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Privacy-Preserving & Incrementally-Deployable Support for Certificate Transparency in Tor
Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Mathematics and Computer Science (from 2013).ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0840-5072
Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Mathematics and Computer Science (from 2013).ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6459-8409
Mozilla.
U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, USA.
2021 (English)In: Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies Symposium / [ed] Aaron Johnson and Florian Kerschbaum, Sciendo , 2021, Vol. 2021, no 2, p. 194-213Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

The security of the web improved greatly throughout the last couple of years.  A large majority of the web is now served encrypted as part of HTTPS, and web browsers accordingly moved from positive to negative security indicators that warn the user if a connection is insecure.  A secure connection requires that the server presents a valid certificate that binds the domain name in question to a public key.  A certificate used to be valid if signed by a trusted Certificate Authority (CA), but web browsers like Google Chrome and Apple's Safari have additionally started to mandate Certificate Transparency (CT) logging to overcome the weakest-link security of the CA ecosystem.  Tor and the Firefox-based Tor Browser have yet to enforce CT.

In this paper, we present privacy-preserving and incrementally-deployable designs that add support for CT in Tor. Our designs go beyond the currently deployed CT enforcements that are based on blind trust: if a user that uses Tor Browser is man-in-the-middled over HTTPS, we probabilistically detect and disclose cryptographic evidence of CA and/or CT log misbehavior.  The first design increment allows Tor to play a vital role in the overall goal of CT: detect mis-issued certificates and hold CAs accountable.  We achieve this by randomly cross-logging a subset of certificates into other CT logs.  The final increments hold misbehaving CT logs accountable, initially assuming that some logs are benign and then without any such assumption.  Given that the current CT deployment lacks strong mechanisms to verify if log operators play by the rules, exposing misbehavior is important for the web in general and not just Tor.  The full design turns Tor into a system for maintaining a probabilistically-verified view of the CT log ecosystem available from Tor's consensus.  Each increment leading up to it preserves privacy due to and how we use Tor.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Sciendo , 2021. Vol. 2021, no 2, p. 194-213
Keywords [en]
Certificate Transparency, Tor
National Category
Computer Sciences
Research subject
Computer Science
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-94320DOI: 10.2478/popets-2021-0024OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kau-94320DiVA, id: diva2:1751540
Conference
The 21st Privacy Enhancing Technologies Symposium, [Digital], July 12-16, 2021.
Projects
HITS (4707), SURPRISE (SSF, RIT17-0005)
Funder
Swedish Foundation for Strategic ResearchAvailable from: 2023-04-18 Created: 2023-04-18 Last updated: 2026-02-12Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. On Certificate Transparency Verification and Unlinkability of Websites Visited by Tor Users
Open this publication in new window or tab >>On Certificate Transparency Verification and Unlinkability of Websites Visited by Tor Users
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Certificate Transparency is an ecosystem of logs, monitors, and auditors that hold certificate authorities accountable while issuing certificates. We show how the amount of trust that TLS clients and domain owners need to place in Certificate Transparency can be reduced, both in the context of existing gradual deployments and the largely unexplored area of Tor. Our contributions include improved third-party monitoring, a gossip protocol plugging into Certificate Transparency over DNS, an incrementally deployable gossip-audit model tailored for Tor Browser, and using certificates with onion addresses. The methods used range from proof sketches to Internet measurements and prototype evaluations. An essential part of our evaluation in Tor is to assess how the protocols used during website visits—such as requesting an inclusion proof from a Certificate Transparency log—affect unlinkability between senders and receivers. We find that most false positives in website fingerprinting attacks can be eliminated for all but the most frequently visited sites. This is because the destination anonymity set can be reduced due to how Internet protocols work: communication is observable and often involves third-party interactions. Some of the used protocols can further be subject to side-channel analysis. For example, we show that remote (timeless) timing attacks against Tor’s DNS cache reliably reveal the timing of past exit traffic. The severity and practicality of our extension to website fingerprinting pose threats to the anonymity provided by Tor. We conclude that access to a so-called website oracle should be an assumed attacker capability when evaluating website fingerprinting defenses.

Abstract [sv]

Projektet Certificate Transparency är ett ekosystem av loggar, övervakare och granskare som håller certifikatutfärdare till svars för utfärdade webbcertifikat. Vi visar hur säkerheten kan höjas i ekosystemet för både domäninnehavare och TLS-klienter i nuvarande system samt som del av anonymitetsnätverket Tor. Bland våra större bidrag är förbättrad övervakning av loggarna, ett skvallerprotokollsom integrerats med DNS, ett skvaller- och granskningsprotokoll som utformats specifikt för Tors webbläsare och ett förslag på hur domännamn med adresser i Tor kan bli mer tillgängliga. De metoder som använts varierar från säkerhetsbevis till internetmätningar och utvärderingar av forskningsprototyper. En viktig del av vår utvärdering i Tor är att avgöra hur protokoll som används av webbläsare påverkar möjligheten att koppla ihop användare med besökta webbplatser. Detta inkluderar existerande protokoll samt nya tillägg för att verifiera om webbplatsers certifikat är transparensloggade. Våra resultat visar att i många fall kan falska positiva utslag filtreras bort vid mönsterigenkänning av Tor-användares krypterade trafik (eng: website fingerprinting). Orsaken är att besök till de flesta webbplatser kan uteslutas till följd av hur internetprotokoll fungerar: kommunikation är observerbar och involverar ofta interaktioner med tredjeparter. Vissa protokoll har dessutom sidokanaler som kan analyseras. Vi visar exempelvis att Tors DNS-cache kan undersökas med olika varianter av tidtagningsattacker. Dessa attacker är enkla att utföra över internet och avslöjar vilka domännamn som slagits upp vid angivna tidpunkter. De förbättrade mönsterigenkänningsattackerna mot webbplatser är realistiska och hotar därför Tors anonymitet. Vår slutsats är att framtida försvar bör utvärderas utifrån att angripare har tillgång till ett så kallat webbplatsorakel.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Karlstad: Karlstads universitet, 2023. p. 29
Series
Karlstad University Studies, ISSN 1403-8099 ; 2023:15
Keywords
Auditing, Certificate Transparency, DNS, Gossip, Side-Channels, Timing Attacks, Tor, Tor Browser, Website Fingerprinting, Website Oracles, Granskning, Certificate Transparency, DNS, Skvaller, Sidokanaler, Tidtagningsattacker, Tor, Torswebbläsare, Mönsterigenkänning, Webbplatsorakel
National Category
Computer Sciences
Research subject
Computer Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-94343 (URN)978-91-7867-372-8 (ISBN)978-91-7867-373-5 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-06-12, Eva Eriksson, 21A 342, Karlstad University, Karlstad, 10:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Projects
HITS (4707), SURPRISE (SSF, RIT17-0005)
Available from: 2023-05-22 Created: 2023-04-18 Last updated: 2026-02-12Bibliographically approved

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Publisher's full texthttps://petsymposium.org/2021/files/papers/issue2/popets-2021-0024.pdf

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