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The role of right-wing enjoyment in the normalisation of the far right
Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Department of Political, Historical, Religious and Cultural Studies (from 2013).ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3165-0244
2025 (English)In: Review of International Studies, ISSN 0260-2105, E-ISSN 1469-9044, Vol. 51, no 3, p. 449-471Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The retreat of the modern liberal order in contemporary democracies can be understood as co-constituted with the normalisation of the far right. The far right has increasingly accessed the political ‘mainstream’ through the enabling of erstwhile-disavowing centre-right and right-wing counterparts. In contexts of political ‘victory’, the identity (re)formation of these mainstream right-wing subjects and discourses can be observed and analysed through celebrations alongside the far right and in emotions and attitudes like elation, gloating, and self-righteousness. In this article, I address how victory-related manifestations of enjoyment – or jouissance – are articulated in the discourses of mainstream right-wing subjects. I ask what enjoyment-based rhetoric reveal about the normalisation of the far right and the identity reformation of right-wing subjects and discourses. To address this, I first discuss the role of enjoyment on far-right normalisation by merging Derk Hook’s analytics of enjoyment (2017) with ontological security, expanding on the latter concept as a libidinal fantasy of ideological closure. Subsequently, analysing the case of the 2022 Swedish election, I explore three interrelated dimensions of co-(re)formation of right-wing enjoyment, discourses, and identities: the symbolic space where civilisational-securitising fantasies are produced; the threatening modes of enjoyment of cultural Others; and the imperilled enjoyment modes of the ‘real Swedes’.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Cambridge University Press, 2025. Vol. 51, no 3, p. 449-471
Keywords [en]
far right, far-right normalisation, jouissance, Lacan, ontological security
National Category
Political Science Other Humanities not elsewhere specified
Research subject
Political Science
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-102960DOI: 10.1017/s0260210524000895ISI: 001404969800001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85216191046OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kau-102960DiVA, id: diva2:1933845
Funder
Marianne and Marcus Wallenberg Foundation, MMW 2019.0251
Note

The author regrets the inclusion of an error in the above article. The error concerns the incorrect funder number in the ‘Acknowledgements’ section. In the original article, this was written as ‘MMW 2019.0228’, but should be ‘MMW 2019.0251’.

Available from: 2025-02-02 Created: 2025-02-02 Last updated: 2025-10-16Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Enjoying the Fall: The Normalisation of the Far-Right as an Algorithmically-Mediated Fantasy of Ontological (In)Security
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Enjoying the Fall: The Normalisation of the Far-Right as an Algorithmically-Mediated Fantasy of Ontological (In)Security
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
Att njuta av fallet : Normaliseringen av extremhögern som en algoritmiskt förmedlad fantasi om ontologisk (o)säkerhet
Abstract [en]

Over the past decade, the far-right has become normalised globally. The tolerance and wilful welcoming of these once-shunned ideologies challenge the weakened modern liberal order and signify its limitations as modernity’s symbolic authority. This phenomenon involves an unprecedented ontology in which far-right fantasies of “stolen” ethnocultural wholeness and supremacy propagate through social media governed by anti-democratic, neoliberal imperatives of attention hoarding. Fantasies of self-continuity amidst “permanent crises” – ontological security – are diffused via social media, whose algorithmic governance of our everyday shapes our identities and experience of the political. This problem points to the pressing need to explore the psycho-political and techno-mediatic dimensions of far-right normalisation.

This thesis provides a novel perspective by mobilising Lacanian ontological security to investigate the role of these dimensions in normalising the far-right. First, examining the link between White supremacy and deglobalisation discourses, I find that these pushbacks against liberal democracy become affectively influential in justifying violence against essentialised others. Second, social and traditional media enable the emotional governance of far-right actors, generating feelings of ontological (in)security that position them as legitimate interlocutors. Third, I examine how mainstream right-wing politicians partake in transgressive enjoyment with the far-right against “threatening” others. I find that far-right normalisation is inextricable from the reformation of identities, in which previously held liberal beliefs recede due to the anxiety of becoming politically undesired. Finally, I analyse far-right normalisation as a fantasy of ontological security produced by social media. I find that, in commodifying political antagonisms between liberals and the far-right, these platforms reinforce neoliberalism while gradually eroding the modern liberal order.

Abstract [en]

Over the past decade, the far-right has become normalised globally. The tolerance of these ideologies challenges the weakened modern liberal order, signifying its limitations as modernity’s symbolic authority. This phenomenon involves an unprecedented ontology in which fantasies of “stolen” ethnocultural wholeness and supremacy propagate through social media governed by neoliberal imperatives of attention hoarding. Fantasies of self-continuity amidst crises – ontological security – are diffused via social media, whose algorithmic governance of our everyday shapes identities and experiences of the political. This problem points to the pressing need to explore the psycho-political and techno-mediatic dimensions of far-right normalisation. This thesis provides a novel perspective by mobilising Lacanian ontological security to investigate the role of these dimensions in normalising the far-right in four levels. It analyses the role of White supremacy and deglobalisation in shaping othering fantasies; traditional and social media’s roles in conveying far-right actors as legitimate interlocutors; the mainstream right-wing’s enjoyment of far-right fantasies; and the algorithmic governance of far-right normalisation as a fantasy reinforcing neoliberalism and eroding liberal democracy.

Abstract [sv]

Under det senaste decenniet har högerextremismen ökat och normaliserats i den så kallade västliga hemisfären och i andra delar av världen. Denna högerförskjutning, tolerans och välkomnande utmanar den försvagade moderna liberala ordningen och visar på dess begränsningar som modernitetens symboliska auktoritet. Detta fenomen innebär en ontologi där högerextrema fantasier om ”stulen” etnokulturell helhet och överlägsenhet sprider sig till offentliga sfärer genom sociala medier som styrs av antidemokratiska, nyliberala krav på vår ständiga uppmärksamhet. Dessa fantasier om självkontinuitet mitt i ”permanenta kriser” - ontologisk säkerhet - sprids via sociala medier, vars algoritmiska styrning av vår vardag formar identiteter och upplevelser av det politiska. Detta pekar på ett akut behov av att utforska de psykopolitiska och teknomediala dimensionerna av högerextrem normalisering. 

Denna avhandling bidrar med ett nytt perspektiv på detta genom att använda Lacaniansk ontologisk säkerhet för att undersöka vilken roll samkonstitueringen av dessa dimensioner har för normaliseringen av extremhögern. Först undersöker jag den historiska kopplingen mellan vit makt och deglobaliseringsdiskurser i normaliseringen av extremhögern, och finner att denna motreaktion mot liberal demokrati blir affektivt inflytelserik i sin förmåga att rättfärdiga våld mot essentialiserade ”andra”. För det andra analyserar jag sociala och traditionella mediers roll och konstaterar att de möjliggör en känslomässig styrning av de högerextrema aktörerna genom att generera känslor av ontologisk (o)säkerhet som positionerar dem som legitima samtalspartner. För det tredje undersöker jag hur vanliga högerpolitiker deltar i gränsöverskridande ”nöjen” tillsammans med högerextrema mot ”hotfulla” andra. Jag finner att högerextrem normalisering hänger ihop med reformeringen av identiteter, där tidigare liberala övertygelser försvinner på grund av oron för att bli politiskt oönskad. Slutligen analyserar jag högerextrem normalisering som en fantasi om ontologisk säkerhet som skapas av sociala medier. Jag finner att dessa plattformar, genom att kommersialisera politiska motsättningar mellan liberala och högerextrema subjekt, förstärker nyliberalismen samtidigt som de gradvis urholkar den moderna liberala ordningen.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Karlstad: Karlstads universitet, 2025
Series
Karlstad University Studies, ISSN 1403-8099 ; 2025:9
Keywords
far-right normalisation, far-right, ontological security, Lacan, hybrid media, political psychology, Sweden, United States
National Category
Political Science
Research subject
Political Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-102957 (URN)10.59217/ygdq9007 (DOI)978-91-7867-544-9 (ISBN)978-91-7867-545-6 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-03-28, Nyquistsalen, Karlstad University, Karlstad, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Projects
The Wallenberg AI, Autonomous Systems and Software program – Humanity and Society (WASP-HS) funded by the Marianne and Marcus Wallenberg Foundation and the Marcus and Amalia Wallenberg foundation
Funder
Marianne and Marcus Wallenberg Foundation
Note

This PhD was funded and supported by the Wallenberg AI, Autonomous Systems and Software program – Humanity and Society (WASP-HS).

Full statement of sponsorship: "This work was partially supported by the Wallenberg AI, Autonomous Systems and Software program – Humanity and Society (WASP-HS) funded by the Marianne and Marcus Wallenberg Foundation and the Marcus and Amalia Wallenberg foundation."

Available from: 2025-03-07 Created: 2025-02-06 Last updated: 2025-10-16Bibliographically approved

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