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Cybersecurity Mechanisms in DNS Resolvers: An Internet Measurement Perspective
Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap (from 2013), Institutionen för matematik och datavetenskap (from 2013).ORCID-id: 0000-0002-0961-9489
2025 (engelsk)Licentiatavhandling, med artikler (Annet vitenskapelig)Alternativ tittel
Cybersäkerhetsmekanismer i DNS-resolvrar : Ett perspektiv med internetmätningar (svensk)
Abstract [en]

Using the Internet today, both end-users and automated systems rely on the Domain Name System (DNS) to translate human-readable domain names to IP addresses for communication between machines. This system from 1985 has only in recent years seen Internet standards addressing security and privacy concerns. In the position as a machine-in-the-middle between the client and the distributed hierachical system of authoritative name servers, we find the DNS resolver. Due to its purpose of forwarding, looking up, and caching queries and responses, in addition to its location between the clients and the name servers, the DNS resolver becomes a critical point for implementing these security and privacy features. The widespread adoption of these features, their variation in implementation, and impact on both clients and other name servers remain as interesting topics in the research community. The goal of this thesis is to analyze servers in the wild and conduct a comprehensive investigation into the security and privacy mechanisms configured on DNS resolvers. Using an Internet measurement approach, we explore the trends in the adoption and implementation of these features by generating and observing our own queries to and from the resolvers. We also investigate how clients and the DNS ecosystem as a whole are impacted by resolver configurations. We use and improve methods for measuring adoption of various security and privacy related features. Based on these measurements we report the current level of adoption and adoption over time, investigate anomalies, and identify limitations with measurement approaches. We fingerprint the software and version of popular open-source DNS resolvers by classifying query patterns. Comparing the ingress and egress resolvers we analyze forwarding behaviors and their impact on the availability and effectiveness of security and privacy features. We also cross-analyze features in DNS resolvers to find correlations, which could help us understand obstacles and find solutions to feature adoption.

Abstract [sv]

För att maskiner ska kunna kommunicera på Internet idag så bygger det på att domännamnssystemet (DNS) översätter domännamn till IP-adresser för både användare och automatiska system. Internetstandardiseringar som behandlar säkerhet och personlig integritet i detta system från 1985 har huvudsakligen dykt upp på senare år. Mellan klienter och den distribuerade hierakin av auktoritativa namnservrar finner vi DNS-resolvern. På grund av dess syfte att vidarebefodra och slå upp klienternas frågor samt cacha svar, och dess position som en låda-i-mitten blir den en kritisk punkt för säkerhet och personlig integritet. Hur antagna dessa mekanismer är, deras variation vid implementering samt påverkan på både klienter och andra namnservrar är fortfarande intressanta ämnen i forskningsvärlden. Målet med denna avhandling är att analysera DNS-resolvrar på internet för att genomföra en omfattande utvärdering av relaterade mekanismer runt säkerhet och personlig integritet. Vi utforskar trenderna i antagandet och och implementeringen av dessa funktioner, och analyserar hur de påverkar klienter och ekosystemet som helhet genom att observera trafik från DNS-frågor. Vi använder och förbättrar metoder för att mäta antagning av olika funktioner relaterade till säkerhet och personlig integritet. Baserat på dessa mätningar rapporterar vi den nuvarande nivån av antagning och antagning över tid. Vi undersöker även intressanta avvikelser i resultaten och identifierar begränsningar med mätmetoderna som används. Genom att klassifiera trafikmönster, lyckas vi identifiera versioner av programmvara från populära DNS-resolvrar med öppen källkod. När vi observerar resolvrar involverade i en uppslagning så analyserar vi hur de vidarebefodrar och hur detta påverkar tillgängligheten och effektiviteten av olika mekanismer. Vi undersöker även samband mellan olika mekanismer, vilket skulle kunna leda till en djupare förståelse om utmaningar och lösningar till högre antagande.

sted, utgiver, år, opplag, sider
Karlstad: Karlstads universitet, 2025. , s. 18
Serie
Karlstad University Studies, ISSN 1403-8099 ; 2025:1
Emneord [en]
Domain Name System, Resolver, Security, Privacy, Traffic Analysis, Internet Measurements
Emneord [sv]
Domännamnssystemet, Uppslagningstjänst, Säkerhet, Personlig Integritet, Trafikanalys, Internetmätningar
HSV kategori
Forskningsprogram
Datavetenskap
Identifikatorer
URN: urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-102373DOI: 10.59217/rbhs6890ISBN: 978-91-7867-518-0 (tryckt)ISBN: 978-91-7867-519-7 (digital)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kau-102373DiVA, id: diva2:1918396
Presentation
2025-01-21, 1B309 Sjöström, Karlstads Universitet, Karlstad, 13:15 (engelsk)
Opponent
Veileder
Forskningsfinansiär
.SE (The Internet Infrastructure Foundation), 6458Tilgjengelig fra: 2025-01-02 Laget: 2024-12-05 Sist oppdatert: 2026-02-12bibliografisk kontrollert
Delarbeid
1. A Second Look at DNS QNAME Minimization
Åpne denne publikasjonen i ny fane eller vindu >>A Second Look at DNS QNAME Minimization
2023 (engelsk)Inngår i: Passive and Active Measurement: 24th International Conference, PAM 2023, Virtual Event, March 21–23, 2023, Proceedings / [ed] Anna Brunström; Marcel Flores; Marco Fiore, Springer, 2023, s. 496-521Konferansepaper, Publicerat paper (Fagfellevurdert)
Abstract [en]

The Domain Name System (DNS) is a critical Internet infrastructure that translates human-readable domain names to IP addresses. It was originally designed over 35 years ago and multiple enhancements have since then been made, in particular to make DNS lookups more secure and privacy preserving. Query name minimization (qmin) was initially introduced in 2016 to limit the exposure of queries sent across DNS and thereby enhance privacy. In this paper, we take a look at the adoption of qmin, building upon and extending measurements made by De Vries et al. in 2018. We analyze qmin adoption on the Internet using active measurements both on resolvers used by RIPE Atlas probes and on open resolvers. Aside from adding more vantage points when measuring qmin adoption on open resolvers, we also increase the number of repetitions, which reveals conflicting resolvers – resolvers that support qmin for some queries but not for others. For the passive measurements at root and Top-Level Domain (TLD) name servers, we extend the analysis over a longer period of time, introduce additional sources, and filter out non-valid queries. Furthermore, our controlled experiments measure performance and result quality of newer versions of the qmin -enabled open source resolvers used in the previous study, with the addition of PowerDNS. Our results, using extended methods from previous work, show that the adoption of qmin has significantly increased since 2018. New controlled experiments also show a trend of higher number of packets used by resolvers and lower error rates in the DNS queries. Since qmin is a balance between performance and privacy, we further discuss the depth limit of minimizing labels and propose the use of a public suffix list for setting this limit.

sted, utgiver, år, opplag, sider
Springer, 2023
Serie
Lecture Notes in Computer Science, ISSN 0302-9743, E-ISSN 1611-3349 ; 13882
Emneord
Internet protocols; Privacy-preserving techniques, Controlled experiment; Domain name system; Domain names; Human-readable; Internet infrastructure; Lookups; Minimisation; Performance; Privacy; QNAME minimization, Quality control
HSV kategori
Forskningsprogram
Datavetenskap
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-94279 (URN)10.1007/978-3-031-28486-1_21 (DOI)2-s2.0-85151060508 (Scopus ID)
Konferanse
24th International Conference, PAM 2023, Virtual Event, March 21–23, 2023
Tilgjengelig fra: 2023-04-19 Laget: 2023-04-19 Sist oppdatert: 2026-02-12bibliografisk kontrollert
2. Fingerprinting DNS Resolvers using Query Patterns from QNAME Minimization
Åpne denne publikasjonen i ny fane eller vindu >>Fingerprinting DNS Resolvers using Query Patterns from QNAME Minimization
2025 (engelsk)Inngår i: Proceedings of 29th Nordic Conference, NordSec 2024 / [ed] Leonardo Horn Iwaya, Liina Kamm, Leonardo Martucci, Tobias Pulls, Springer, 2025, s. 405-423Konferansepaper, Publicerat paper (Fagfellevurdert)
Abstract [en]

The Domain Name System (DNS) plays a pivotal role in the function of the Internet, but if the DNS resolvers are not correctly configured or updated, they could pose security and privacy risks. Fingerprinting resolvers helps the analysis of the DNS ecosystem and can reveal outdated software and misconfigurations. This study aims to evaluate if patterns in queries from DNS resolvers---implementing query name minimization as a privacy enhancing feature---can reveal their characteristics such as their software and versions. We examined the query patterns of minimizing resolvers at the authoritative name server side, and our findings indicate that distinct patterns correlate with specific open-source resolver software versions. Notably, none of the resolvers fully follow the recommended query name minimization algorithm outlined in RFC 9156, suggesting a discrepancy between recommendations and real-world implementations. We also identified high rates of query amplification, possibly caused in part by the combination of minimization and forwarding configurations. Our research contributes to understanding the current state of the DNS ecosystem, highlighting the potential for fingerprinting to enhance Internet security by identifying and addressing resolver-related risks.

sted, utgiver, år, opplag, sider
Springer, 2025
Serie
Lecture Notes in Computer Science ; 15396
Emneord
DNS, QNAME Minimization, Privacy, Fingerprinting, Traffic Analysis
HSV kategori
Forskningsprogram
Datavetenskap
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-102370 (URN)10.1007/978-3-031-79007-2_21 (DOI)001446544900021 ()2-s2.0-85218497224 (Scopus ID)978-3-031-79006-5 (ISBN)978-3-031-79007-2 (ISBN)
Konferanse
The 29th Nordic Conference, NordSec 2024, Karlstad, Sweden, November 6–7, 2024.
Tilgjengelig fra: 2024-12-03 Laget: 2024-12-03 Sist oppdatert: 2026-02-12bibliografisk kontrollert
3. SweDNS: Evaluating Privacy and Security of DNS Resolvers used in Sweden
Åpne denne publikasjonen i ny fane eller vindu >>SweDNS: Evaluating Privacy and Security of DNS Resolvers used in Sweden
(engelsk)Manuskript (preprint) (Annet vitenskapelig)
HSV kategori
Forskningsprogram
Datavetenskap
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-102371 (URN)
Tilgjengelig fra: 2024-12-03 Laget: 2024-12-03 Sist oppdatert: 2026-02-12bibliografisk kontrollert

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