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Enjoying the Fall: The Normalisation of the Far-Right as an Algorithmically-Mediated Fantasy of Ontological (In)Security
Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Department of Political, Historical, Religious and Cultural Studies (from 2013).ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3165-0244
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)Alternative title
Att njuta av fallet : Normaliseringen av extremhögern som en algoritmiskt förmedlad fantasi om ontologisk (o)säkerhet (Swedish)
Abstract [en]

Over the past decade, the far-right has become normalised globally. The tolerance and wilful welcoming of these once-shunned ideologies challenge the weakened modern liberal order and signify its limitations as modernity’s symbolic authority. This phenomenon involves an unprecedented ontology in which far-right fantasies of “stolen” ethnocultural wholeness and supremacy propagate through social media governed by anti-democratic, neoliberal imperatives of attention hoarding. Fantasies of self-continuity amidst “permanent crises” – ontological security – are diffused via social media, whose algorithmic governance of our everyday shapes our identities and experience of the political. This problem points to the pressing need to explore the psycho-political and techno-mediatic dimensions of far-right normalisation.

This thesis provides a novel perspective by mobilising Lacanian ontological security to investigate the role of these dimensions in normalising the far-right. First, examining the link between White supremacy and deglobalisation discourses, I find that these pushbacks against liberal democracy become affectively influential in justifying violence against essentialised others. Second, social and traditional media enable the emotional governance of far-right actors, generating feelings of ontological (in)security that position them as legitimate interlocutors. Third, I examine how mainstream right-wing politicians partake in transgressive enjoyment with the far-right against “threatening” others. I find that far-right normalisation is inextricable from the reformation of identities, in which previously held liberal beliefs recede due to the anxiety of becoming politically undesired. Finally, I analyse far-right normalisation as a fantasy of ontological security produced by social media. I find that, in commodifying political antagonisms between liberals and the far-right, these platforms reinforce neoliberalism while gradually eroding the modern liberal order.

Abstract [en]

Over the past decade, the far-right has become normalised globally. The tolerance of these ideologies challenges the weakened modern liberal order, signifying its limitations as modernity’s symbolic authority. This phenomenon involves an unprecedented ontology in which fantasies of “stolen” ethnocultural wholeness and supremacy propagate through social media governed by neoliberal imperatives of attention hoarding. Fantasies of self-continuity amidst crises – ontological security – are diffused via social media, whose algorithmic governance of our everyday shapes identities and experiences of the political. This problem points to the pressing need to explore the psycho-political and techno-mediatic dimensions of far-right normalisation. This thesis provides a novel perspective by mobilising Lacanian ontological security to investigate the role of these dimensions in normalising the far-right in four levels. It analyses the role of White supremacy and deglobalisation in shaping othering fantasies; traditional and social media’s roles in conveying far-right actors as legitimate interlocutors; the mainstream right-wing’s enjoyment of far-right fantasies; and the algorithmic governance of far-right normalisation as a fantasy reinforcing neoliberalism and eroding liberal democracy.

Abstract [sv]

Under det senaste decenniet har högerextremismen ökat och normaliserats i den så kallade västliga hemisfären och i andra delar av världen. Denna högerförskjutning, tolerans och välkomnande utmanar den försvagade moderna liberala ordningen och visar på dess begränsningar som modernitetens symboliska auktoritet. Detta fenomen innebär en ontologi där högerextrema fantasier om ”stulen” etnokulturell helhet och överlägsenhet sprider sig till offentliga sfärer genom sociala medier som styrs av antidemokratiska, nyliberala krav på vår ständiga uppmärksamhet. Dessa fantasier om självkontinuitet mitt i ”permanenta kriser” - ontologisk säkerhet - sprids via sociala medier, vars algoritmiska styrning av vår vardag formar identiteter och upplevelser av det politiska. Detta pekar på ett akut behov av att utforska de psykopolitiska och teknomediala dimensionerna av högerextrem normalisering. 

Denna avhandling bidrar med ett nytt perspektiv på detta genom att använda Lacaniansk ontologisk säkerhet för att undersöka vilken roll samkonstitueringen av dessa dimensioner har för normaliseringen av extremhögern. Först undersöker jag den historiska kopplingen mellan vit makt och deglobaliseringsdiskurser i normaliseringen av extremhögern, och finner att denna motreaktion mot liberal demokrati blir affektivt inflytelserik i sin förmåga att rättfärdiga våld mot essentialiserade ”andra”. För det andra analyserar jag sociala och traditionella mediers roll och konstaterar att de möjliggör en känslomässig styrning av de högerextrema aktörerna genom att generera känslor av ontologisk (o)säkerhet som positionerar dem som legitima samtalspartner. För det tredje undersöker jag hur vanliga högerpolitiker deltar i gränsöverskridande ”nöjen” tillsammans med högerextrema mot ”hotfulla” andra. Jag finner att högerextrem normalisering hänger ihop med reformeringen av identiteter, där tidigare liberala övertygelser försvinner på grund av oron för att bli politiskt oönskad. Slutligen analyserar jag högerextrem normalisering som en fantasi om ontologisk säkerhet som skapas av sociala medier. Jag finner att dessa plattformar, genom att kommersialisera politiska motsättningar mellan liberala och högerextrema subjekt, förstärker nyliberalismen samtidigt som de gradvis urholkar den moderna liberala ordningen.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Karlstad: Karlstads universitet, 2025.
Series
Karlstad University Studies, ISSN 1403-8099 ; 2025:9
Keywords [en]
far-right normalisation, far-right, ontological security, Lacan, hybrid media, political psychology, Sweden, United States
National Category
Political Science
Research subject
Political Science
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-102957DOI: 10.59217/ygdq9007ISBN: 978-91-7867-544-9 (print)ISBN: 978-91-7867-545-6 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kau-102957DiVA, id: diva2:1935131
Public defence
2025-03-28, Nyquistsalen, Karlstad University, Karlstad, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Projects
The Wallenberg AI, Autonomous Systems and Software program – Humanity and Society (WASP-HS) funded by the Marianne and Marcus Wallenberg Foundation and the Marcus and Amalia Wallenberg foundation
Funder
Marianne and Marcus Wallenberg Foundation
Note

This PhD was funded and supported by the Wallenberg AI, Autonomous Systems and Software program – Humanity and Society (WASP-HS).

Full statement of sponsorship: "This work was partially supported by the Wallenberg AI, Autonomous Systems and Software program – Humanity and Society (WASP-HS) funded by the Marianne and Marcus Wallenberg Foundation and the Marcus and Amalia Wallenberg foundation."

Available from: 2025-03-07 Created: 2025-02-06 Last updated: 2025-03-07Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Deglobalization and the political psychology of white supremacy
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Deglobalization and the political psychology of white supremacy
2023 (English)In: Theory & psychology, ISSN 0959-3543, E-ISSN 1461-7447, Vol. 33, no 2, p. 227-248Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This article is concerned with the psychological dimensions of deglobalization and white supremacy as related to fantasies of "whiteness." The (re)construction of narratives and myths are contested processes, concerning both the struggle for control over historical and cultural space as well as the articulation of particular needs for individuals and groups in the present. We explore the stories and myths created around globalization, (in)security, and the nation. Of importance is how deglobalization and emerging ontological insecurities relate to various fantasy narratives and how these can be understood in psychological terms of dislocation, hybridity, and impermanence in conjunction with a search for security and stability. The implications of these processes on contemporary political identities are of crucial importance as they are able to speak to some of the most contested issues of our times: the threat of extremist and white supremacist groups and discourses to democracy and democratic institutions.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Sage Publications, 2023
Keywords
deglobalization, fantasies, ontological security, psychoanalysis, white supremacy
National Category
Political Science
Research subject
Political Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-94995 (URN)10.1177/09593543221138535 (DOI)000984200100005 ()
Available from: 2023-06-01 Created: 2023-06-01 Last updated: 2025-02-19Bibliographically approved
2. Governing Emotions: Hybrid media, Ontological Insecurity and the Normalisation of Far-Right Fantasies
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Governing Emotions: Hybrid media, Ontological Insecurity and the Normalisation of Far-Right Fantasies
2023 (English)In: Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, ISSN 0304-3754, E-ISSN 2163-3150, Vol. 48, no 1, p. 54-73Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Focusing on the debates on 'due impartiality' provided to far-right leaders in Swedish media, this article uses a Lacanian approach to address the relationship between the practices of normalisation of far-right discourses and fantasies, and the evolution of emotional governance at the interstice of old (i.e. traditional) and new (e.g. social media) media. Emotional governance refers to the everyday emotionally charged utterances and statements made by political leaders. However, this phenomenon can also be read in a larger Foucauldian sense as techniques of surveillance, control and manipulation and as related to narrative representational fantasies. Studies dealing with the normalisation of far-right discourse from a media perspective tend to focus on framing, journalistic norms, market structures and business incentives. We aim to expand these perspectives by opening a discussion on the interplay between the ontological (in)securities attached to the emotional governance of far-right leaders, and the techno-social affordances and roles provided to (and by) 'old' and 'new' actors in the hybrid media ecosystem. We further analyse this interplay by looking at the particular fantasies embedded in it and the consequences of the enactment of 'due impartiality' and equal footing' norms and practices in the Swedish media landscape.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Sage Publications, 2023
Keywords
emotional governance, Lacan, ontological security, social media, far-right, hybrid media systems, political influencers
National Category
Political Science
Research subject
Political Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-92566 (URN)10.1177/03043754221123467 (DOI)000878815000001 ()2-s2.0-85141427993 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Wallenberg AI, Autonomous Systems and Software Program (WASP)
Available from: 2022-11-29 Created: 2022-11-29 Last updated: 2025-02-19Bibliographically approved
3. The role of right-wing enjoyment in the normalisation of the far right
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The role of right-wing enjoyment in the normalisation of the far right
2025 (English)In: Review of International Studies, ISSN 0260-2105, E-ISSN 1469-9044, p. 1-23Article in journal (Refereed) Epub ahead of print
Abstract [en]

The retreat of the modern liberal order in contemporary democracies can be understood as co-constituted with the normalisation of the far right. The far right has increasingly accessed the political ‘mainstream’ through the enabling of erstwhile-disavowing centre-right and right-wing counterparts. In contexts of political ‘victory’, the identity (re)formation of these mainstream right-wing subjects and discourses can be observed and analysed through celebrations alongside the far right and in emotions and attitudes like elation, gloating, and self-righteousness. In this article, I address how victory-related manifestations of enjoyment – or jouissance – are articulated in the discourses of mainstream right-wing subjects. I ask what enjoyment-based rhetoric reveal about the normalisation of the far right and the identity reformation of right-wing subjects and discourses. To address this, I first discuss the role of enjoyment on far-right normalisation by merging Derk Hook’s analytics of enjoyment (2017) with ontological security, expanding on the latter concept as a libidinal fantasy of ideological closure. Subsequently, analysing the case of the 2022 Swedish election, I explore three interrelated dimensions of co-(re)formation of right-wing enjoyment, discourses, and identities: the symbolic space where civilisational-securitising fantasies are produced; the threatening modes of enjoyment of cultural Others; and the imperilled enjoyment modes of the ‘real Swedes’.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Cambridge University Press, 2025
Keywords
far right, far-right normalisation, jouissance, Lacan, ontological security
National Category
Political Science Other Humanities not elsewhere specified
Research subject
Political Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-102960 (URN)10.1017/s0260210524000895 (DOI)001404969800001 ()2-s2.0-85216191046 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Marianne and Marcus Wallenberg Foundation, MMW 2019.0228
Available from: 2025-02-02 Created: 2025-02-02 Last updated: 2025-02-20Bibliographically approved
4. Liebesraum: The Ontologically-(in)Securitising Spectacle of Far-Right Normalisation
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Liebesraum: The Ontologically-(in)Securitising Spectacle of Far-Right Normalisation
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Political Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-102968 (URN)
Note

The full acknowledgement of support should state: "This work was partially supported by the Wallenberg AI, Autonomous Systems and Software program – Humanities and Society (WASP-HS) funded by the Marianne and Marcus Wallenberg Foundation and the Marcus and Amalia Wallenberg Foundation”.

Available from: 2025-02-03 Created: 2025-02-03 Last updated: 2025-02-06

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Kisić-Merino, Pasko

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