Background: Introducing Internationalisation at Home (IaH) means integrating international perspectives into curricula in higher education in order to develop students' intercultural and international competence. Introducing international learning objectives in a purposeful way into higher education curricula provides the opportunity for all students to assimilate international skills. Objective: The objective of this study was to explore teachers' views about Internationalisation at Home and its possible development within nursing education. Method: Focus group discussions were carried out at one Lithuanian and two Swedish universities. The transcribed text from the discussions was analysed using qualitative inductive analysis. Results: The analysis generated two main categories: teachers' international competence needs to be improved in order for IaH to be introduced; and, implementing IaH should involve the entire university to be effective. Conclusion: Improvement of IaH in higher education is needed. Teachers should be introduced to the concept of IaH and given training in how to work to promote it. Students will receive the pedagogical benefit of an increased global awareness. This generic competence should prepare them to work internationally. It is essential that higher education institutions prioritise IaH and, via natural progression, incorporate the concept into their teaching and administrative practices.

Background: Highly qualified nurses are fostered by high quality educational institutions. Nurses are trained all over the world. Both the duration and the content vary globally. Nursing may differ across national borders and continents, but will also have some common characteristics. The nursing profession is grounded in nursing education. It is important for nursing education to meet future challenges due to global changes, to create more sustainable nursing programs. The aim of this study was to shed light on differences and similarities in learning outcomes in selected Nordic and Indonesian nursing educations. Methods: The study design was qualitative using a qualitative inductive content analysis as described by Elo and Kynga<spacing diaeresis>s. The data used were the leaning outcomes from curricula for nursing education from two institutions in higher education in Norway, one in Sweden, one in Denmark, and three institutions in Aceh, Indonesia. Results: The results showed that "Professional approach and practice" was the main category of the nursing curricula and included three generic categories; Theory, Skills and Nursing Practice. There were both similarities and differences. Some differences between the Scandinavian institutions and the institutions from Aceh Indonesia were the focus on ethical and moral aspects. In Aceh Indonesia, learning outcomes for entrepreneurship are included, whereas some of the Scandinavian institutions use the term innovation. Conclusion: International collaboration in nursing can yield shared knowledge. A transcultural perspective can lead to the enhancement of quality of nursing education as different countries learn from each other.

The aim of this grounded theory study was to explore late-adolescents' process of sexual development along with their information- and support-seeking behaviors in a Swedish context. Data were collected in semi-structured interviews with late-adolescents aged between 18 and 21 years in high schools in central Sweden. The results showed that late-adolescents' sexual development involved seeking for knowledge, discussing norms and attitudes, learning through interactions, and growing through practice and experience. Information- and support-seeking behaviors were observed throughout their developent. This study highlights that, in order to be able to provide adequate help and support, healthcare professionals need to have an awareness of the changing information and support needs of adolescents in our constantly changing and diverse society.

In this grounded theory study the aim was to explore professionals' experiences of promotion of adolescents' sexual health, and views on inter-professional collaboration in relation to this subject. Data collection was by five focus group interviews and two pair interviews with professionals working with sexual health promotion in health care and schools. The results showed that professionals were reaching out to young people through competence and trusting relationships along with working on a broader front. In conclusion, professionals need to be knowledgeable about the world of young people, accessible and able to offer adequate support, and improve their inter-professional collaborations.

In order for adolescents to learn about sex and relationships, the education must be of significance and meet their needs and interests. The study investigated adolescents’ conceptions of learning and education about sex and relationships. A phenomenographic approach was used. Six focus group interviews were conducted with adolescents ages 18–19 in Sweden. The results showed that stable ground for learning implies select issues of importance, that is, values and prejudices, up-to-date knowledge, and practical skills. These issues should be dispersed throughout the school years in relation to the students’ own maturity. This seemed to enable internalization of different aspects of sex and relationships. Learning about sex and relationships can create meaning for youth and generate progress by fostering autonomy and identity, correcting misconceptions, counteract prejudices, not in isolation rather in society in a defined culture.

Aim: This thesis aims to explore the transition from adolescence to emerging adulthood, related to adolescents’ sexual behavior, conceptions concerning sex, sexual relationships and sex education, their need for knowledge and support related to sexuality. A further aim was to explore professionals’ views on promotion of sexual health, and interprofessional collaboration in relation to adolescents’ sexual health. Methods: Both quantitative methods (I) and qualitative methods (II, III, IV) were used. In study I, 139 adolescents responded to a cross-sectional survey. The qualitative data was obtained through focus group interviews with 32 adolescents (II) and individual, pair and group interviews (III) with 26 adolescents. Further, 24 professionals participated in focus group interviews (IV). Findings: Adolescents’ reported a low level of sexual risk behavior and high self-esteem, yet put themselves at risk by inconsistent condom use (I). Learning about sex and relationships included values, knowledge and practical skills in relation to maturity, enabling internalization of different aspects of sexuality, creating meaning and fostering autonomy and identity (II). Developing sexuality involved changing needs for knowledge, discussing, interacting with others, and gaining experience (III). Professionals reached out to adolescents through competence and trusting relationships. It was important to keep up to date with changes regarding sexuality, to reach vulnerable groups, and include questions about sexuality in all health care contexts involving adolescents (IV). Conclusions: Adolescents’ needs for knowledge and support were constantly changing with development through learning, experience and interaction with peers, parents, and health professionals. Different efforts are necessary in sexual health promotion depending on age, maturity or gender in order to provide high quality nursing interventions in relation to adolescents’ sexual health.

Syfte: Avhandlingen syftade till att undersöka övergången från adolescens till ung vuxenhet relaterad till tonåringar sexuella beteenden, uppfattningar om sex, sexuella relationer och sex- och samlevnadsundervisning, samt deras behov av kunskap och stöd relaterad till sexualitet. Ytterligare ett syfte var att undersöka hälsopersonals syn på sexuell hälsopromotion och interprofessionell samverkan i relation till tonåringars sexuella hälsa. Metoder: Kvantitativa (I) och kvalitativa (II, III, IV) metoder användes. I studie I svarade 139 tonåringar på en enkät. De kvalitativa data inhämtades genom fokusgruppintervjuer med 32 tonåringar (II), och individuella-, par- och gruppintervjuer (III) med 26 tonåringar. Vidare deltog 24 hälsopersonal i fokusgruppintervjuer (IV). Resultat: Tonåringar rapporterade låga nivåer av sexuella riskbeteenden och hög självkänsla, men utsätter sig för risker på grund av inkonsekvent kondomanvändning. Lärande om sexualitet och relationer inkluderade värderingar, kunskap och praktiska färdigheter i relation till mognad, vilket möjliggjorde för internalisering av olika aspekter av sexualitet, skapade mening och främjade autonomi och identitet (II). Sexuell utveckling innebar ändrande behov av kunskap, diskussion, interaktion med andra samt att få erfarenheter (III). Personal nådde ut till tonåringar genom kompetens och tillförlitliga relationer. Det var viktigt att hålla sig uppdaterad med förändringar beträffande sexualitet, att nå sårbara grupper och att inkludera frågor om sexualitet i alla delar av hälso- och sjukvården som inkluderar tonåringar (IV). Konklusion: Tonåringars behov av kunskap och stöd är dynamiskt och förändrades genom lärande, erfarenhet, och interagerande med andra.  För att främja sexuell hälsa är olika insatser nödvändiga vilket måste anpassas till tonåringars ålder och mognad för att därmed leda till omvårdnadsinterventioner av hög kvalitet.

Adolescents today are living in an increasingly complex world and are actively involved in developing their sexuality and personal identity. Sexuality is something which is positive for adolescents and subsequently their experience of health. This thesis aims to explore the transition from adolescence to emerging adulthood, related to adolescents’ sexual behavior, conceptions concerning sex, sexual relationships and sex education, their need for knowledge and support related to sexuality.

Adolescents’ reported low sexual risk behavior, high self-esteem, yet inconsistent condom use. Adolescents’ needs for knowledge and support related to sexuality and relationships were constantly changing with increasing development which came through learning, experience and interaction with peers, parents, health professionals.  Different efforts are needed in sexual health promotion depending on age, maturity or gender. Nurses need to be aware of individuals’ changing needs for support along with the importance of timing interventions. This thesis shows important factors which should be used to assess adolescents’ needs, contributing to high quality nursing interventions in relation to adolescents’ sexual health.

Background: Negative consequences for sexual health may be caused by risky sexual behavior related to attitudes, norms and self-efficacy regarding sexuality. Research has not resulted in a consensus on the associations between self-esteem and adolescents’ sexual behavior.

Aims and objectives: The aim of the study was to describe high school students’ sexual behavior and self-esteem, along with investigating the relationship of attitudes, norms, self-efficacy, and self-esteem to sexual risk behavior. Another aim was to describe and compare gender differences in self-esteem and sexual risk behavior in high school students in a rural context.

Methodological design: A cross-sectional design was used. The participants were 139 high school students, 16 to 18 years of age, sample size was decided by power calculation, and systematic randomized sampling was used. The students replied to a questionnaire about self-esteem, factors affecting sexual risk behavior, and sexual behavior.

Results: Swedish high school students reported having few sexual partners, a low use of alcohol along with sex, yet a low consistency in condom use. The students reported both high basic self-esteem as well as earned self-esteem. Basic self-esteem was higher for male students while earned self-esteem was higher for female students. Significant correlations were found between self-esteem and some factors affecting sexual risk behavior related to condom use.

Conclusion: High school students exhibited positive sexual behaviors and high levels of self-esteem, yet they put themselves at risk by inconsistent use of condoms Our findings can contribute  the need of  to an awareness of  the role self-esteem, attitudes, norms and self-efficacy plays in adolescents’ sexual behavior. Nurses working at the youth clinics are in a key position to discuss sexual health issues with adolescents to promote healthy outcomes in sexual health.

Sammanfattning

Författare (Tillnamn, förnamn)

Unis, Brian

Arbetets titel

Sexuellt riskbeteende och självkänsla hos ungdomarOpublicerad uppsats för magisterexamen.

Karlstad: Karlstads universitet. Fakulteten för samhälls- och livsvetenskaper. Avdelning för samhällsvetenskap Social omsorgsvetenskap

Årtal2010

Sidoantal (tot)

47

Examensarbete 15 hp i Magisterprogrammet Hälsofrämjande arbete, folkhälsoarbete och socialt förändringsarbete i lokalsamhället.

Bakgrund: Attityder till sex och sexuellt beteende särskilt hos ungdomar har genomgått stora förändringar de senaste åren med ökning av sexuellt transmitterade infektioner (STI), i synnerhet klamydia i ungdomsgruppen och oönskade graviditeter. Många studier visar att det inte finns något samband, en del studier visar ett svagt samband och några studier visar ett positivt samband mellan självkänsla och sexuellt riskbeteende.

Syftet: Syftet med studien var att beskriva självkänsla och sexuella vanor hos gymnasieungdomar. Ett annat syfte var att undersöka attityder, normer och self-efficacy i relation till ungdomars sexuella beteende.

Metod: Studiens design var en tvärsnittsstudie. Tre mätinstrument har använts för att studera bassjälvkänsla (Basic Self-Esteem Scale, kort version), förtjänad självkänsla (Earning Self-Esteem Scale, kort version) och faktorer som påverkar sexuellt riskbeteenden (Sexual Risk Behaviour Belief and Self-Efficacy scales, SRBBS). Enkäten innehöll även tilläggsfrågor om sexuellt beteende. Ett systematiskt slumpmässigt urval gjordes bland ungdomar mellan 16 och 18 år från två gymnasieskolor i en glesbygds kommun i mellersta Sverige och 139 ungdomar deltog i studien. Enkäterna förmedlades via mentorerna för respektive klass. Svarsfrekvens var 38%.

Resultat: Resultat visar att ungdomarna har en god självkänsla. Killarna har ett signifikant högre värde för bassjälvkänsla medan tjejerna redovisar ett högre signifikant värde för förvärvad självkänsla. Ungdomarna hade en positiv attityd till kondomanvändning men cirka hälften var dåliga i att använda kondom. Attityder till samlag visade på en liberal inställning. En tredjedel av ungdomarna hade inte erfarenhet av samlag. Drygt hälften av dem som hade erfarenhet angav ingen eller en sexpartner de senaste 12 månaderna. Det var ovanligt att ungdomarna använde alkohol i samband med samlag. Det framkom att self-efficacy var god när det gällde att avstå samlag, att kommunicera om kondomanvändning och att köpa och använda kondom. Tjejer hade en signifikant högre self-efficacy i att avstå från samlag än killar.

Nyckelord: Självkänsla, sexuellt riskbeteende, adolescens