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Barn som ingår avtal om digitala tjänster utan föräldrars uttryckliga samtycke: En civilrättslig studie
Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Karlstad Business School (from 2013).
2025 (Swedish)Doctoral thesis, monograph (Other academic)Alternative title
Children Contracting for Digital Services without Explicit Parental Consent : A Private Law Study (English)
Abstract [en]

Digitalization has brought new opportunities and challenges at all levels in today's society. The digital environment has introduced new business models for consumers when accessing digital services. Certain digital services do not require monetary payment. Consumers pay instead by providing their personal data. When minors transition from analog to digital contracting (i.e., from being consumers in physical stores where they purchase tangible items such as candy and toys to being consumers of digital games, apps, music, and social media) by using, for example, mobile phones and tablets, it poses certain challenges for families.

The thesis aims to explore the relationship between parental responsibility and children's autonomy when children enter into agreements for the provision of digital content and digital services. It also considers the legal protection provided to parents and children in such contexts. To achieve this, the study is divided into two objectives: first, it examines the legal consequences for parents and children when children enter into such agreements without explicit parental consent; and secondly, it assesses whether children are adequately protected under GDPR and Chapter 9 of the Parental Code. This includes analyzing the principle of the best interests of the child in digital contracting. 

The thesis includes an evaluation of decisions made by the Swedish National Board for Consumer Disputes, identifying patterns of argumentation that suggest the guardian's implicit consent to children's digital agreements. It  further analyzes six case types where minors enter into agreements without explicit parental consent.

A key finding underscores the importance of developing digital skills among both parents and children, not only to mitigate financial losses but also to uphold the principle of the best interests of the child in digital contracting.

 

Abstract [sv]

I ett digitalt samhälle använder barn smartphones och surfplattor för att spela spel, streama innehåll och interagera på sociala plattformar såsom TikTok och Instagram. Vissa digitala tjänster erbjuds i utbyte mot ett penningvederlag, medan andra tillhandahålls ”kostnadsfritt”, där konsumenterna i stället betalar med sina personuppgifter. Konsumentens personuppgifter är den nya valutan online.

     Barns förmåga att ingå avtal för egen räkning är begränsad. Vad händer när barn ingår avtal för att skaffa digitala tjänster som kräver betalning av ett penningvederlag utan föräldrarnas kännedom? Är föräldrarna eller barnen betalningsskyldiga i sådana fall?   

     I denna civilrättsliga avhandling analyseras förhållandet mellan föräldrars rättsliga ansvar och barns autonomi när barn ingår avtal om tillhandahållande av digitalt innehåll. I avhandlingen analyseras sex olika typfall där barn ingår avtal utan föräldrarnas uttryckliga samtycke. Dessutom behandlas frågan om regelverket i GDPR och i nionde kapitlet föräldrabalken ger barn ett tillfredsställande skydd vid digitala avtalsslut.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Karlstad: Karlstads universitet, 2025. , p. 430
Series
Rättsvetenskapliga studier vid Karlstads universitet ; 7Karlstad University Studies, ISSN 1403-8099 ; 2025:23
Keywords [en]
Children's digital contracting, digital services, minors, parental responsibility, children's personal data, microtransactions in games
Keywords [sv]
Barns digitala avtalsslut, digitala tjänster, underåriga, föräldraansvar, barns personuppgifter, mikrotransaktioner i spel
National Category
Law
Research subject
Law - Civil law
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-104037DOI: 10.59217/ohyp4584ISBN: 978-91-7867-580-7 (print)ISBN: 978-91-7867-581-4 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kau-104037DiVA, id: diva2:1954472
Public defence
2025-06-13, Agardhsalen, 11D 257, Karlstad universitet, Karlstad, 10:15 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-05-28 Created: 2025-04-24 Last updated: 2025-05-30Bibliographically approved

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Hillerström, Germaine

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