A linear optimization has been made to examine the economic viabilityof incorporating battery storage in a wind farm in Sweden. The studyexamines a future wind farm with 10 10 MW turbines. An orographicmapping with height differences and vegetation has been used incombination with measured wind data with IEC-rated anemometersand wind direction sensors between 1997 and 2017 to create asimulated production in the windPRO software. This effect, togetherwith hourly prices from 2021 from Nord pool in SE1, SE2, SE3, SE4and in Estonia, has been used in a linear optimization in Matlab to findthe battery capacity that generates the most revenue. 3 Scenarios areinvestigated where scenario 1 is a wind farm without battery storagewhere all electricity produced is sold directly at the current price.Scenario 2 also lacks battery storage and has a power limit of 75 MWat the transformer whilst the farm still produces 100 MW. Scenario 3has a power limit of 75 MW at the transformer and the possibility ofbattery storage.

CO2 is becoming increasingly important as a mediating fluid, and simulation studies are indispensable for corresponding developments. In this study, a simulation-based performance investigation of a solar water heating system using CO2 as a mediating fluid under sub-zero temperature condition is performed using the TRNSYS (R) software. The maximum performance is achieved at a solar savings fraction of 0.83 during July. The as lowest solar savingss fraction of 0.41 is obtained during December. The annual heat production of the proposed system under Fargo climate is estimated to be about 2545 kWh. An evacuated glass tube solar collector is designed, fabricated and tested for various climate conditions. Moreover, a detailed comparison of the system's performance at sub/supercritical and supercritical pressures shows that the annual heat transfer efficiency of the modeled system is 10% higher at supercritical pressure than at sub/supercritical pressures. This result can be attributd to the strong convection flow of CO2 caused by density inhomogeneities, especially in the near critical region. This condition resuls in high heat transfer rates.

The integration of commercial onshore large-scale wind farms into a national grid comes with several technical issues that predominately ensure power quality in accordance with respective grid codes. The resulting impacts are complemented with the absorption of larger amounts of reactive power by wind generators. In addition, seasonal variations and inter-farm wake effects further deteriorate the overall system performance and restrict the optimal use of available wind resources. This paper presented an assessment framework to address the power quality issues that have arisen after integrating large-scale wind farms into weak transmission grids, especially considering inter-farm wake effect, seasonal variations, reactive power depletion, and compensation with a variety of voltage-ampere reactive (Var) devices. Herein, we also proposed a recovery of significant active power deficits caused by the wake effect via increasing hub height of wind turbines. For large-scale wind energy penetration, a real case study was considered for three wind farms with a cumulative capacity of 154.4 MW integrated at a Nooriabad Grid in Pakistan to analyze their overall impacts. An actual test system was modeled in MATLAB Simulink for a composite analysis. Simulations were performed for various scenarios to consider wind intermittency, seasonal variations across four seasons, and wake effect. The capacitor banks and various flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS) devices were employed for a comparative analysis with and without considering the inter-farm wake effect. The power system parameters along with active and reactive power deficits were considered for comprehensive analysis. Unified power flow controller (UPFC) was found to be the best compensation device through comparative analysis, as it maintained voltage at nearly 1.002 pu, suppressed frequency transient in a range of 49.88-50.17 Hz, and avoided any resonance while maintaining power factors in an allowable range. Moreover, it also enhanced the power handling capability of the power system. The 20 m increase in hub height assisted the recovery of the active power deficit to 48%, which thus minimized the influence of the wake effect.

Biofuels make up 25% of Sweden’s energy supply and the majority of biofuels used are made from wood. Wood pellets is one type of biofuel and in Sweden, 1.6 million tonnes of wood pellets were produced in 2018. Different pellet properties such as durability and energy use for production is often tested in a single pellet press. The total energy use for making a pellet in an industrial scale machine is the sum of the energy required for three different component sequences, compression, friction and flow. Flow is when the material that lies on the surfaces between the press channel openings is compressed and pushed downwards towards the coned openings and the materiel in the coned opening is deformed and pushed down to the press channel.

Only compression and friction can be studied using a conventional single pellet press. Thus, this study focuses on the impact of the flow component on the total energy use for pelletizing. In order to do this, energy used for compression, friction and flow, as well as the power required for the material to enter the flow component, Fflow, has been studied for three different particle sizes.

Fresh spruce with a moisture content of 10% has been pressed in different dies. With these pressings, the impact of the flow component, as well as the impact of pressing material located around the coned press channel opening on the total energy use was determined.

Particle size did not affect energy use. Fflow was higher for pressings with material located on the surface around the coned opening, compared to pressings without. This resulted in an increased compression energy for pressings with material around the coned opening. The material located around the press channel opening affected the pelletizing so that the produced pellet was 1 mm shorter, which resulted in a lower energy use for the friction component. Energy used by the flow component made up over 43-57% of the total energy use. The part of the flow energy that is needed to compress the material around the press channel opening and move that material towards the opening stood for 35-52% of the total energy use for palletization.

June 1st, 2014, the law on energy audits of large enterprises was introduces as a way of promoting energy efficiency and to help fulfil the demands from the EU energy efficiency directive. One company that this law applies to is Talent Plastics in Gothenburg. In 2017 an energy audit was conducted at the company by WSP in Karlstad. This audit has been used as a basis for this study. The purpose of this study has been to present solutions for reducing the energy use as Talent Plastics in Gothenburg.

In this study, an energy balance for the facility has been modelled. This model has then been used in order to evaluate some of the different solutions presented in the previous energy audit as well as some new solutions that have been identified.

The solutions that have been studied are:

Heat recovery from the process cooling by installing a heating battery in

ventilation systemsHeat recovery from the process cooling by pre-heating ventilation airUpdating old extruder machinesHeat recovery from the compressed air systemUsing outside air for the compressed air systemUpdate of the existing heat recovery system installed in the production

ventilation system

Based on the results presented in this report the system today is inefficient with a large need for heat whilst a lot of energy is cooled through process cooling. The energy balance presented showed a higher use of energy for heating of ventilation air compared to the results presented in the previous energy audit. This is a consequence of the assumptions made when conducting an energy audit. By underestimating the energy need for the heating of ventilation air, the potential energy savings from solutions including heat recovery in the ventilation systems has been underestimated.

Out of the solutions investigated in this study, updating the heat recovery system in the ventilation system for production spaces resulted in the largest energy savings with savings of 192 MWh per year. The maximum energy savings using heat recovery from the process cooling were 202 MWh/year. This solution had a pay-off time of 0,7 years. The results showed that heat recovery from the compressed air system is not a suitable solution for the facility.

When combining different solutions updating the existing heat recovery system installed in the production ventilation system combined with pre-heating and installation of a heating battery in the same ventilation system would result in energy savings of 323 MWh per year. This represents 14 % of the total energy use for the facility and savings of 226 thousand Swedish krona per year.

Here, we show that lignin-first biorefining of poplar can enable the production of dissolving cellulose pulp that can produce regenerated cellulose, which could substitute cotton. These results in turn indicate that agricultural land dedicated to cotton could be reclaimed for food production by extending poplar plantations to produce textile fibers. Based on climate-adapted poplar clones capable of growth on marginal lands in the Nordic region, we estimate an environmentally sustainable annual biomass production of ∼11 tonnes/ha. At scale, lignin-first biorefining of this poplar could annually generate 2.4 tonnes/ha of dissolving pulp for textiles and 1.1 m3 biofuels. Life cycle assessment indicates that, relative to cotton production, this approach could substantially reduce water consumption and identifies certain areas for further improvement. Overall, this work highlights a new value chain to reduce the environmental footprint of textiles, chemicals, and biofuels while enabling land reclamation and water savings from cotton back to food production.

To achieve the EU's climate goals, industrial emissions in Sweden must be reduced. One way to limit emissions – linked to construction technology – is to design the frame system for industries in wood, instead of building in steel or concrete. Previous research has shown that such a switch can lead to a reduction in carbon dioxide equivalents of 85 CO₂e kg/m². Loads can also be handled in such buildings if closer center distances for frame systems in frameworks are used. Companies that want to contribute to the conversion can have their construction costs paid via industriklivet.

What is not as well researched, is how the load from an overhead crane is handled by the beam supports that carry the traverse with its accompanying load. A beam support needs to handle large bending and shear stresses that occur locally along the plane of the attachment surface of the cantilever.

Cross-laminated timber (CLT) evens out the property differences in the different directions of fibers against load. Greater load can theoretically thus be absorbed in the plane of the bracket's attachment surface. It is therefore of interest to design cantilever supports in CLT and compare these against specimens in glue-laminated timber (glulam). It is also of interest to compare different cross-sectional dimensions, this because the shear stress is inversely proportional to the area. So, a greater width as well as shear area should bring benefits.

Nine specimens are manufactured and divided into three series of three specimens each. One series is made in glulam, while the other two in CLT, where the width of the specimen differs. The test bodies are otherwise geometrically similar. The specimens are then loaded in a hydraulic press to measure strength and stiffness. Stereoscopic cameras in the form of a non-contact measuring system are used to measure strains in addition to the movements of the piston during pressing. The results were also evaluated analytically. Partly via a design load calculation, where a load value is calculated from blueprints of a load case and overhead crane. Partly via beam theory to predict the failure load. Parameters such as moisture and density were also measured to see how they affect the given breaking load. The experimental part was conducted intramurally at Karlstad University.

The results show that a layout designed in CLT is 623% stronger than a design in glulam. The stiffness is also higher. The effect of width on strength needs to be further investigated, but the available data indicate major advantages of CLT. A more reliable stiffness value can be measured using a non-contact measuring system. Moisture and density showed a weak relationship to the failure load, which may be due to local material properties at the angle of the bracket. The analysis shows that beam theory is not sufficient for the evaluation of specimens like these. The design load from blueprints falls below the average value for failure load of the CLT series. This indicates good prospects for the use of CLT as a beam support, further research is however needed, with larger specimens and more profiles per series.

There is a need to develop more sustainable packaging products in the food packaging industry. An alternative to the common petroleum-based and synthetic barriers in paperboard are biopolymers such as starch, polylactic acid and wax with different modifications. The aim of this study was to study different types of biobased barriers against water and vapor on paperboard for future food packaging. All barriers were rod coated and their water and vapor barrier properties were tested by pinholes, coating weight, Cobb₆₀₀, drop shape analysis (DSA), water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, PLA were heat treated. The heat treatment method was calibrated using air permeance as a guidance of the barriers performance before further testing. Starch had an even coating but were very hydrophilic, resulting in a bad water and vapor barrier. PLA had a high contact angle during drop shape analysis, supposedly caused by the chemically hydrophobic surface of the untreated PLA structure combined with the surface topography shown in SEM. Despite the high contact angle, PLA had high Cobb₆₀₀ and WVTR values. Heat treatment of PLA changed the structure of the barrier as shown during SEM and the barriers performance against water and vapor was improved. Wax had an uneven coating and therefore air drying in room temperature was tested. The result was a more even coating with lower Cobb₆₀₀ and WVTR values. Future studies need to be done regarding the heat treatment of PLA. The dispersion technique needs scaling up and further testing before application on an industrial level.

Deep learning methods applied to chemistry can speed the discovery of novel compounds and facilitate the design of highly complex structures that are both valid and have important societal applications. Here, we present a pioneering exploration into the use of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) to design coordination cages within the field of supramolecular chemistry. Specifically, the study leverages GraphINVENT, a graph-based deep generative model, to facilitate the automated generation of tetrahedral coordination cages. Through a combination of computational tools and cheminformatics, the research aims to extend the capabilities of GenAI, traditionally applied in simpler chemical contexts, to the complex and nuanced arena of coordination cages. The approach involves a variety of training strategies, including initial pre-training on a large dataset (GDB-13) followed by transfer learning targeted at generating specific coordination cage structures. Data augmentation techniques were also applied to enrich training but did not yield successful outcomes. Several other strategies were employed, including focusing on single metal ion structures to enhance model familiarity with Fe-based cages and extending training datasets with diverse molecular examples from the ChEMBL database. Despite these strategies, the models struggled to capture the complex interactions required for successful cage generation, indicating potential limitations with both the diversity of the training datasets and the model’s architectural capacity to handle the intricate chemistry of coordination cages. However, training on the organic ligands (linkers) yielded successful results, emphasizing the benefits of focusing on smaller building blocks. The lessons learned from this project are substantial. Firstly, the knowledge acquired about generative models and the complex world of supramolecular chemistry has provided a unique opportunity to understand the challenges and possibilities of applying GenAI to such a complicated field. The results obtained in this project have highlighted the need for further refinement of data handling and model training techniques, paving the way for more advanced applications in the future. Finally, this project has not only raised our understanding of the capabilities and limitations of GenAI in coordination cages, but also set a foundation for future research that could eventually lead to breakthroughs in designing novel cage structures. Further study could concentrate on learning from the linkers in future data-driven cage design projects.

This study aims to investigate and develop improvement measures to improve the efficiencyof the use of 5S in the construction logistics department of Derome Plusshus. During thecourse of the work, three data collections have been made to answer the research questions.The collections consist of a questionnaire study, an interview study and an observation study.The survey and interview study served mainly as the research method, which was thensupplemented with an observation to gain a clearer insight into how 5S is applied on a dailybasis in the department. 5S consists of five logical and delineated steps that all build on eachother. The 5S method is applied with the aim of bringing order to the workplace, resulting inmore time- and cost-efficient production and a safer working environment. The five stepsconsist of: sort, systematise, clean, standardise and create habit. The results of all the surveysshow that the construction logistics department has made good progress with their 5S work,but that the implementation is not complete as some tasks are not carried out in the bestpossible way.

In conclusion, all interviewees agreed that there is room for improvement regarding the 5Swork; some things work well and some things work less well. The existing problems havebeen identified and they are constantly working to address them.

The worldwide problem of antibiotic resistance is most challenging when dealing with Gram – negative bacteria, largely due to the presence of a protein known as DsbA, which forms disulfide bonds. In this study, we utilized a software named YASARA Structure to select 12 DsbA proteins from various Gram – negative bacteria, including two from E. coli, one of which was a mutated variant. The study was conducted in two parts. The first involved using cleaved peptides from each protein as a ligand. The second part involved using 60 ligands from various studies for protein – ligand docking. It was found that protein 3F4R and 5KBC demonstrated superior docking in terms of protein – ligand docking. These proteins showed lower binding energy when the peptide bound to the entire active site, and strong hydrophobic interactions between the protein’s active sites and 40 and 20 ligands respectively. In terms of protein – peptide docking, proteins 3L9S and 7LUH exhibited the highest binding energy, 7.76 and 7.66 kcal/mol, respectively, around the active sites. A superimposition was preformed using 1DSB as a reference, revealing that all these proteins had similar structural shapes as the RMSD values were below 3 Å and had a residue sequence identity ranging from 16.09 to 99.47%. This study is computational in nature and explores theoretical aspects that may not directly correlate with experimental findings. 

This study conducts an in-depth analysis of the interplay between sustainable industrial growth and integrated industrial urban environments, proposing a novel paradigm for urban production. The aim of this study is to combine sustainable industrial growth with its integration into urban environments, to establish a new and novel way to seamlessly integrate industrial processes within urban surroundings. This research utilizes a thorough approach, incorporating several disciplines, to examine Hamadan industrial city. It includes an extensive survey of existing literature, a comparative analysis based on empirical evidence, and a detailed evaluation of a specific example. This technique aims to address a significant research gap by providing a comprehensive framework that promotes sustainable industrial practices in urban environments. The scholarly contribution of this work is to manifest in its formulation of a pragmatic framework designed to provide urban planners and policymakers with strategies to harmonize industrial growth with urban sustainability imperatives. This article tackles the considerable challenges posed by escalating urbanization and industrialization. To conceive a framework for urban planning and industrial operations that emphasize environmental stewardship, resource efficiency, and social welfare is the primary purpose of this project. The study shows how industrial cities may revitalize economies, innovate industries, and solve urban problems including housing shortages and congestion. The importance of creative, collaborative, and policy-driven initiatives to build sustainable and resilient industrial-urban ecosystems in global industrial sustainability efforts is highlighted. The findings show that synergistic urban-industrial integration is needed for economic growth, environmental protection, and social welfare.

Sustainable water recycling and wastewater reuse are urgent nowadays considering water scarcity and increased water consumption through human activities. In 2015, United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 6 (UN SDG6) highlighted the necessity of recycling wastewater to guarantee water availability for individuals. Currently, wastewater irrigation (WWI) of crops and agricultural land appears essential. The present work overviews the quality of treated wastewater in terms of soil microbial activities, and discusses challenges and benefits of WWI in line with wastewater reuse in agriculture and aquaculture irrigation. Combined conventional-advanced wastewater treatment processes are specifically deliberated, considering the harmful impacts on human health arising from WWI originating from reuse of contaminated water (salts, organic pollutants, toxic metals, and microbial pathogens i.e., viruses and bacteria). The comprehensive literature survey revealed that, in addition to the increased levels of pathogen and microbial threats to human wellbeing, poorly-treated wastewater results in plant and soil contamination with toxic organic/inorganic chemicals, and microbial pathogens. The impact of long-term emerging pollutants like plastic nanoparticles should also be established in further studies, with the development of standardized analytical techniques for such hazardous chemicals. Likewise, the reliable, long-term and extensive judgment on heavy metals threat to human beings's health should be explored in future investigations.

In modern times, wastewater treatment is vital due to increased water contamination arising from pollutants such as nutrients, pathogens, heavy metals, and pharmaceutical residues. Polysaccharides (PSAs) are natural, renewable, and non-toxic biopolymers used in wastewater treatment in the field of gas separation, liquid filtration, adsorption processes, pervaporation, and proton exchange membranes. Since addition of nanoparticles to PSAs improves their sustainability and strength, nanocomposite PSAs has gained significant attention for wastewater treatment in the past decade. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of PSA-based nanocomposites used for efficient wastewater treatment, focusing on adsorption, photocatalysis, and membrane-based methods. It also discusses potential future applications, challenges, and opportunities in adsorption, filtration, and photocatalysis. Recently, PSAs have shown promise as adsorbents in biological-based systems, effectively removing heavy metals that could hinder microbial activity. Cellulose-mediated adsorbents have successfully removed various pollutants from wastewater, including heavy metals, dyes, oil, organic solvents, pesticides, and pharmaceutical residues. Thus, PSA nanocomposites would support biological processes in wastewater treatment plants. A major concern is the discharge of antibiotic wastes from pharmaceutical industries, posing significant environmental and health risks. PSA-mediated bio-adsorbents, like clay polymeric nanocomposite hydrogel beads, efficiently remove antibiotics from wastewater, ensuring water quality and ecosystem balance. The successful use of PSA-mediated bio-adsorbents in wastewater treatment depends on ongoing research to optimize their application and evaluate their potential environmental impacts. Implementing these eco-friendly adsorbents on a large scale holds great promise in significantly reducing water pollution, safeguarding ecosystems, and protecting human health. 

Oily sludge has the potential to utilize in pyrolysis process effectively because of higher product recovery and lower harmful emissions. Due to the complex nature of reactions, it is necessary to evaluate the thermo-kinetic behavior of the process to make it commercially feasible. This study includes thermal degradation behavior, the kinetic and thermodynamic analysis of dry oily sludge by applying Friedman and Vyazovkin method (model-free approach), and Coats-Redfern method (model-fitting approach) with the help of thermogravimetric analysis TGA at different heating rates (5, 20, 40 °C/min). The active region was from 20 to 60% conversion range because the maximum conversion occurs in this region. The overall activation energy decreases as the conversion increases from a lower range (60%) to a higher range (80%) for all satisfied models. The estimated range of pre-exponential coefficient for each model was to 4.91E+15 to 2.30E-01min−1 in the conversion range of 20–60% and 9.80E+02 to 4.89E-04min−1 in the conversion range 60–80%. The overall value of the change in enthalpy ΔH and change in Gibbs free energy ΔG decrease as the conversion increases from the lower range to the higher range.

A comprehensive energy efficiency improvement of existing residentialbuildings is urgently required to meet the EU's CO2 emission reduction targets.The EU's Fit for 55 project aims to reduce CO2 emissions by 55% by2030 compared to 1990 levels. The requirements for new buildings are continuouslybeing tightened, and by 2028, all new buildings must be climateneutralwith increased installation of solar panels and tighter building envelopesto reduce energy consumption. According to EU regulations, all newbuildings must achieve an energy class C (69–90 kWh/m²) or better and includesolar panels. While there are uncertainties regarding the requirementsfor existing buildings, the goal is to achieve emission-free buildings by 2050.This project studies a multifamily house from 1993, with an area of 422 m²,heated via district heating and equipped with an exhaust air system. Thebuilding currently has an energy class F, the second worst, with an energy usageof 207 kWh/m², making it an interesting subject for studying ways to reduceenergy consumption, CO2 emissions, and economic costs.The purpose of this report is to align with the EU's goal of reducing energyconsumption through energy efficiency improvements and to demonstrate thebenefits of investing in upgrades for an old house. The specific aim is to mapthe building's energy system and propose theoretical improvements focusingon ventilation and building envelope enhancements to achieve energy classC.A theoretical model is used to simulate the effects of switching to an FTX(heat recovery ventilation) system and improving the building envelope byreplacing windows and doors and adding roof insulation. Validation is conductedusing data from purchased energy and electricity for the house, as wellas preliminary studies from similar projects.The results show that the building becomes more energy-efficient with theproposed improvements, but ventilation is the only economically viablemeasure. Ventilation accounts for the largest portion of heat loss in the originalstate, 47%, and with heat recovery, energy use drops by a third, making itan investment that pays off after ten years. Other improvements reduce primaryenergy value and energy needs but are not financially profitable. Combinedimprovements result in a primary energy value of 143 kWh/m², achievingenergy class E.The study demonstrates that while certain energy efficiency measures, particularlyventilation system improvements, can significantly reduce energy consumptionand be economically viable, other upgrades may not be financiallybeneficial. However, combined measures still result in a notable improvementin energy efficiency, moving the building from energy class F to E.

This thesis deals with the preparation of chemically and/or enzymatically modified cellulose. This modification can be either irreversible or reversible. Irreversible modification is used to prepare cellulose derivatives as end products, whereas reversible modification is used to enhance solubility in the preparation of regenerated cellulose.

The irreversible modification studied here was the preparation of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) using extended mercerization of a spruce dissolving pulp. More specifically the parameters studied were the effect of mercerization at different proportions of cellulose I and II in the dissolving pulp, the concentration of alkali, the temperature and the reaction time. The parameters evaluated were the degree of substitution, the filterability and the amount of gel obtained when the resulting CMC was dissolved in water. Molecular structures of CMC and its gel fractions were analysed by using NIR FT Raman spectroscopy. It was found that the alkali concentration in the mercerization stage had an extensive influence on the subsequent etherification reaction. FT Raman spectra of CMC samples and their gel fractions prepared with low NaOH concentrations (9%) in the mercerization stage indicated an incomplete transformation of cellulose to Na-cellulose before carboxymethylation to CMC. Low average DS values of the CMC, i.e. between 0.42 and 0.50 were obtained. Such CMC dissolved in water resulted in very thick and semi solid gum-like gels, probably due to an uneven distribution of substituents along the cellulose backbone. FT Raman spectra of CMC samples and their gel fractions mercerized at higher alkaline concentration, i.e. 18.25 and 27.5% in the mercerization stage, indicated on the other hand a complete transformation of cellulose to Na-cellulose before carboxymethylation to CMC. Higher average DS values of the CMC, i.e. between 0.88 and 1.05 were therefore obtained. When dissolved in water such CMC caused gel formation especially when prepared from dissolving pulp with a high fraction of cellulose II.

The reversible modification studied was the dissolution of cellulose in NaOH/ZnO. Here the effect of enzyme pretreatment was investigated by using two mono-component enzymes; namely xylanase and endoglucanase, used in consecutive stages. It was found that although the crystallinity and the specific surface area of the dissolving pulp sustained minimal change during the enzymatic treatment; the solubility of pulp increased in a NaOH/ZnO solution from 29% for untreated pulp up to 81% for enzymatic pretreated pulp.

Betongkonstruktion behandlar dimensionering och utförande av betongkonstruktioner enligt Eurocode 2. Boken består av en teoridel som innefattar:• Böjning och böjning med normalkraft• Pelare och väggar• Genomstansning• Plattor• Beräkning i bruksgränstillståndet

Bokens konkreta pedagogiska värden är, utöver ett stort antal övnings­exempel med lösningar och svar, ett avsnitt med utvecklande övningsuppgifter som studenterna kan lösa själva.Svaren till dessa uppgifter finns i boken och utförliga lösningsförslag finns att tillgå på webben, www.studentlitteratur.se/39041.

Denna bok behandlar dimensionering och analys av betong­konstruktioner enligt Eurocode 2. Boken består av en teoridel som innefattar: • Böjning och böjning med normalkraft • Tvärkraft • Förankring, avslutning och skarvning av armering • Pelare och väggar • Genomstansning • Plattor • Beräkning i bruksgränstillståndet Bokens konkreta pedagogiska värden är, utöver ett stort antal övnings­exempel med lösningar och svar, ett avsnitt med utvecklande övningsuppgifter som studenterna kan lösa själva. Svaren till dessa uppgifter finns i boken och utförliga lösningsförslag finns att tillgå på webben, www.studentlitteratur.se/39041. Till boken finns även en formelsamling. Den är framtagen för att användas som hjälpmedel vid examination i högskole- och universitetskurser inom betongkonstruktion. Målet med boken är att täcka behoven på de flesta akademiska grundkurser i ämnet, i första hand på de tekniska högskole- och universitetsprogrammen för väg- och vattenbyggnad, samhällsbyggnad samt byggteknik. Boken vänder sig även till yrkesverksamma som handbok eller fördjupning.

Ett komplement till boken Betongkonstruktion. Formelsamlingen är framtagen för att användas som hjälpmedel vid examination i högskole- och universitetskurser inom betongkonstruktion.

Betongkonstruktion – formelsamling är ett komplement till boken Betongkonstruktion. Formelsamlingen är framtagen för att kunnaanvändas som hjälpmedel vid examination i högskole- och universitetskurser inom betongkonstruktion.

Window is a vital part of any house they permit natural light into the house as long as views and fresh air. In the same time we can consider that the window is an extremely influential factor in climatic design, as the weakest climatic element of the building envelope. Well designed and protected windows improve comfort year round and reduce the need for heating in winter and cooling in summer. Aesthetics appearance, view, and optical performance, are usually quite important to the occupant. In reality, the serious lighting designer cannot take any notice of the energy implications of window choices. New technologies help to resolve the historic problem of the transaction between windows that reflect unwanted solar gains in the summer and those that admit a maximum quantity of useful light. Well-designed windows and shading devices allow solar heat gain in winter and shade and ventilation in summer while providing enough day lighting. Solar gain achieved by heaving 60% of the building’s windows orientated correctly can reduce the heating load of  house by _22%.In houses, low solar heat gain coefficient glazing should be used on east and west orientations, while high glazing should be used when passive solar and day lighting are being utilized.

Today’s window technologies can replace more primitive strategies for shielding interior spaces from unwanted sunlight, such as tinted windows and curtains.

The concepts of light shelves consist of windows that have face towards the sun, which receive a vast quantity of energy that could be used for healthy day lighting. This paper debates a main assessment, investigates the optimization of daylight requirement by means of light shelves system. An experimental test was carried out assessing the measurements and lighting simulations of a model of a building in order to elucidate the characteristics of indoor lighting. Light shelf is an architectural element that permits daylight to enter deep into a building. It constitutes an optimal solution for an incorrect building orientation and less sunny days. The essential objective of this study is to highlight the vital role of light shelves in residential buildings in northern Europa where the requirement is to improve the daylight in the interior functional spaces. The main objects of this paper are to investigate the effect of daylight in the interior functional spaces using light shelves, the effect of natural light diffusion in interior space in the period of low daylight season, and glare effect in this field. This paper investigates a procedure for analysing the daylight performance using software habitat function

There are many original ideas and useful system inputs embedded in the building of human settlements in Scandinavian regions, where the landscape and habitat are strongly interconnected. A cold climate and strong winds are the most prominent risks that affect habitats. The Longhouse is the foremost traditional habitat in the Scandinavian region, dating back to the Iron Age, 2000 BC. This study examines the influence of climate on the conformation of habitats. Climate had a solid impact on the conceptions of habitat form and internal space. Wind and extreme temperatures had firming consequences on the housing arrangements, layouts, orientations, and building materials used in the construction process. Habitats from this region were located in an optimal arrangement, and the south orientation was used effectively. This investigation will provide an evaluative interpretation and analysis of the real facts of vernacular habitats in the context of energy efficiency and ecological concepts, considering human settlement patterns, architectural creation and building material uses. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

No Architectural concept is complete without green areas. The vital mission of biophilic architecture is to revised conceptualization of architecture in response to a myriad of contemporary concerns about the effects of human activity. Our earth is warming more rapidly than it has in the past according to the research of scientists. The green building of biophilic architecture combines the interests of sustainability, environmental consciousness, green areas of the large nature, and organic approaches to evolve design solutions from these requirements and from the characteristics of the site, its neighborhood context, and the local microclimate and topography. The biophilic concept provides us with the opportunity to reach extremely low levels of energy consumption by employing high quality, cost-efficient measures to general architectural components - such measures are in turn off advantage to the ecology and economy sector. Our essential task of this research is to make of the green covering a human strategy in urban and architectural manner and to be a human culture with helping of local governments; we can acquire the competent legislation, which protect our life and environment.

This book is proposed as both a general reading of the discipline for students in architecture and urban planning, and offers a variety of materials for professionals of local and international organizations. It brings together studies with new perspectives and relevant subjects from different geographical areas. The book gathers the contributions of international researchers and experts. It is divided into three parts and eight chapters: Part I, "Introduction to Housing Affairs," includes a chapter that discusses a general reading of housing as meaning and action in social, economic, and environmental city life. Part II, "Case Studies Upon Housing Policies," includes four chapters. It consists of many examples from different geographical areas and domains. Part III, "Housing Quality and Affordability," includes three chapters; housing quality, sustainability, and development are the main subjects for this part.

The creativity of modern architects and urban planners, engineers and technologists working in various fields of design and construction activities as well as the creation and production of new materials, structures and technologies are inextricably linked with general trends in socio-economic development. It can effectively support the importance of architecture as a product in the sense of social response. The marketing activities are those activities that suffer adjustments due to the continuous changes in the users' needs to their behavior. In another hand, the subject of sustainable architecture and marketing became an important issue within design and construction process, where the application of the sustainable concept in design and execution process is rescuable, and it is not clear, therefore a clear reading of the building production by a clear strategy put sustainable architecture in a right way towards salability and it will be clear. The aim of this study is to create an evident comprehension, of the correlation between the phenomenon of marketing, supported by the concept of quality in sustainable architecture, and what it represents for the building users today. The method in this article takes two kinds of approach, the first is a literature study the other one is a semi-structured quality method, where an involved person has to create a hierarchy of priorities of many factors, related to the sustainable architecture factors. The study offers a clear reading of the most required factors of building users for getting a high-quality sustainable architecture.

This book has been written to represent the efficient applications of sustainability in urban areas. The book intends to illustrate various techniques of action on sustainability on city conception, functions and conformation. This book is divided into four parts and nine chapters: Section I is entitled "Introduction to Sustainable Cities Concept" and contains one chapter "Introductory chapter: Overview of Sustainable Cities Theory and Practices," which discusses sustainability in cities in conception and practice. Section II is entitled "Energy and Environmental Analysis of Sustainable Cities Models." This includes four chapters. It expresses the effect of the environment and energy embodiment on city configuration and function. Section III is entitled "The Role of Transport in a Sustainable City." This part includes two chapters. Section IV is entitled "The influence of Social and Economic Factors in Urban Space Conception." It includes two chapters.

Chapter Highlights

The relevance and significance of digitalization of the professional educational process are caused by the need to adapt the classical education and training system to completing the education in a pandemic COVID-19 crisis.

The unexpected and unorganized closing of our nation‘s university buildings due to the COVID-19 pandemic forced teachers to face the most vibrating and fast modification of perhaps any profession in history.

During digital learning, many students feel that they miss the operative collaboration and group working with partners to construct knowledge, wherein digital learning, both students and teachers have to forget about the human aspects, not because they are behind the screen.

This chapter explores the issue of student engagement under the COVID-19 Pandemic and analyzes the lessons that can be applied to ongoing online education

The process of combining various parts to create a structure is called building. The most effective and significant component of any construction is masonry. The Colosseum, buildings from ancient Greece and Rome, Central American buildings, and Mycenaean structures all used this material as one of their primary building elements. The oldest form is dry masonry of irregularly shaped stones. The ecological qualities of masonry, as a restorative material with a low impact on the environment, as well as the environmental control capacity of the massive wall, bring masonry back to attention as a suitable material for sustainable building in the context of current concerns for sustainable architecture. This article takes the form of a review of the journey of masonry as the primary construction material—from prehistoric structures to modern-day edifices. This article will go through the fundamentals of masonry construction to support its usage in structures throughout history and in many architectural styles, as a crucial representation of human construction in architectural history. This article aims to create a historical review, presenting masonry as an essential building material and assessing its role in the history of building materials

After the terrible consequence of the Iraq –Iran war and recently USA attack over Iraq the urban green covering disappeared from large areas of the city, beside the extension of the building over the green areas. The negative effects of this phenomenon over human’s thermal comfort become more perceptive. Today we can observe clearly the negative effect of urban heat island in the center of Basra city, precisely in physical frameworks of the city; we can observe a typical phenomenon with a large negative effect for the period of summer heating that is a natural thermodynamic phenomenon. In the surfaces of physical framework, in the core of day between 12-15 pm, the sun is shining perpendicular above the earth surfaces (framework physic). Consequently the temperature on the earth surfaces increases surprisingly up to 60 ºC. Therefore there occurs a difference of temperature between the earth surfaces and cosmos space which conduce to generate a gigantic colonization of air from the earth surface to cosmos space, such resultants of this phenomenon is no air zones and under pressure on earth surfaces, with the intention of making a nasal bleeding, which seeking for a medical intervention aide.

Ph.D. students need to be supervised by someone with an international reputation so that the name on the recommendation letter carries weight. But they also must not be professors traveling from place to place, frequently leaving campus, and missing mentoring sessions to advance their careers.

They have to be recognized, well-known, but also able to guide you without constantly refusing to meet you just because you have to take outside of the university.

Many students affirm that they never received any satisfactory, effective, or useful guidance during the study. The student in Ph.D. research-level needs to have the right to choose a supervisor with whom he has a good relationship. However, as the bureaucracy in graduate management at universities increases, administrators and administrators' "pair" prospective doctoral students with supervisors more and more frequently.

That will create bad cooperation and an uncreative scientifical product. A good supervisor-student relationship requires the joint efforts of both parties. Many Ph.D. students get into unnecessary trouble because they make some very common mistakes in their relationship with their supervisors. Unfortunately, our experience tells us that many students do not think deeply about this relationship and that most problems are predictable and avoidable.

➢ The study aims to interpret the negative action of supervisor practices of Ph.D. students during the supervising phasis and will classify the critical factors and types of a bad Ph.D. supervision

Basrah’s climate is hot, dry summer, mild to cold winter, and a pleasant spring and fall. The old builders from this region putted a big effort to create passive bioclimatic houses that corresponds the negative effects Basrah’s macroclimate. The courtyard is the central and dominant space in the house plan with a direct access to the living spaces. Houses from the city are compact with interior courtyard; the streets are sinuous and pass through houses volumes. The shady interior courtyard has the effect that the rooms do not communicate directly with the overheated air outside, but through intermediate buffer spaces. In the mean time between courtyard and street at least a wall or a building is always interposed. The House plan had an endomorphic form, (open tree form). The volumes were concept to create shadow which helps to move the air by natural movement to the deep superior side, that can be achieve through special holes. The architectural elements are strongly decorated, reproducing special typologies and traditional houses. Open spaces, covered by large roofs, are interesting due to the mix of diffuse light and shade that are an essential aesthetic factor in these buildings.

Cities are not just a sum of buildings, but especially a set of social relations that their inhabitants develop. Cities are characterized by a wide variety of social groups and lifestyles. An urban composition represents a form of the city in which it gets a formal order, so that the shape of any urban ensemble is not linked to a random phenomenon, but to an intervention mastered and understood as such. For the city, the urban composition represents what the architectural composition represents for a building. This concept regarding the composition is common both to the architecture and to the city. The main property of the composition is that it transforms a possibly dispersed ensemble into a whole, resolving the contradictions that arise when the requirements and conditions of the project are numerous. Spatial forms and urban compositions are built over time, longer than that of architectural composition. On the other hand, “design of the urban environment” is understood by us as a complex formation of public spaces of the city, located on the ground floor level of the city building and ensuring the vital activity of the urban community. This chapter will study the city phenomenon on a large scale.

This book is proposed as both a general reading of the discipline for students in architecture and urban planning, and offers a variety of materials for professionals of local and international organizations. It brings together studies with new perspectives and relevant subjects from different geographical areas. The book gathers the contributions of international researchers and experts. It is divided into three parts and eight chapters: Part I, "Introduction to Housing Affairs," includes a chapter that discusses a general reading of housing as meaning and action in social, economic, and environmental city life. Part II, "Case Studies Upon Housing Policies," includes four chapters. It consists of many examples from different geographical areas and domains. Part III, "Housing Quality and Affordability," includes three chapters; housing quality, sustainability, and development are the main subjects for this part.

This book gives information and guidance on important subjects. It presents the major and efficient applications for efficient insulation materials. The book is divided into two parts. Part I discusses ecological insulation materials. In this part, the three sub-subjects are drafting, Unconventional insulation materials, Jute-Based Insulation Material, and Possible Applications of Corn Cob as a Raw Insulation Material. Part II: discusses Practical Applying and Performance of Insulation Materials (case studies), where three sub-subjects are drafting seismic aspects of the application of thermal insulation boards beneath the building’s foundations, flammability of bio-based rigid polyurethane foam thermal insulation, and the review of some commonly used methods and techniques to measure the thermal conductivity of insulation materials.

Bricks are the most frequent ceramic product and may be found in antique and modern structures. Together with stone and concrete, they are among the most used building materials. Reading through history, we may see that throughout the Stone Age, cave dwellers erected structures for a variety of reasons out of fragments of rocks and boulders of various shapes; Menhirs, dolmens, and cromlechs have survived to this day—stone constructs used for religious purposes. Dwellings and fortresses were constructed from unhewn natural stone, the shards of which were piled on each other without any order. Brick is a common antique building material that has been used from ancient times, such as in Egypt’s ancient dwellings, Rome’s Colosseum, and many sections of China’s Great Wall. One of the earliest construction materials is brick. It was utilized in Mycenaean civilization, ancient Greece, Rome, Central America, and other ancient constructions. The oldest, used in prehistoric times, is dry masonry of irregularly shaped stones. Soil is a natural building material that can be seen everywhere, and it also has its unique style in traditional architecture. Like wood, stone has been the primary building material since ancient times. It has been used as a construction material since prehistoric times. The actual art of brickmaking may be observed in the great range of textures and surface treatments, which constitute a distinctive mark of each maker. Brick is now employed for resistant buildings, regular internal walls, interior or outside surface decorating, pavement, and even modern art installations. No other building feature provides as many opportunities for producing one-of-a-kind architectural effects.

etween the human being and the protective building space, always a relationship with a reciprocal character a permanent arrangement, where the human being interest is to create the necessary poise to his different well-unfolded activities, under that cover as space. The building is a major element of human life. It is a major concern, a major purchase, and has a major effect upon our lives [1]. We spend over 90% of our time indoors. Today, the technological archetypes of the modern buildings are formed of a mixture of many components such as materials, energy, and construction configuration systems, which influence directly on human life and health. In marketing vision, architectural product being creations of the human work, a time-consuming good, as any other manufacture, it has not only to be produced but also to get the user’s disposal [2]. Although in sustainable design, the building becomes the system, subsystem should be examined. The climate has a solid impact on the conceptions of habitat forms and configuration of internal space [3]. While the holistic integration of systems is critical to sustainable building, every system within the system has its climatic advantage or disadvantage. The human being entered the third millennium without the hope of achieving permanent peace on our beautiful earth, sustainable development, and equality for all, where the earth is our sustainer, the chain of ecological survival. In the future, sustainable considerations will be a regular part of our basic beliefs and knowledge. Both of our norms and behavior as the physical environment must be automatically based on an environmentally balanced mind-set, not alone but along with many other considerations. Within planning, means that the green will be taken far to be more seriously that reuse of our cities will gain even more importance that green areas will be actively involved and that traffic patterns will be turned upside down. Reliability is the key to our human continuum and our prime resource for building. Earth sheltering, earth handling, and earth escaping are more clearly pronounced in the vocabulary of architectural planning and design. Trees for shade and windbreak can bear a consideration in architecture and landscaping. But general landscaping is regarded apart from the architecture, whereas in intelligent bioclimatic design, it is most effectual as an integral part of the architecture and interresponsive with its inland farming and landscaping. The building experience managed to isolate the building from the unfavorable climatic conditions, determining an inside microclimate able to provide for physical comfort. At lower latitudes, the climate moderates and summer heat, as well as rain, becomes significant. Windows are designed to admit the winter sunshine while excluding it in the summer. Insulation is used to minimize heat loss, and ventilation helps to counteract heat gain. Sustainability is an overall vision of creating quality in all parts of the building by making a whole positive in building manipulation, where an appropriate balance must be ensured between the environmental, social, and economic considerations, but also with the context in which the building is part—the city and society. In other words, the overall construction industry faces a significant transformation. A change that really matters to the development community, that keeping in mind that ecology means the doctrine of keeping communities, so take care of things. Sustainability is not mysterious, but requires common sense, consideration, and action. It became clear to understand that sustainable building is a designation of the edifice that meets UN criteria for sustainability [4]. A sustainable city is organized so as to enable all its citizens to meet their own needs and to enhance their well-being without damaging the natural world or endangering the living conditions of other people, now or in the future [5]. The concept of “sustainable building” comes from the concept of “sustainable development.” It was coined in the Brundtland Commission’s report after the first green conference in the UN’s Director had taken place in Stockholm 1972. The main task, of sustainability in building design, is to a great extent reduce the energy consumption of other buildings and other environmental loads, which has also been the cause of the authorities since the oil crisis in 1973. Since the oil crisis, there are still tightening rules for building energy consumption through the building regulations; but new rules in building regulations only apply to the new construction, which is limited in number to the total building stock. Therefore, in the case of renovations and extensions to existing buildings, it is up to the homeowner to take into account the environment. Sustainability in building sector means that account should be taken of the construction on the environment, both in the long term and in the short term. In addition, through all phases of a construction process, from the production of building materials until it returns as waste. But also the environmental burden that settlement means in the form of property, where building sustainable is to build for the future. In this concept, it is necessary to meet our generation’s needs without destroying the ability of future generations to meet their own necessities. That is, a building is sustainable in both environmental, economic, and social terms. In other words, it means that a building is responsible for the environment as little as possible, that the building’s overall economy from construction to demolition is as good as possible and that construction is as good as possible for people to live. In pursuit of sustainable solutions, there are many examples of choices and solutions that can immediately be sustainable, but which cannot be considered sustainable in the full perspective. For example, a unilateral focus on energy savings without regard to the indoor climate can result in imbalances between environmental and social quality, thus resulting in a nonsustainable solution. Another example is an unqualified requirement to use locally produced materials to minimize transport without looking at the energy used for the production of the materials. There has been a tendency for sustainability in construction to be perceived and introduced as single measures that can make the building sustainable. However, sustainable construction implies that planning and decision-making are based on an overall perspective, which cannot be ensured by individual measures. Low-energy buildings, environmentally friendly construction, green construction, and sustainable construction—are these all the same concepts? The answer is no—although they all aim to reduce energy consumption and to some extent limit environmental impact, sustainability differs significantly from the others [6]. The basic quality requirements for buildings will be expanded to include low resource consumption, recycling building materials, etc. In the sustainable building, planning and decision-making must be based on an overall perspective, which aims not only at low energy consumption, a good economy, or a good indoor climate. Instead, it should be said that the construction as a whole is sustainable and contributes to solving the environmental and societal challenges that we face. 

This book has been written to represent the efficient applications of sustainability upon building designs. The book intends to illustrate various techniques of action of sustainability on building conceptions. The book is divided into four parts and eight chapters. Part I "Introduction into Target Theme" includes a chapter with title "Introductory Chapter." It makes an overview of the meaning and the target of sustainable building and sustainable building material. Part II "Sustainable Building Design, Process, and Management" discusses many forms and concepts of sustainable building and includes three chapters. Part III "Sustainable Building by Using Energy Efficiency in Building Design" includes one chapter. Part IV "Sustainability in Building Materials: Study Cases" includes three chapters.

Sustainable housing is generally used to describe housing that is environmentally friendly and resource-efficient over the lifetime of the building. Homes are designed to have the least possible negative impact on the environment. This means energy efficiency, avoiding environmental toxins, and responsibly using materials and resources while having positive physical and psychological effects on inhabitants. This book presents a comprehensive overview of sustainable housing, starting from legislation and ending with the design and configuration of homes.

Essentially, supervision is the act of looking over the work of another person who absences full knowledge of what they are doing, or the concept at hand. The problem of developing PhD students research skills in institutes has become one of the most critical issues related to research institutes, where interest in the scientist’s personality increases, it is noted that it is the individual possessing the basics and skills of a research nature that is capable of self-realization, the creation of new technologies, the transformation of social reality. Supervisory styles, roles, and approaches are related to the responsibilities of a supervisor. It can be divided into four sets: those related to the progress of the candidate, mentoring, coaching in the research topic, research methodology, and how to write the dissertation and sponsorship of the student’s participation in academic or professional practice. Respectable supervisory applies aid students to achieve their potential and add to the University’s research outline. At many universities, the rapports of a supervisory relationship are missing almost entirely to the pleasure of individual research students and supervisors. Although this approach typically works fit, it irregularly proves inadequate. A good supervisor cannot be a scientific adviser ontopics on which he does not have in-depth specialized knowledge. It is possible to find an explanation for the fact that the supervisor leads PhD students in various scientific specialties

Urban social sustainability represents a more specific part of urban development. Citizen involvement is a vital element of any future urban social development and helps to maintain the vision of human and diverse cities because it provides vibrant and sustainable cities in which everyone has a seat and can speak. Gellerupparken, as something new, also meets all five criteria for when an area is a ghetto during a given year. The criteria generally consist of income, ethnic origin, level of education, crime, and employment. The study’s aim is to present an objective means, to the reactivation of a passive multicultural zone in Aarhus city of Denmark to integrate it in the social life city by using the appreciative inquiry method by an introduction of new city functions. The study will assume the effect of sustainability in an urban social area, in a case study using the application of the pedagogical method, namely, the “appreciative inquiry” method

The classical understanding of an architectural product shows architecture as a series of complex activities, which aims to create an optimal material framework with well-organized functional spaces that can meet the material and human spiritual requirements. The vision of a multifaceted architecture shows that it is necessary to design and work cooperatively with an architectural theory to transform the lateral conceptual viewer of the multilateral design process. The effort has to focus on ensuring the active collaboration of sciences and techniques with the creative building design process. The real stages of house design theory still insufficiently incorporate natural phenomena such as thermography, climatology, aerodynamics, and thermodynamics in the building design approach. The primary target of this research is to define an efficient method of building design in which essential aspects are considered during the first phase of design ideas. The study concluded that using a classical design model is respectable. However, it can bring many mistakes in the confirmation of a holistic design assignment related to energy, thermal comfort, and economic factors that represents an essential tool for architectural creation products where the innovative model proceeds with all design elements, activities and space roles which can reunify in the interpretation of functional spaces by creating an interspace with a consistency habitat environment.

The pressing concern of climate change and the imperative to mitigate CO2 emissions have significantly influenced the selection of outdoor plant species. Consequently, evaluating CO2's environmental effects on plants has become integral to the decision-making process. Notably, reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from buildings is significant in tackling the consequences of climate change and addressing energy deficiencies. This article presents a novel approach by introducing plant panels as an integral component in future building designs, epitomizing the next generation of sustainable structures and offering a new and sustainable building solution. The integration of environmentally friendly building materials enhances buildings' indoor environments. Consequently, it becomes crucial to analyze manufacturing processes in order to reduce energy consumption, minimize waste generation, and incorporate green technologies. In this context, experimentation was conducted on six distinct plant species, revealing that the energy-saving potential of different plant types on buildings varies significantly. This finding contributes to the economy's improvement and fosters enhanced health-related and environmental responsibility. The proposed plant panels harmonize various building components and embody a strategic approach to promote health and well-being through bio-innovation. Furthermore, this innovative solution seeks to provide a sustainable alternative by addressing the challenges of unsustainable practices, outdated standards, limited implementation of new technologies, and excessive administrative barriers in the construction industry. The obtained outcomes will provide stakeholders within the building sector with pertinent data concerning performance and durability. Furthermore, these results will enable producers to acquire essential information, facilitating product improvement.

New trends such as globalization, the knowledge economy, and the information technology revolution have become essential factors affecting the development of universities in the new era. These trends have profoundly impacted the survival and growth of universities. First, universities need to shoulder the knowledge creation work in many fields related to human survival and development in the era of the knowledge economy. Secondly, they must adapt to the influence of the technological revolution on human knowledge acquisition methods and change traditions. I will further explore the new requirements for talents in the new era and adjust our talent training concepts, values and models. How universities respond to challenges through operational changes and explore new models of higher education in line with social development in the new era is a topic that universities worldwide need to consider. The study aims to create an effective model to improve the interaction between the lectures and seminars objectives and activities based on CDIO standards 3 and 8. The integrated curriculum and active learning are crucial for improving future students' engineers' skills.

Consequently, students will participate efficiently in the learning process. The study will focus on the concept of a "student-centered" learning environment based on the active learning model by using the research to create effective student engagement in the learning process. The work's positioning, goals, and learning model promotes the improvement of the student's engagement and learning mode in this context, pay attention to the course-student interaction in the process, stimulates students' learning initiative, and promote the teaching reform of participating colleges. The study aims to Increase the students' work and outcome towards creative results.

There are endless discussions around quality, rigor, ethics, and preparation. Graduate students are monitored, assessed, and teased for being poorly prepared or slow to progress. But their conflicts and problems with their mentors and their mentoring methods are ignored. When a Ph.D. student starts with a Ph.D. research study the former is based on research. Finding a well-known supervisor who rarely leaves for research or disappears from meetings seems like a difficult, unusual, or impossible task. Ph.D. students need to be supervised by someone with an international reputation so that the name on the recommendation letter carries weight. But they also must not be professors traveling from place to place, frequently leaving campus, and missing mentoring sessions in order to advance their careers. They have to be recognized, well-known, but also able to guide you without constantly refusing to meet you just because you have to take outside of the university. Many students affirm that they never received any satisfactory, effective, or useful guidance during the study. The student in Ph.D. research-level needs to have the right to choose a supervisor with whom he has a good relationship. That will create bad cooperation and an uncreative scientific product. A good supervisor-student relationship requires the joint efforts of both parties. Many Ph.D. students get into unnecessary trouble because they make some very common mistakes in their relationship with their supervisors. Unfortunately, our experience tells us that many students do not think deeply about this relationship and that most problems are predictable and avoidable. The study aims to interpret the negative action of supervisor practices of Ph.D. students during the supervising phases and will classify the critical factors and types of bad Ph.D. supervision.