This essay argues that the prominent Elizabethan pedagogue Richard Mulcaster exerted a considerable influence on the narrative strategies of his pupil Edmund Spenser, especially as seen in Book I of The Faerie Queene. Where recent scholars such as Jeff Dolven and Andrew Wallace have maintained that Spenser was critical of many of the humanist practices they deem prevalent in the Elizabethan classroom, this study shows that such critique of humanism was already a basic part of the reformed curriculum at Merchant Taylors’ School, where Spenser received his early training under Mulcaster. The essay first provides a reading of Mulcaster’s main pedagogical text, Positions (1581), and then applies its key concepts to a reading of Book I of Spenser’s poem with a double emphasis on the hero of the poem, Redcrosse, and on the reader’s interaction with the text. The most important of these concepts is the seemingly innocuous term “circumstance.” Aside from being a key concept within forensic oratory, to “maister the circumstance” is for Mulcaster a shorthand for a cautious approach to the classical text studied in his classroom. The same strategy, this essay argues, is implemented in the poem. The reader must pay attention to the circumstances, with their rhetorical, pedagogical, and theological connotations, triggered in large part by the apparent inability of Redcrosse, the putative hero of the book, to do so. Additionally, as a subcategory of the rhetorical connotations, there is also the need to assess the use of names in the poem.

This essay investigates the printers’ devices found in early editions of Spenser’s The Faerie Queene. Such devices by definition function as early trademarks for the printers. However, there is still room for an inquiry into possible connections between the devices and the volumes they introduce. My main argument is that the device in later editions of The Faerie Queene is no longer primarily used as a printer’s trade mark but has become associated with the volume printed, and thus being part of the gradual expansion in the period of what Focault calls the “author function.” My approach will be deliberately narrow in that I will restrict myself to these title pages, and giving special attention to the printers’ devices.

An essay is presented which examines the use of William Blake's poem "And did those feet" ("Jerusalem"), in various contexts. The author explores the process by which Blake's poem has become a symbol of a class-based and militaristic system. According to the author, even as Blake became the Romantic writer who was the most influential in the 20th century, editors and scholars were slow to emphasize the political dimensions of Blake's art.