Social studies and Science/Technology. It is limited to investigating a municipality in southern Sweden. 

The results are coherent in such a way that the majority of teachers asked consider themselves to educate explicitly in reading comprehension strategies. Slightly fewer participants consider themselves to educate explicitly in genre knowledge. Also, based on the answers given by the participants, it turns out that both reading comprehension strategies and genre skills are less taught in this municipality compare to what is recommended according to science. 

The purpose of this study is to show the importance of task texts for students in grades 5 when solving mathematical problems. It was conducted in a class 5 (where the children are 11 years old). The pupils were assigned two different tests with mathematical problems; one where the problems were described in text and one where the problems were presented with numbers and mathematical signs. Previously done research, done on bilingual children, (Bernardo, 2002) shows that pupils tend to do better on mathematical tests when no text is presented. My research supports that theory even though the correlation is not that strong. The big discovery laid in the fact that boys tend to perform significantly lower results compared to the girls. 

This paper compares and contrasts how linguistic transfer has been incorporated in English course books for year 7 and year 11 in Swedish schools. This study has focused on finding explicit and implicit reference to transfer and interference in English course books for Swedish students by identifying references from the authors where they have pointed to similarities and differences between Swedish and English. The results of the study showed that comparisons between the languages were used in all books, but explicit references were more common than implicit references. Of the four different linguistic levels (pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, pragmatics) examined in this study, grammatical comparisons were the most frequent. However, the authors of the books for year 7 used more comparisons between the languages than the authors of the year 11 books. One conclusion that can be drawn from the present study is that it is up to the authors of the course books to decide to what extent they should compare and contrast the two languages, since the national curricula for the subject English give no indications of how the subject of transfer should be dealt with in language acquisition. 

This study aims to find out how a selection of teachers think they work with literacy development in compulsory schools early ages. The aim is to give an insight into the teaching of reading comprehension can look like in practice, what role teachers believe that the caregivers have in their children´s literacy development and get an insight into how teachers motivate their students to want to read. The study is conducted through qualitative semi-structured interviews with four teachers based from the aspect that gain knowledge of how informants perceive their social reality. The survey shows that in common reading teachers model reading strategies to the students, then the student practice using them on their own. Reading strategies help students to consider texts at different levels. In accordance with the sociocultural perspective, the teachers in the study mean that the discussion may have access to new experiences and opinions, which help one to develop a new understanding of the world around them. The teachers find that caregivers' involvement in children's reading is of great importance to reading development. Motivation to read comes from considering the students' interests and when students understand that reading is important for them.

The aim of this study was to examine what methods Swedish teachers of English use to give feedback on students’ written production and what factors influence them to choose these methods. An additional aim was to find out what teachers’ experiences are of digitalization in relation to feedback on students’ written production. Five semi-structured, qualitative interviews were conducted with five certified English teachers who were currently active in upper secondary school. The results showed that the teachers used different methods when giving feedback on students’ written productions. Nonetheless, all of them mostly use formative feedback in the form of written comments. Four out of five respondents let their students submit texts through digital tools, Itslearning or DigiExam, but then printed them and handed them back with handwritten feedback of different sorts. One respondent gave all feedback electronically. When the teachers chose their methods, the most influential factors were available time, lacking student engagement and the fact that the school management team chose which digital tools that should be used. The fact that no teachers were involved in the decision about which digital tools should be used severely limits teacher autonomy and may be the reason why at least two of my respondents did not want to use these tools, which in their experience do not meet their feedback needs.