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Acidochromic Behaviors of Indacenodithiophene-Based Conjugated Polymers Containing Azo, Imine, and Vinyl Bonds
Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics (from 2013).ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8692-3396
Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics (from 2013). Uppsala University, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5192-0016
Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4942-3771
2025 (English)In: Macromolecules, ISSN 0024-9297, E-ISSN 1520-5835, Vol. 58, no 5, p. 2719-2729Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Acidochromic materials possess significant potential for the development of molecular switches, acid sensors, smart displays, and erasable/reprintable media. The semiconductive nature of conjugated polymers exhibiting such a behavior makes them ideal for use in electronic devices. In this study, we present a comparative investigation of three indacenodithiophene-based conductive polymers, containing azo, imine, and vinyl bonds (namely, PIDT-BAB, PIDT-BIB, and PIDT-BVB, respectively). We examined the alterations in the spectral properties of these polymers upon exposure to trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). The acidochromic response of PIDT-BAB and PIDT-BIB is indicated by DFT calculations to occur via protonation at the nitrogen atom. PIDT-BIB demonstrated heightened sensitivity to TFA. Conversely, PIDT-BVB did not display acidochromic properties in the film but was responsive to TFA in solution through acid doping. Repeated exposure of polymer films was used to examine the robustness of the polymers over 50 cycles. DFT calculations showed an increase in the planarity of PIDT-BAB and PIDT-BIB backbones as a result of protonation. This effect was particularly strong in PIDT-BAB, resulting in an unusually large bathochromic shift of 510 nm. The corresponding pink-to-transparent transition is particularly interesting for applications in sensors. Our findings provide valuable guidelines for the design of conjugated polymers tailored for acidochromic devices.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Chemical Society (ACS), 2025. Vol. 58, no 5, p. 2719-2729
National Category
Polymer Chemistry Materials Chemistry
Research subject
Physics; Materials Science
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-103961DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.4c02700ISI: 001435209200001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-86000738216OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kau-103961DiVA, id: diva2:1951639
Funder
Swedish Research Council, 2021-04778, 2019-02345, and 2018-07072Swedish Energy Agency, P2021-00032 and 50779-1Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, 2022.0192, WISE-AP01-D02Available from: 2025-04-11 Created: 2025-04-11 Last updated: 2025-04-11Bibliographically approved

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Franco, Leandro R.Araujo, Moyses

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