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Enhanced Estimation of PV Power Production and Consumption with Multi-Step Prediction in Smart Energy Grids
Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Mathematics and Computer Science (from 2013). (SOLVE)ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9403-6175
Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics (from 2013).ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5435-0431
Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics (from 2013).ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9750-9863
Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Mathematics and Computer Science (from 2013). Deggendorf Institute of Technology, 94469 Deggendorf, Germany.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9446-8143
2026 (English)In: Energies, E-ISSN 1996-1073, Vol. 19, article id 3312Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Accurate forecasting of power production and consumption is essential for the efficient op-eration of smart energy grids, enabling stable energy exchange and grid reliability. However,the growing integration of photovoltaics (PVs) and electric vehicles introduces significantuncertainty. This paper evaluates multiple Machine Learning (ML) models for single- andmulti-step forecasts of PV generation and household consumption, incorporating uncer-tainty bounds to inform operator decisions. We use data from two Swedish sites and theCityLearn benchmark dataset to compare direct, recursive, and hybrid multi-step strategies.LightGBM with gradient-boosted quantile regression achieves the best single-step perfor-mance, with Mean Absolute Error (MAE) as low as 10.19 W in Halmstad and 16.12 W inUppsala. For multi-step forecasts, the direct method outperforms others, reaching a 48 h con-sumption MAE of 71.08 W in Uppsala and 52.05 W in Halmstad, and achieving predictioninterval coverage probabilities above 0.95. Moreover, personalized models trained on indi-vidual households outperform generalized ones, even with smaller datasets, highlightingthe value of tailored approaches for improving forecast accuracy under uncertainty.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2026. Vol. 19, article id 3312
Keywords [en]
Machine Learning; uncertainty bounds; smart energy grids; multi-step forecasting
National Category
Computer and Information Sciences
Research subject
Computer Science
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-106763DOI: 10.3390/en19143312ISI: 001831780700001OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kau-106763DiVA, id: diva2:1994613
Available from: 2025-09-03 Created: 2025-09-03 Last updated: 2026-08-13Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Predictive Models and Optimization Strategies for Smart Microgrids
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Predictive Models and Optimization Strategies for Smart Microgrids
2025 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
Prediktiva modeller och optimeringsstrategier försmarta mikronät
Abstract [en]

Accurate and robust forecasting is a critical challenge for the reliable operation and optimization of smart microgrids, especially as they increasingly integrate renewable energy sources and rely on edge computing infrastructure. Uncertainty from weather, rapidly changing consumption patterns, and the resource limitations of edge devices hinder the deployment of conventional forecasting models, which typically assume stationary data and require large, clean datasets. This licentiate thesis addresses these gaps by developing a comprehensive and adaptive pipeline for time-series forecasting in microgrids, with a focus on resilience to uncertainty, concept drift, data scarcity, and resource constraints. The research presents a suite of novel and scalable approaches, including clustering-based pre-processing, adaptive deep learning models, probabilistic and uncertainty-quantifying forecasting methods, federated learning, and instance-based transfer learning. These techniques are designed to deliver high predictive accuracy and adaptability under non-stationary conditions, while remaining lightweight enough for deployment on constrained edge devices. Privacy-preserving and collaborative mechanisms, such as federated and transfer learning, enable model generalization and robustness across heterogeneous, distributed microgrid environments. Building on seven peer-reviewed publications, this work establishes a unified pipeline for intelligent forecasting at the grid edge. Key contributions include: (1) dynamic drift-adaptive learning frameworks for real-time adaptation, (2) probabilistic and uncertainty-quantifying forecasting for risk-aware energy management, (3) multi-step prediction strategies for short- and medium-term forecasting, and (4) clustering-guided transfer learning to enhance prediction in data-scarce scenarios. Validation on both real-world and simulated microgrid datasets demonstrates substantial gains: for example, the proposed transfer learning approach improves short-term forecasting accuracy in data-limited buildings by up to 40%, while adaptive and federated models achieve robust performance with reduced computational and communication overhead compared to centralized baselines. Overall, this thesis advances the state-of-the-art in interpretable, scalable, and resilient forecasting for smart microgrids, supporting the transition to adaptive, decentralized, and privacy-aware energy systems capable of thriving in dynamic and uncertain environments.

Abstract [sv]

Noggrann och robust prognostisering är en avgörande utmaning för tillförlitlig drift och optimering av smarta mikronät, särskilt i takt med att dessa i allt högre grad integrerar förnybara energikällor och förlitar sig på edge computing-infrastruktur. Osäkerheter till följd av väder, snabbt föränderliga konsumtionsmönster och begränsade resurser hos edge-enheter försvårar implementeringen av konventionella prognosmodeller, som vanligtvis antar stationära data och kräver stora, rena datamängder. Denna licentiatuppsats adresserar dessa utmaningar genom att utveckla en omfattande och adaptiv pipeline för tidsserieprognostisering i mikronät, med fokus på robusthet mot osäkerhet, konceptdrift, databegränsning och resursknapphet. Forskningen presenterar en uppsättning nya och skalbara metoder, inklusive klustringsbaserad förbehandling, adaptiva djupinlärningsmodeller, probabilistiska och osäkerhetskvantifierande prognosmetoder, federerad inlärning samt instansbaserad transferinlärning. Dessa tekniker är utformade för att uppnå hög prediktiv noggrannhet och anpassningsförmåga under icke-stationära förhållanden, samtidigt som de är tillräckligt resurseffektiva för att köras på begränsade edge-enheter. Sekretessbevarande och samarbetsinriktade mekanismer, såsom federerad och transferinlärning, möjliggör modellgeneralisering och robusthet över heterogena, distribuerade mikronätsmiljöer. Baserat på sju sakkunniggranskade publikationer etablerar detta arbete en enhetlig pipeline för intelligent prognostisering vid elnätets ytterkanter. Viktiga bidrag inkluderar: (1) dynamiska, driftanpassade inlärningsramverk för realtidsanpassning, (2) probabilistisk och osäkerhetskvantifierande prognostisering för riskmedveten energihantering, (3) flerstegsprognoser för kort- och medellång sikt, samt (4) klustringsstyrd transferinlärning för att förbättra prognoser i dataskrala scenarier. Validering på både verkliga och simulerade mikronätsdatamängder visar på betydande förbättringar: till exempel förbättrar den föreslagna transferinlärningsmetoden korttidsprognosens noggrannhet i databegränsade byggnader med upp till 40%, medan adaptiva och federerade modeller uppnår robust prestanda med lägre beräknings- och kommunikationsbörda jämfört med centraliserade baslinjer. Sammanfattningsvis för denna uppsats forskningsläget framåt inom tolkbar, skalbar och resilient prognostisering för smarta mikronät, och stödjer övergången till adaptiva, decentraliserade och integritetsmedvetna energisystem som kan frodas i dynamiska och osäkra miljöer.

Abstract [en]

Accurate forecasting is vital for reliable operation of smart microgrids, especially with growing renewable integration and edge computing reliance. Conventional models falter under uncertainty from weather, shifting demand, and limited edge resources, as they assume stationary data and large clean datasets. This licentiate thesis develops an adaptive forecasting pipeline tackling uncertainty, concept drift, data scarcity, and constraints. It introduces clustering-based preprocessing, adaptive deep learning, probabilistic forecasting, federated learning, and transfer learning. These methods deliver accuracy and adaptability under non-stationary conditions while remaining lightweight for edge deployment. Privacy-preserving mechanisms enhance robustness across distributed microgrids. Based on seven peer-reviewed publications, contributions include: (1) drift-adaptive learning for real-time updates, (2) probabilistic forecasting for risk-aware management, (3) multi-step prediction for short- and medium-term horizons, and (4) clustering-guided transfer learning for scarce data. Validation on real and simulated datasets shows major gains: transfer learning improves short-term accuracy by up to 40%, while adaptive and federated models sustain robust performance with reduced overhead.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Karlstads universitet, 2025. p. 33
Series
Karlstad University Studies, ISSN 1403-8099 ; 2025:35
Keywords
smart Microgrids, time-series forecasting, edge computing, adaptive machine learning, probabilistic forecasting, uncertainty quantification, federated learning, smarta mikronät, tidsserieprognoser, edge computing, adaptiv maskininlärning, probabilistiska prognoser, osäkerhetskvantifiering, federerad inlärning
National Category
Computer and Information Sciences
Research subject
Computer Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-106754 (URN)10.59217/vsqi4481 (DOI)978-91-7867-608-8 (ISBN)978-91-7867-609-5 (ISBN)
Presentation
2025-09-24, 1B 306 (Fryxellsalen), Universitetsgatan 2, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
SOLVE, 6703
Note

Article 6 part of thesis as manuscript. Now published. 

Available from: 2025-09-16 Created: 2025-09-02 Last updated: 2026-08-13Bibliographically approved

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Aupke, PhilSeema, SeemaTheocharis, AndreasKassler, Andreas

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