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Datafying citizens: Third-party trackers and data-as-payment in government infrastructure
Univ Stavanger, Dept Media & Social Sci, Stavanger, Norway.
Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Department of Geography, Media and Communication (from 2013).ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8504-5691
Univ Stavanger, Dept Media & Social Sci, Stavanger, Norway..
Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Department of Geography, Media and Communication (from 2013).ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4286-7764
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2025 (English)In: Nordicom Review, ISSN 1403-1108, E-ISSN 2001-5119, Vol. 46, no 1, p. 76-99Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Scandinavians are among the most datafied citizens in the world. With its digitalised welfare states, Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish e-governance infrastructures collect massive amounts of data about citizens as they search for jobs, apply for building permits, and check school calendars. In this article, we analyse the use of third-party trackers (n = 2,761) on Scandinavian municipal websites (n = 745) between 2007-2023. Mobilising the theoretical framework of universalism, our aim is to understand what kind of cost data tracking constitutes for users of digital government services. Results show that Scandinavian municipal websites are dominated by commercial trackers harvesting citizen data for advertising purposes, particularly those provided by Alphabet and Meta. We conclude that commercial user-tracking on Scandinavian municipal websites does not conform to the principle of universality, proposing 1) that governments ensure transparency of the cost incurred by these websites' data tracking, and 2) that they ban commercial tracking on municipal websites.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
SCIENDO , 2025. Vol. 46, no 1, p. 76-99
Keywords [en]
datafication, governance, third-party services, trackers, universalism
National Category
Media and Communications
Research subject
Media and Communication Studies
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-104142DOI: 10.2478/nor-2025-0004ISI: 001469862800001OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kau-104142DiVA, id: diva2:1955867
Available from: 2025-05-02 Created: 2025-05-02 Last updated: 2025-05-02Bibliographically approved

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Brantner, CorneliaKarlsson, Michael

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3132333435363734 of 47
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