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Microstructure, Defects and Fatigue Response of High Strength Tool Steels
Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics (from 2013).ORCID iD: 0009-0001-6982-3625
Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Materials Science. Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics (from 2013).ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6029-2613
Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Science, Mathematics and Engineering Education Research. Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics (from 2013).ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5140-9074
Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics (from 2013).ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4289-6154
2026 (English)In: Article in journal (Other academic) Epub ahead of print
Abstract [en]

The martensitic tool steel family is designed for use in various working environments where they are subjected to repeatedly high mechanical loads. Despite the continuous upgrade of material´s microstructures through compositional development or processing techniques, defects remain a critical factor for the tool performance by leading to fatigue failure. The present study includes the investigation of six advanced high-strength tool steels. The materials include: (i) four cold-work tool steels (high-alloyed materials manufactured via powder metallurgy and further processed by hot isostatic pressing and forging) and (ii) two hot-work tool steels (one conventionally produced by ingot casting and forging and one produced by additive manufacturing). Fatigue tests were carried out at stress ratios of R = −1 and R = 0.1 using a servohydraulic machine in load control at 30 Hz frequency and/or an ultrasound machine in displacement control at 20 kHz frequency. Steel grades are compared based on their martensitic structures, fatigue initiation defect distributions, and fatigue strengths assessed using experimental results and a modified Murakami model. Within the cold-work group, the grade exhibiting a fine martensitic lath size distribution (0.71 μm) and the smallest defect size distribution (11 μm) demonstrated the highest fatigue performance (610 MPa). For the hot-work group, the two grades were of comparable fatigue strengths and defect size distribution (375 MPa and 42 μm for the conventional grade and 320 MPa and 37 μm for the additively manufactured grade), besides the finer martensite of the additively manufactured grade. The findings demonstrate that no single microstructural parameter is sufficient to ensure the highest fatigue resistance. Instead, overall performance is dictated by the combined balance of multiple interacting characteristics.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
John Wiley & Sons, 2026.
Keywords [en]
High-strength tool steels, fatigue response, defects
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Research subject
Materials Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-107319DOI: 10.1002/srin.202500730ISI: 001751668800001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105037078538OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kau-107319DiVA, id: diva2:2007000
Funder
Knowledge Foundation, 20190033
Note

Artikeln ingick som manuskript i Chantziaras doktorsavhandling. Nu publicerad.

Available from: 2025-10-16 Created: 2025-10-16 Last updated: 2026-05-13Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. PM tool steels: microstructure, defects and Very High Cycle Fatigue
Open this publication in new window or tab >>PM tool steels: microstructure, defects and Very High Cycle Fatigue
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The martensitic tool steel grades are designed for various working environments. Their microstructure is continuously upgraded through composition development or processing techniques. These advancements introduce new types of defects, making fatigue response investigations critically important for industry.The present study includes the investigation of six advanced high strength tool steels in terms of microstructure, common defects, and fatigue performance in high and very high cycle fatigue regimes. The materials include: i) cold work tool steels (high alloyed materials manufactured via powder metallurgy processed by hot isostatic pressing and forging) and ii) hot work tool steels (conventionally produced by ingot cast and forging or additive manufacturing). Steel grades are compared based on strengths, martensitic structures, defect distributions, and fatigue strength using experimental results and the Murakami model. Also, a deeper analysis of the fatigue phenomena and mechanisms occurring during fatigue is attempted; characterization of fatigue initiation defects, the FGA, the fish-eye, as well as the crack propagation for the different microstructures are the main discussed subjects. The goal of the present study is to provide valuable insights to optimize martensitic tool steels for high and very high cycle fatigue applications.

Abstract [sv]

De martensitiska verktygsstålen är utformade för olika arbetsmiljöer. Deras mikrostruktur förbättras kontinuerligt genom utveckling av sammansättning eller bearbetningstekniker. Dessa framsteg introducerar nya typer av defekter, vilket gör undersökningar av utmattningsbeteende mycket viktiga för industrin.Den aktuella studien omfattar undersökningen av sex avancerade högstyrka verktygsstål med avseende på mikrostruktur, vanliga defekter och utmattningsprestanda i hög- och mycket högcykliska utmattningsområden. Materialen inkluderar: i) kallarbetsverktygsstål (höglegerade material tillverkade via pulvermetallurgi, bearbetade genom varm-isostatisk pressning och smidning) och ii) varmarbetsverktygsstål (konventionellt producerade genom gjutning av göt och smidning eller additiv tillverkning). Stålgraderna jämförs baserat på hållfasthet, martensitiska strukturer, defektfördelningar och utmattningshållfasthet med hjälp av experimentella resultat och Murakami-modellen. Dessutom görs en djupare analys av de utmattningsfenomen och mekanismer som uppträder under utmattning; karakterisering av initieringsdefekter, FGA, fisköga samt spricktillväxt för de olika mikrostrukturerna är de huvudsakliga ämnen som diskuteras.Målet med den aktuella studien är att ge värdefulla insikter för att optimera martensitiska verktygsstål för tillämpningar inom hög- och mycket högcyklisk utmattning.

Abstract [el]

Οι μαρτενσιτικοί εργαλειοχάλυβες είναι σχεδιασμένοι για να ανταπεξέρχονται σε περιβάλλονταυψηλών απαιτήσεων. Η μικροδομή τους συνεχώς βελτιώνεται διαφοροποιώντας είτε τη χημικήσύσταση του εκάστοτε συστήματος, είτε τη μέθοδο παρασκευής τους, ή τα βήματα που ακολοθούνταικατά την κατεργασία τους. Οι βελτιώσεις αυτές οδηγούν μεν σε προηγμένες μικροδομές, εισάγουνωστόσο νέους τύπους ατελειών, οι οποίες επηρεάζουν σε μεγάλο βαθμό την απόκρισή τους σε κυκλικήφόρτιση. Για αυτό το λόγο, η μελέτη της συμπεριφοράς τους σε κόπωση κρίνεται αναγκαία υπό τοπρίσμα της συνεχούς αύξησης των απαιτήσεων από τη μεριά της βιομηχανίας για υλικά που θααντέχουν όχι μόνο υψηλότερα φορτία, αλλά και για περισσότερο χρόνο. Τα υλικά που μελετώνται στην παρούσα εργασία περιλαμβάνουν:  i) εργαλειοχάλυβες ψυχρής κατεργασίας (υψηλά κραματωμένα υλικά που παράγονται μέσω κονεομεταλλουργίας και επεξεργάζονται με θερμή ισοστατική πίεση και σφυρηλάτηση) και ii) εργαλειοχάλυβες θερμής κατεργασίας (παραδοσιακά παραγόμενοι μέσω χύτευσης και σφυρηλάτησης ή Additive Μanufacturing). Οι εξί μικροδομές συγκρίνονται με βάση τη μικροδομή, την αντοχή σε κόπωση πολύ υψηλού αριθμού κύκλων,  την κατανομή και τους τύπους των ατελειών, χρησιμοποιώντας πειραματικά αποτελέσματα και το μοντέλο Murakami.Επιπλέον, επιχειρείται βαθύτερη ανάλυση των φαινομένων και μηχανισμών κόπωσης που λαμβάνουν χώρα κατά τη διάρκεια της κυκλικής φόρτισης. Ο χαρακτηρισμός των ατελειών που οδηγούν στη δημιουργία ρωγμής λόγω κόπωσης, της περιοχής FGA, του fish-eye καθώς και τους μηχανισμούς διάδοσης ρωγμών για τις διαφορετικές μικροδομές αποτελούν τα κύρια θέματα συζήτησης.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Karlstads universitet, 2025. p. 66
Series
Karlstad University Studies, ISSN 1403-8099 ; 2025:46
Keywords
High-strength tool steels, defects, fatigue response, VHCF regime
National Category
Materials Engineering
Research subject
Materials Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-107401 (URN)10.59217/jmom2393 (DOI)978-91-7867-635-4 (ISBN)978-91-7867-636-1 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-12-19, 21A342 (Eva Eriksson-salen), Karlstad University, Karlstad, 09:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Knowledge Foundation, 20190033
Available from: 2025-11-28 Created: 2025-10-30 Last updated: 2026-06-11Bibliographically approved

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Chantziara, KaterinaBergström, JensNikas, DimitriosGrehk, Mikael

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