I en kurs om tidig konceptutveckling av digitala, interaktiva system med tänkta användare och test av färdiga system med användare lär sig studenterna  genom  praktiskt  arbete  att  använda  flera  olika utvärderingsmetoder. Eftersom kursdeltagarna är ansvariga för att rekrytera de testdeltagare (tilltänkta ”slutanvändare”) som ska ingå i de olika utvärderingarna under kursens gång har denna kurs inte gått på distans – campusformen har låtit undervisande lärare närvara vid pilottester, och studenterna har också fått observera andra studenter som utför pilottester för att medvetandegöra dem om betydelsen av testmoderatorernas beteende. Coronapandemin ställde nya krav på kursen även om tillåtelse fanns att använda lokaler på universitetet. Vid gruppernas rapport-redovisningar i helklass, vilka är viktiga för att grupperna kan lära av varandras misstag och goda föredömen, och vid handledning  av  grupper,  erbjöds  alltid  distansdeltagande  som alternativ. Studenternas detaljerade utvärderingsrapporter från varje utvärdering gör att vi kan följa enskilda studenters engagemang. Överlag gick rapportredovisningarna bra och likaså handledning. Sammantaget gjorde flera grupper ett eller två tester på distans (kursen omfattar totalt fyra olika varianter av användartester). Intressant nog visar skärminspelning med ljud från testerna att test på distans ibland hjälpte studenterna att vara mer observerande och mindre ledande i sin moderatorroll, vilket annars kan vara ett problem. En annan effekt var att studenterna lättare kunde få tag på testdeltagare, men här fanns också ibland inskränkning till kompiskretsen medan campusmiljönerbjuder en mer varierad population.

Kapitlet är baserat på erfarenheter från ett pågående samarbete mellan ämnena informatik och matematik vid Karlstads universitet, vilket har sitt ursprung i en UPE-konferens år 2022. I detta samarbete försöker vi utveckla tekniska hjälpmedel för matematikundervisning bland grundkursstudenter. Här finns två nyckelfaktorer. Dels involverandet av mastersstudenter i interdisciplinära projekt, dels utnyttjande av virtualiseringstekniker – virtual reality, augmented reality, mixed reality, extended reality – för interaktiva visualiseringar där även abstrakta begrepp blir påtagliga genom att de blir manipulerbara. Två försöksomgångar med ingenjörsstudenter under ett moment i linjär algebra visar hur virtualiseringstekniker på olika sätt kan bidra till motivation vid inlärning av abstrakta begrepp. Det exemplifierar också hur IT-studenter kan få nya infallsvinklar på sitt eget ämne genom att delta i interdisciplinära pedagogiska experiment.

In this text I reflect upon Eva-Maria Svensson's work on methodologies in Swedish legal scholarship. The discussion is inspired by apocalyptic themes developed by Frederico Campagna and Catherine Keller.

This study focuses on the stories of four newly arrived women and their choices of vocational education and profession. The study highlights the women’s life courses and addresses how their vocational skills from their home countries can influence their choices of vocational education and profession, and how these skills are utilised in Sweden. The study also examines the cultural, social, economic, and symbolic capital that emerges from the women’s stories. Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of capital is used to explain the women’s choices of vocational education and profession, suggesting a connection between the capital that women carry with them and their private and vocational experiences throughout their lives.

The result shows that the women’s choices of vocational education and profession are related to their previous life experiences and adapted to the efforts of the Swedish state to shorten the path to employment for adult immigrants through Yrkesvux, a combined education programme. Additionally, the women’s vocational skills from their home countries are mostly used through their own business activities in Sweden.

Newly arrived women’s vocational skills are changing the existing history of women’s skills and adding tasks that traditionally have not existed in Sweden, for example carpet tying, facial threading, and oriental cooking and baking. These skills must be cared for by the Swedish education system, which is constructed and reconstructed in step with technological development and social change. Caring for new professional skills can, for example, be to create conditions for young people to learn and develop these skills for the benefit of society.

Transhumant pastoralism, characterized by the seasonal movement of livestock, has been a traditional practice in various forms globally for millennia. The Scandinavian shieling system—specifically, the Kårebolssätern site—exemplifies this practice, where designated areas provide grazing and dairy processing facilities. However, many of these systems, including Kårebolssätern, have faced abandonment or decline, primarily due to modernization and industrial forces. An interdisciplinary research project compared Kårebolssätern’s history to other shielings in Sweden. The study utilized various methodologies, including pollen analysis, archaeological mapping, and historical documentation, to trace human impact and land use, indicating shifts between grazing and cereal cultivation. Findings demonstrated that Kårebolssätern had significant early cultivation of barley and hemp, and by the 13th century, its use intensified amidst changes in local agricultural conditions. Four chronological phases regarding the emergence and development of Swedish shielings over two millennia were detected. The results offer insights into the adaptability of shielings amidst socio-economic transformations. As modern pressures threaten the remaining shielings, preserving their historical significance and adaptive strategies may provide pathways for their future survival. The study ultimately highlights the resilience of pastoral practices within evolving landscapes.

Optimizing municipal solid waste (MSW) management through the production of valuable products and energy conversion is crucial to mitigate environmental damage and promote economic sustainability. This study focuses on addressing the MSW supply chain problem by exploring the optimal location for the waste treatment. The supply chain network encompasses MSW transfer stations, treatment facilities, and markets with product demands. The methodological approach entails constructing a superstructure, gathering relevant data, and analyzing the results. Both deterministic MILP and two stage stochastic model are used in this study. A deterministic mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model is employed to optimize the MSW supply chain problem, with the use of solver BARON. To account for uncertainties in supply–demand and transportation costs, a two-stage stochastic MILP model is developed. The deterministic equivalent approach is then employed to solve the stochastic model, resulting in an average solution across all scenarios. The decision variable pertaining to the selection of treatment technology locations is managed in the first stage. The second stage focuses on determining transportation and production-related decisions. Stochastic models can capture the inherent unpredictability of real-world systems by simulating a range of potential scenarios, helping to tackle uncertainty. To underscore the practical relevance of the mathematical programming formulation, a case study is presented and thoroughly analyzed.

Introduction: The impact of dental anxiety is profound. At the same time, dental anxiety is sometimes difficult to detect. Therefore, a patient-reported outcome measure is needed. The Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) is a short, internationally used self-assessment questionnaire for screening of dental anxiety. Aim: To cross-culturally adapt the original English MDAS to Swedish (MDAS-S), and to validate it in a Swedish setting. Materials and methods: The adaptation was conducted in accordance with recommended guidelines. Field testing was performed both among adults presenting for their regular dental check-ups and among adults diagnosed by a psychologist as dentally phobic. Results: The MDAS-S was formed during the adaptation procedure. Field testing included 246 adults presenting for their regular dental check-ups and 7 adults diagnosed with dental phobia. The MDAS-S score was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in the dentally phobic group than in the regular dental check-up group. Reliability was good with Cronbach’s Alpha values between 0.880 to 0.909. Test-retest of 37 individuals showed an excellent Intraclass Correlation Coefficient of 0.956. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) finds support for a two-factor model although with 78% shared variance between the factors. Conclusions: The MDAS-S demonstrates good reliability and appears valid as a screening tool for dental anxiety among Swedish adults.

Purpose: To explore the symptom cluster management process from the perspective of patients with lung cancer within the oncological care context. Methods: We used a constructivist grounded theory methodology to collect and analyze rich data from 15 patients with lung cancer via individual interviews and a two-dimensional symptom assessment scale. Results: A situational theoretical model describes the symptom cluster management process through the main category ‘To get through to survive’, with the category ‘Handling symptom clusters’ together with six sub-categories concerning the patients' management strategies and the category ‘Living with symptom clusters,’ together with two sub-categories describing the outcome in their daily life. Impacting conditions are incorporated in the model. Conclusions: Patients often feel left to their own devices to deal with symptom clusters and may not understand or foresee problematic circumstances as they manage their situations on a day-to-day basis. When symptoms are normalized and accepted, patients do not ask for support, or support is not being offered to them. Healthcare professionals should consider the peril of normalizing symptoms and the patients’ altered time perspective that stems from their approach of living one day at a time, in further development of nursing interventions and person-centered care for this population.

We present a finite-volume based numerical scheme for a nonlocal Cahn-Hilliard equation which combines ideas from recent numerical schemes for gradient flow equations and nonlocal Cahn-Hilliard equations. The equation of interest is a special case of a previously derived and studied system of equations which describes phase separation in ternary mixtures. We prove the scheme is both energy stable and respects the analytical bounds of the solution. Furthermore, we present numerical demonstrations of the theoretical results using both the Flory-Huggins (FH) and Ginzburg-Landau (GL) free-energy potentials.

Although ecosystem management and restoration are known to enhance carbon storage, limited knowledge of ecosystem-specific soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and processes hinders the development of climate-ready, biodiversity-focused policies. Baseline SOC stocks data for specific ecosystems is essential. This paper aims to: (i) examine SOC stock variability across major grassy ecosystems in Brazil and (ii) discuss data limitations and applications. We compiled the Grassland Synthesis Working Group dataset, which comprehensively aggregates SOC stocks data from published studies on main Brazil's grassy ecosystems. Our dataset results from systematic literature review and regional soil sampling datasets. The dataset provides spatially explicit SOC stocks, physical soil properties, and ancillary information from 182 studies (1996-2021) across 803 sites, spanning 35 degrees latitude and 28 degrees longitude. The dataset, structured in relational tables, reports soil C stocks and ancillary soil parameters at depths up to 100 cm. SOC stocks vary by grassy ecosystem types and sampling depth, with subtropical grasslands (Campos Gerais, South Brazilian highland grasslands, and Pampa) showing the highest SOC stocks across all depth layers (SOC 0-30 cm: 64.5-162.8 Mg C ha-1; SOC 0-100 cm: 137.6-224.7 Mg C ha-1). The tropical Cerrado and Amazon grassy ecosystems exhibit high SOC stocks, particularly in subsurface layers (SOC 0-30 cm: 53.6 and 38.3 Mg C ha-1; SOC 0-100 cm: 109.8 and 121.4 Mg C ha-1, respectively). Our data analysis shows high carbon stocks in natural/seminatural ecosystems, but some ecosystems are undersampled. The dataset on SOC stocks in grassy ecosystems could greatly aid Brazil's national greenhouse gas inventory.

The Peetre K-functional is a key object in the development of the real method of interpolation. In this paper we point out a less known relation to wavelet theory and its applications to approximation theory and engineering applications. As a new basis for further development of these studies we present some known properties in the form appropriate for further applications and then derive new information and prove some new results concerning the K-functional and its close relation to (almost) quasi-monotone functions, various indices and interpolation theory. In particular, we extend and unify some known function parameter generalizations of the standard real interpolation spaces (A₀, A₁) _ᶿ,q.

Objective: Chronic pain is a prevalent condition in older adults, associated with substantial distress. For many older people, chronic pain interferes with their daily life which is reflected in various life domains. This study aimed to investigate whether interactions among self-reported indicators of biological, psychological, social, and existential life domains differ for older adults with no pain, with non-interfering pain, and with interfering pain. Method: The study was based on the cross-sectional 65+ and Safe Study data (N = 622; age range 64–106 years; 60.6 % women). Network analysis was used to assess the inter-variable associations for older adults reporting no pain, non-interfering pain, and interfering pain separately. Network visualization and centrality tests were performed. Permutation-based analyses were conducted to investigate the connections among variables in three subgroups. Results: We identified a structural difference between the networks of older adults with no pain and interfering pain, suggesting differences in connectivity among the life domains. The strength centrality metrics showed the central role of presence of meaning in the networks of older adults with no pain and with non-interfering pain, while for older adults with interfering pain, anxiety appeared to be dominant. Conclusion: The findings illuminated that anxiety regulation and meaning-enhancement are potentially important intervention targets for older adults with recurrent pain. Overall, the study highlighted the value of a holistic biopsychosocial-existential approach for understanding and managing pain in older adults. © 2024 The Authors

While Internet Service Providers (ISPs) have traditionally focused on marketing network throughput, it is becoming increasingly recognized that network latency also plays a significant role for the quality of experience. However, many ISPs lack the means to continuously monitor the latency of their network. In this work, we present a method to continuously monitor and aggregate network latency per subnet directly in the Linux kernel by leveraging eBPF. We deploy this solution on a middlebox in an ISP network and collect an extensive dataset of latency measurements for both the internal and external parts of the network. We find that our monitoring solution can monitor all subscriber traffic while maintaining a low overhead of only around 1% additional CPU utilization. Our analysis of the latency data reveals a wide latency tail in the last-mile access, which grows during busy periods in the evening. Furthermore, we dissect the external network latency and uncover the latency profiles for the most popular autonomous systems.

Grant application abstracts represent a high-stakes academic genre, serving as a sales pitch targeting broad audiences. Using an approach that considers both rhetorical structure and appraisal resources, the present study contributes to our understanding of this under-researched genre, with a particular focus on its promotional nature. Through a manual analysis of a corpus of 120 abstracts of grant applications spanning a 12-year period in the domain of humanities, which have successfully secured funding from the largest governmental research funding body in Sweden, the study reveals a clear move structure, which seems stable across time. In addition, it provides evidence for the interaction between moves and appraisal resources. The implications for all stakeholders are discussed in the current context of scientific communication, which has become increasingly promotional.

Traditionally idea screening has been understood as a selection process, but recent studies have shown that idea evaluators engage in creative activities during screening. This approach has been conceptualized as generative idea screening. In this study, we analyzed how expert evaluators perform generative screening. By analyzing idea screening situations, we found that experts rely primarily on three types of generative activities that focus on adapting, concretizing, or changing an idea. Innovation managers can use this information to organize and direct generative activities during idea screening. We also discovered four idea screening processes: simple evaluation, simple modification, cyclical modification, and cyclical exploration. Adapting and concretizing an idea are prevalent activities in these four processes, which suggests that generative idea screening is best used for identifying and solving issues related to how an idea is presented and implemented. PRACTITIONER TAKEAWAYS: Generative screening is a creative process companies can use to improve upon initial ideas for innovation. Instead of asking experts to merely improve upon ideas, innovation managers can ask them to adapt the ideas to make them easier to implement; to concretize ideas to make them easier to understand; and/or to change the idea to encourage divergent thinking. Innovation managers can use generative idea screening as input for further ideation and harvest the experts’ creative potential more effectively, rather than solely focusing on identifying the most promising ideas during screening.

The study objective was to assess the effects of a five-week compassionate mind training for university students regarding symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress, and self-compassion compared with an active control group. Swedish university students were randomized to a compassionate mind training group or to an active control group. The outcome measures were. the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale, the Perceived Stress Scale 14, and the Self-Compassion Scale – Short Form. All outcomes were measured pre- and post-intervention. Data were analyzed with linear mixed-effects models. The only statistically significant difference between the groups were depression symptoms (p = 0.02, d = −0.40) corresponding to a slight clinically relevant improvement. The study's results are consistent with prior research suggesting that compassionate mind training may be beneficial for alleviating depression symptoms. However, the low baseline depression levels in this sample and the short duration of the intervention may limit the generalizability and the magnitude of the findings. The small sample size and relatively homogenous group, also point to the need for larger and more diverse samples. © 2024 The Authors

This paper explores the limitations of using algorithmic management on gig platforms in the Swedish basic service sector. We critically examine how the behaviour of all three actors in the triangular relationship between worker, platform and client deviated from the logic of app-based competitive bidding over the allocation of work; each being agential in bypassing the algorithmic management to engage in out-of-app activity. Our findings suggest the utility and limitations of algorithms differ between sectors of the gig economy. Crucially, the paper contributes to debates on gig worker agency by introducing the concept of opportunistic agency in the analysis of worker non-compliance. In focusing on more instrumental motivations for out-of-app activity our analysis offers a critical perspective on the pervasiveness, omnipotence and universality of algorithmic management.

BackgroundEndocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can cross the placenta and thereby expose the fetus, which may lead to developmental consequences. It is still unclear which chemicals are of concern regarding neurodevelopment and specifically behaviour, when being exposed to a mixture.ObjectiveThe objective is to determine associations between prenatal exposure to EDCs and behavioural difficulties. Furthermore, we investigated sex-specific associations and determined chemicals of concern in significant regressions.MethodsAssociations between prenatal exposure to EDCs (both as single compounds and their mixtures) and behavioural outcomes using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) were estimated in 607 mother-child pairs in the Swedish Environmental Longitudinal, Mother and Child, Asthma and Allergy (SELMA) study. Levels for chemical compounds were measured in either urine or serum (median of 10 weeks of gestation). Associations were estimated for the total SDQ score (quasipoisson regression) and a 90th percentile cut-off (logistic regression). Exposure for EDC mixtures (phenols, phthalates, PFAS and persistent chlorinated) was studied using weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression with deciles and with and without repeated holdout validation techniques. The models were adjusted for selected covariates.ResultsThe odds for behavioural difficulties increased in girls with higher chemical exposures (OR 1.77, 95% CI 1.67, 1.87) using the full sample and borderline for the validation set (OR 1.31, 95% CI 0.93, 1.85) with 94/100 positive betas in the 100 repeated holdout validations. Chemicals of concern for girls are mostly short-lived chemicals and more specifically plasticizers. No pattern of significant associations was detected for boys.SignificanceThere is an indication of increased behavioural difficulties for girls in the SELMA population with higher exposure to mixtures of EDCs. Using the repeated holdout validation techniques, the inference is more stable, reproducible and generalisable. Prenatal exposure to mixtures of environmental chemicals should be considered when assessing the safety of chemicals.ImpactGrowing evidence points towards a "mixture effect" where different environmental chemicals might act jointly where individual compounds may be below a level of concern, but the combination may have an effect on human health. We are constantly exposed to a complicated mixture pattern that is individual for every person as this mixture depends on personal choices of lifestyle, diet and housing to name a few. Our study suggests that prenatal exposure to EDCs might adversely affect the behaviour of children and especially girls. Hence, risk assessment needs to improve and sex-specific mechanisms should be included in assessments.

Societal Impact StatementWithout a robust construct, it is currently difficult for researchers to systematically assess and facilitate a societal shift toward greater plant awareness. Using a Delphi study, we take a first step towards such construct by developing a definition and testable dimensions. This paper proposes a first expert validated definition and three distinct dimensions that allow researchers to assess plant awareness and to identify and compare key influences on the construct across different socio-cultural groups. With this improved framework, research can support initiatives to promote plant awareness in society, a critical step in addressing challenges such as the climate crisis.Summary Research on plant blindness, plant awareness disparity, and plant awareness is currently separated using different terminologies. Having different terms for the same construct is disadvantageous for research, as ambiguous constructs can lead to important research being overlooked. In this study, we aim to provide a solution to this challenge by applying a Delphi study to integrate previous concepts into the new comprehensive construct of plant awareness. Delphi is a state-of-the-art method for reaching reliable expert consensus on multidisciplinary issues with its key features of anonymity, iterative questioning and feedback. Focusing on the methodology, we provide a transparent, and detailed, overview of how we applied this method to reach consensus on the plant awareness construct. As an outcome of our Delphi study, we provide an expert validated definition of plant awareness that is based on previous constructs, research, and expert consensus. This definition constitutes three key dimensions: attention, understanding, and attitudes. Experts found consensus on these three dimensions, their definition, and how increased plant awareness is expressed in relation to each of the dimensions. Finally, we identified several factors that are key to raising plant awareness. This validated definition alongside the differentiation of the three dimensions not only assists comprehension of previous research but for the first time opens the possibility of developing a valid and reliable tool to assess an individual's plant awareness. Therefore, this study significantly contributes to promoting research on plant awareness and consequently, towards fostering plant awareness as a common global goal.

A workflow for developing a cost- and time-efficient, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based assay for species and hybrid identification is described. In a reference set (n = 46), the developed assay identified individuals of two closely related species, the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L., n = 23) and brown trout (Salmo trutta, n = 23), with 100% accuracy. Furthermore, species and hybrid identification using field-collected embryos had 98.1% concordance (155/158) to more expensive and time-consuming methods that utilized multiple SNP markers. The method can be integrated into management and conservation plans to quantify species' spawning distribution and hybridization rates.

Using the Internet today, both end-users and automated systems rely on the Domain Name System (DNS) to translate human-readable domain names to IP addresses for communication between machines. This system from 1985 has only in recent years seen Internet standards addressing security and privacy concerns. In the position as a machine-in-the-middle between the client and the distributed hierachical system of authoritative name servers, we find the DNS resolver. Due to its purpose of forwarding, looking up, and caching queries and responses, in addition to its location between the clients and the name servers, the DNS resolver becomes a critical point for implementing these security and privacy features. The widespread adoption of these features, their variation in implementation, and impact on both clients and other name servers remain as interesting topics in the research community. The goal of this thesis is to analyze servers in the wild and conduct a comprehensive investigation into the security and privacy mechanisms configured on DNS resolvers. Using an Internet measurement approach, we explore the trends in the adoption and implementation of these features by generating and observing our own queries to and from the resolvers. We also investigate how clients and the DNS ecosystem as a whole are impacted by resolver configurations. We use and improve methods for measuring adoption of various security and privacy related features. Based on these measurements we report the current level of adoption and adoption over time, investigate anomalies, and identify limitations with measurement approaches. We fingerprint the software and version of popular open-source DNS resolvers by classifying query patterns. Comparing the ingress and egress resolvers we analyze forwarding behaviors and their impact on the availability and effectiveness of security and privacy features. We also cross-analyze features in DNS resolvers to find correlations, which could help us understand obstacles and find solutions to feature adoption.

Emotions play a significant role in history education, yet their impact remains a subject of debate. This theoretical article investigates how integrating perspectives on emotions from the humanities, particularly the history of emotions, can enrich research in history didactics and educational history. It proposes a three-step analytical model to examine the evolving role of emotions by focusing on (1) policy, (2) content and (3) interactions. This model facilitates research on emotions in history teaching in both contemporary and historical contexts, with a focus on the representation of emotions through language. The analytical framework is tested through a case study of history education in the 1860s Swedish grammar school. The author argues for recognising emotions as a crucial component of history education and incorporating concepts from the history of emotions into both didactics and educational history. This approach offers new insights into the emotional dimensions of history education, highlighting opportunities, challenges and areas of conflict.

This paper delves into the history culture and historical consciousness among high school students in Western Norway, drawing on a survey of 274 participants. It examines their perceptions of history and interests in the subject, employing both quantitative analysis of scaled questions and qualitative exploration of open-ended responses. Through pattern-matching, the study identifies key themes and perspectives in students’ answers, highlighting the significant influence of both epistemological and phenomenological aspects of history education in the expression of interests and relevance. Specifically, the research uncovers how students justify their interest or desinterest in history through four distinct chronotopes: actualisation, distanciation, anticipation and disconnection. The study advocates for history educators to cultivate a model of critical historical consciousness by encouraging social, cultural and political engagement and integrating metacognitive teaching activities that emphasize the question of historical relevance.

This article discusses how source criticism can be used as a method in history classes and how students and teachers experience the learning outcome. The study is based on an action research project at an upper secondary school in Norway. During two action periods, the students read a wide variety of historical secondary sources and wrote academic texts. Both students and teachers had a positive assessment of the students' learning outcomes. However, there was great variation among the students. There are several challenges associated with this method. About half of the students found it challenging to read advanced texts, they struggled with acquiring the content and to interpret and compare the content of the texts. Students need more training in reading strategies and in assessing texts critically and independently. In addition, and even more important, they need to develop an understanding of why this kind of competence is important. For this type of project to contribute to the pupils' development of competence, it is necessary to work systematically and long-term with source assessment, qualitative methods and academic writing. 

In most research fields, and for a delimited period, certain theories tend to gain a stronger position than others. Correspondingly, also the way in which theory is used tend to shift over time. New theories displace old ones, and the view of the functioning of the theoretical framework is changed (Tosh 2011; Grant & Osanloo 2014; Lingard 2015). Thus, in this article we have chosen to map a specific aspect of a specific research field, as expressed in a specific Nordic subject didactic journal. The purpose of this article is to analyse the use of theory in the 59 history didactic articles published in Nordidactica between the years 2011 and 2022. On a very general level, our findings shows that analytical categories often are formulated in advance. Hence, the chosen theories are also largely determining how the researched empirical data is evaluated and explained. The results imply that from a diversity perspective (cf. Bourdieu 1991; 1992; Bourdieu and Wacquant 1992) it would be valuable if, alongside those theory driven studies that, on the basis of a rather limited amount of ready-made analytical categories seek to evaluate or explain students' and teachers’ ability to think historically, there in the future also would be a greater number of studies who more openly try to interpret and understand human experiences of history and history teaching.

Introduction: Using the COVID-19 pandemic as an example of a national and international crisis, it has been possible to show how critical care nurses (CCNs) were affected by their work situation with impact on health and wellbeing. This study sought out to investigate how CCNs stress was affected and to provide some answers as to how to react and organize care in a future crisis. The specific focus was CCNs' stressors related supervision of nurses untrained in intensive care and how these were handled in a salutogenic perspective.Aim: The aim of this study was to analyze CCNs' experiences of supervision of nurses without training in intensive care during the COVID-19 pandemic, and to analyze these experiences with the help of the salutogenic concept sense of coherence.Materials and Methods: The phenomena under study were explored during the years of 2021-2022 through in-depth interviews and interpreted using deductive content analysis.Results: By analyzing CCNs experiences of supervising nurses without training in intensive care with the lens of sense of coherence, it was possible to show in what way these concepts influenced how to cope with the demanding situation. Sense of coherence was influenced by the inevitable prioritization of patient care and nursing interventions. This prioritization caused moral distress, but was also enhanced or decreased by CCNs sense of coherence.Conclusion: When recruiting and introducing new personnel in a future crisis to any field of healthcare, but particularly to the intensive care, we would, on the basis of these findings, suggest that well-established plans are vital for how to move personnel throughout the organization, and for how to introduce the field of intensive care. Plans for how to model care with the help of RNs without specialist training should be put in place. A communication plan for the organization is also of importance to enhance transparency.

Despite a long history of studies of vortex crystals in rotating superfluids, their melting due to quantum fluctuations is poorly understood. Here we develop a fracton-elasticity duality to investigate a two-dimensional vortex lattice within the fast rotation regime, where the Lifshitz model of the collective Tkachenko mode serves as the leading-order low-energy effective theory. We incorporate topological defects and discuss several quantum melting scenarios triggered by their proliferation. Furthermore, we lay the groundwork for a dual non-linear emergent gravity description of the superfluid vortex crystals.

Aim This study assessed the association between exposure to alcohol adverts on social media and alcohol use among university students in Uganda since alcohol consumption has severe effects, especially in countries with weak regulations for alcohol marketing.Methods In total, 996 undergraduate students at Makerere University responded to a questionnaire assessing exposure to alcohol advertising on social media (independent variable) and alcohol use (dependent variable). Adjusted multinomial logistic regression was used to analyse data.Results One in ten students reported hazardous drinking, while three in ten students were low-risk drinkers. Most students (70.1%) reported low exposure to alcohol adverts on social media, followed by high exposure (12.1%), and 17.8% reported no exposure. A key finding was that exposure to alcohol adverts on social media was significantly associated with alcohol use, especially the high exposure and hazardous drinking (odds ratio = 12.62, 95% confidence interval: 4.43-35.96). Students reporting high exposure to alcohol adverts on social media also had higher odds of low-risk drinking (odds ratio = 3.70, 95% confidence interval: 1.88-7.27) than those with low exposure (odds ratio = 1.77, 95% confidence interval: 1.09-2.87), in reference to no exposure.Conclusion Among Ugandan university students, exposure to alcohol adverts on social media is common and associated with alcohol use, in a dose-response manner. These findings suggest a need for a design and implementation of alcohol interventions for students using social media. Short Summary: Forty percent of students reported using alcohol, including hazardous alcohol drinking (10%). Most students were exposed to alcohol adverts on social media to some degree (low exposure, 70.1%; and high exposure, 12.1%). The exposure to alcohol adverts on social media was significantly associated with alcohol use. The association was strong for high exposure in relation to hazardous drinking.

Are differences between species the long-term consequence of microevolution within species, or does speciation involve fundamentally different processes? We analyzed the brain and body sizes of present-day primate species using a novel phylogenetic comparative method that decomposes the phenotypic covariance of these traits into speciational and anagenetic components. We estimated that approximately half of speciation events are accompanied by accelerated phenotypic change. Equivalent in magnitude to approximately 7 million years of gradual microevolution, such speciational changes in brain and body size account for about 58% of the phenotypic variation among extant species. Interestingly, speciational changes in brain and body size appear significantly less correlated (r approximate to 0.83) than gradual, microevolutionary changes in these same traits (r approximate to 0.97). This indicates that the strong allometric constraint that dictates microevolution in brain and body sizes is relaxed at speciation events. These results suggest that phenotypic evolution is not only accelerated during speciation but also involves events that seldomly occur at microevolutionary timescales.

Education for Sustainability (EfS) has been included in preschool teaching in several countries. Yet few studies investigate EfS in practice or the way learning environments affect teaching. This study investigates which learning environments and teaching strategies facilitate or, indeed, hinder EfS. An observational study was conducted at two preschools where the teaching and EfS practices of two teachers were observed both indoors, in the outdoor play area, and in the forest. Observations were analysed using qualitative content analysis and coded based on the teaching strategies and EfS practices in these three learning environments. An inductive analysis was then conducted to identify enablers and barriers for implementing EfS. Results show that planned teaching is the dominant teaching strategy indoors and in the forest but was absent in the outdoor play. Semi-spontaneous teaching was common in those learning environments that had been adapted to stimulate teaching. An enabler in the forest was movement in the place. In the outdoor play area, an adapted learning environment was an enabler just as it was indoors, where available teaching material was also an enabler for EfS. Barriers indoors were low expectations of children and the teacher's supervisory role in the outdoor play area. In the forest, a strict teaching structure was a barrier for EfS. This study shows that it is useful for a variety of EfS practices to use different learning environments, indoors and outdoors, as well as different teaching strategies and that preschool teachers might need in-service training to overcome the identified barriers.

The topics of this thesis are two-folded. The first part considers the derivation of exact norms of a class of general operators acting between weighted ℓ^∞-spaces, with possibly different weights in the domain and codomain, or of their restrictions to subcones of nonnegative or nonnegative monotone sequences. The results are applied to calculating exact norms for Cesàro and Copson operators, Cesàro and Copson operators minus identity, or to two-operators inequalities on ℓ^∞-spaces, with powerweights.

In the second part, we characterize the optimal non-absolute domain for the Hardy averaging operator minus identity, in all Lebesgue spaces. We also addressed the same problem for the dual Hardy operator minus identity.

Road verges can be important habitats for vascular plant communities and the organisms that, in turn, depend on them. However, the plant diversity in Swedish road verges is threatened by the invasive perennial plant Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of L. polyphyllus on species richness, diversity, and biotic and abiotic characteristics of dissimilar plant communities in road verges. The study was performed in 24 road verges of high nature value (i.e. with high flowering plant diversity) in central Sweden. We selected road verges within two study areas, one dominated by forest (west) and the other by agricultural land (east). In each road verge we established a pair of 1 m2 plots. One plot was dominated by L. polyphyllus while in the other plot L. polyphyllus either had very low occurrences or was completely absent. We investigated whether species richness, effective number of species, and the probability of occurrence of species belonging to three functional groups (based on their competitive ability and affiliation to nutrient rich soil) differed between plots with vs without lupine and if responses varied between the study areas. We found that L. polyphyllus reduced species richness and diversity of plant communities in road verges. However, we found that even though the direction of the effect was similar, the magnitude was strongly dependent on the pre-existing communities. Community composition differed between the study areas. The study area in the west hosted a lower proportion of competitive species typical for nutrient poor soils compared to the east. We conclude that invasion by L. polyphyllus is a serious threat to vascular plant communities but that the response is context dependent. Communities with high abundance of vulnerable and poor competitive plant species should be prioritised for eradication and control of the invasive.

BackgroundThe psychosocial needs of families in which a parent is affected by life-threatening illness and has dependent children are extensive. However, few family-based interventions have been scientifically evaluated and even fewer have been evaluated long term. Therefore, the specific objectives of this study were to describe the parents' perceptions of the timing and length of FTI in relation to the illness trajectory, to explore what activities learnt by the FTI still were practiced in the long-term and what content of FTI was perceived as most valuable to cope in the long-term.MethodsThis qualitative study involved a follow-up with nine parents (ill parents, n = 3, coparents, n = 6) 4 to 5 years after participating in FTI, where one parent was cared for in specialised palliative homecare. FTI is a psychosocial family-based intervention that consists of 6-11 manual-based meetings with the families led by an educated interventionist. FTI focuses on facilitating family communication about illness-related subjects, supporting parenting, and making the children's needs visible. The data collection consisted of interviews and was analysed according to the phenomenographic method, focused on variations in perceptions.ResultsThe parents perceived FTI as a way to alleviate feelings of loneliness, and some families were still using the obtained communication tools at the time of the interview. They also perceived that FTI contributed to the children being more open about their own feelings and thoughts. However, the parents wanted extended support after FTI ended based on their individual needs, for example, during and after bereavement, deteriorated health or occasional challenges faced by children in crisis. The parents perceived the peer support gained in conjunction with FTI as important social and emotional support both during and after the intervention. The interventionists were perceived as professional persons who promoted open and honest communication during FTI.ConclusionFTI is found to promote family communication both in a short- and long-term perspectives according to parents. They also found FTI useful in reducing their feelings of loneliness. Support over a longer period of time is desired and extra FTI meetings may strengthen the family as a whole in parallel with additional support for parents and children during the illness trajectory and in bereavement. They received support in dealing with strong and difficult emotions and learned conversational techniques that they still used at the time of the interview, indicating that the lessons learnt was integrated and valuable many years after the last FTI meeting.

Swedish schools offer two parallel subjects for the national majority language: Swedish (SWE) and Swedish as a second language (SSL). Several reports have shown disparities across schools in the country concerning the organisation of Swedish instruction for students with first languages other than Swedish. As headteachers are responsible for the organisation and quality of the instruction, this article aims to study headteachers' descriptions of providing Swedish instruction to second-language students in anticipation of the introduction of new compulsory school curricula (Lgr22) with revised syllabi. By applying theories of policy enactment, the study examines factors enabling or hindering the enactment and headteachers' interpretation of the new syllabi for SWE and SSL. Interviews were conducted with nine compulsory headteachers during the preparations for the new curriculum. The preparation for these curricula highlighted a range of problems within the school subject of SSL and headteachers had already taken measures to address certain shortcomings during the preparatory work. These measures may potentially contribute to increased quality and equity for students. The results of the study provide insights into the challenges and opportunities that headteachers experience in relation to the enactment of the syllabi, as well as shed light on the challenges associated with SSL.

In software engineering, organizational debt (OD) is a crucial but little-researched phenomena. OD refers to the accumulation of outdated structures, policies, and processes that hinder an organization’s advancement and adaptability. This multivocal literature review (MLR) synthesizes insights from software practitioners to elucidate OD causes, consequences, identification, and mitigation approaches that is considered a first step in illuminating the OD for software practitioners. After a thorough search, nine peer-reviewed articles and twenty-two recent blog posts on OD were included, indicating an emerging topic. Through inductive thematic analysis, four key topics emerged: definitions, causes like poorly managed change and siloed efforts, effects such as reduced innovation and agility, and mitigation strategies including agile principles, decentralized decision-making, and leveraging staff insights. While relying partly on non-peer-reviewed sources raises validity concerns, the review still provides a holistic and practical understanding of OD dynamics and complexities grounded in diverse perspectives. Further empirical research across diverse organizations would strengthen these preliminary findings. Effective OD management necessitates collaboration between academia and industry, considering technical debt (TD) best practices while tailoring interventions to OD’s distinct socio-technical characteristics.

Precise identification of recrystallizing grains in partially recrystallized microstructures is essential to obtain quantitative information regarding the recrystallization process. Automatic, robust, user-friendly, and unbiased identification methods that do not rely on hard-coded, preselected values would be highly advantageous. In this study, we test convolutional neural network instance segmentation models to achieve automatic segmentation of individual recrystallizing grains in partially recrystallized microstructures. Our training dataset includes micrographs obtained using electron backscattered diffraction from five alloys with different thermal-mechanical histories and more than 100,000 recrystallizing grains. We adapt and train two state of the art deep learning models, namely Mask R-CNN and PointRend. Both models provide instance segmentation results of good quality, enabling quantitative determination of the microstructural parameters. The PointRend model demonstrates better performance for grains with irregular shapes than Mask R-CNN. Compared to conventional methods, the trained deep learning approach is easier to use, more flexible, and applicable to a wide range of materials. 

In this study, the strategy-as-practice (SAP) perspective was adopted to gain a deeper understanding of how servitization is realized and unrealized through everyday micro-level activities. Three concepts that help understand servitization at the everyday micro-level were identified: (1) servitization practices, i.e. the instructions or templates that practitioners use to engage in servitization; (2) servitization practitioners, i.e. the individuals who are involved in concrete servitization work; and (3) servitization praxis, i.e. the actual activities performed. By applying these concepts to an empirical study of two manufacturing firms, this research makes three contributions to the servitization literature. First, it shows that the concepts of servitization practices, practitioners, and praxis can effectively guide future research on servitization through everyday micro-level activities. Second, it identifies specific servitization practices, practitioners, and praxis. Third, it develops a framework that describes how servitization is realized and unrealized on the everyday activity micro-level from an SAP perspective. On the basis of these contributions, propositions are put forward, and managerial implications are outlined. 

Carbazole-based self-assembled monolayer (SAM) materials as hole transport layers (HTL) have led organic solar cells (OSCs) to state-of-the-art photovoltaic performance. Nonetheless, the impact of the alkyl spacer length of SAMs remains inadequately understood. To improve the knowledge, four dichloride-substituted carbazole-based SAMs (from 2Cl-2PACz to 2Cl-5PACz) with spacer lengths of 2-5 carbon atoms is developed. Single crystal analyses reveal that SAMs with shorter spacers exhibit stronger intermolecular interactions and denser packing. The molecular conformation of SAMs significantly impacts their molecular footprint and coverage on ITO. These factors result in the highest coverage of 2Cl-2PACz and the lowest coverage for 2Cl-3PACz on ITO. OSCs based on PM6:L8-BO with 2Cl-2PACz as HTL achieved high efficiencies of 18.95% and 18.62% with and without methanol rinsing of the ITO/SAMs anodes, corresponding to monolayer and multilayer structures, respectively. In contrast, OSCs utilizing the other SAMs showed decreased efficiencies as spacer length increased. The superior performance of 2Cl-2PACz can be attributed to its shorter spacer, which reduces series resistance, hole tunneling distance, and barrier. This work provides valuable insights into the design of SAMs for high-performance OSCs.

Consumer co-creation, an approach in which consumers and organizations jointly innovate, can yield valuable knowledge about consumers' needs and how to satisfy these needs. Yet, innovating with consumers is challenging due to their varying levels of commitment, skills, and motivations. In this research, we focus on challenges we cluster as cognition- and affect-driven and examine how these challenges can be addressed using a design thinking approach. Building on the insights gained from interviews with key co-creation stakeholders (n = 73) and three focus groups with experts in design thinking and co-creation, we develop a grounded process model facilitating co-creation with consumers. More specifically, we distill three co-creation phases (labeled as co-creating context, content, and confluence), consisting of eight constituent activities and resulting dynamics that are cognitive or affective in nature. The distilled affective dynamics manifest in ideation confidence, empathy for diverse perspectives, pleasurable engagement, and being creatively inspired; the distilled cognitive dynamics manifest in an expanded knowledge base and an enhanced ability to analyze and evaluate information. Our grounded model is integrative and responds to calls to further examine affective influences within innovation and organization. Furthermore, our research advances the theoretical substance of design thinking by explaining underlying mechanisms at play that make design thinking an effective approach. Finally, our results add to the literature on consumer co-creation by developing a robust process model that leverages design thinking and adopts a multistakeholder approach to optimize consumer co-creation outcomes. In terms of managerial implications, our research presents a structured framework with phases and (micro)activities that will help organizations to actively involve consumers in their innovation process.

Hydropower dams come with high ecological and social costs, not least concerning longitudinal connectivity in rivers, which causes declines and sometimes local extinctions of fish species. Fishways are widely used to allow fish to pass dams, but their efficiency is highly variable between species and sites. Many species, and at places entire fish communities, remain understudied, likely hindering the implementation of effective remedial measures. Here, we studied fish passage behaviour in a vertical slot fishway in the Po River, Italy. Almost 1000 individual fish of nine species, representing the local fish community, were tagged and released within and downstream of the fishway. The only species passing the fishway at relatively high numbers were potamodromous barbel and Italian chub, and for these species passage success was positively related to fish size. Passage was more likely to occur at night than during the day for barbel, but not for chub. In relation to the dispersal of invasive species, it is noteworthy that a few individuals of wels catfish and common carp passed the fishway.

This article engages with the installation of the Iranian artist Minoosh Zomorodinia, Knots and Ripples (2017), through what we call "unsettling intimacies". This concept is inspired by philosopher Mariana Ortega's notion of "aesthetic unsettlement". In our reworked application of the concept, we argue that in this mixed-media installation, an unsettling intimacy emerges that connects different tropes of Otherness (migrant and nature) in the context of global climate change. Through our engagement with the installation and conversations with the artist, we suggest that Knots and Ripples enacts a complex, posthuman, affective space of response-ability that draws on poetics, ethics and politics of affective communality beyond the boundaries of human and nonhuman. Following the artist's conceptual metaphor of dakhil (tying a knot into a string for a wish to come true), and connecting it to unsettling intimacies, we engage with water as a posthuman figuration, one that connects an Iranian cultural practice, Islam, a hijab-wearing female artist, water vulnerabilities and more in hopes of liveable futures. Dakhil becomes a collective approach to the idea of thinking the world otherwise, that is to say a world-making practice.

Analogies are common explanatory tools in science teaching and have long been appreciated for their function to facilitate students' learning of abstract scientific concepts, to stimulate engagement and motivation and to let students practice scientific language. At the same time, there is a risk that analogies may cause misconceptions. Therefore, teachers must have competence in how to use analogies in science teaching. Based on the question 'What do science teachers need to know, consider and master for fruitful teaching with analogies' we reviewed the research literature about teaching science with analogies. Applying a systematic integrative review approach, we identified key aspects of teaching with analogies that, based on a competence model, were constructed into the new Analogy Competence for Science Teachers (ACT) framework. The framework is aimed to guide and support teachers in planning and performing fruitful science teaching with analogies. Compared to previous teaching models, the ACT framework to a greater extent accentuates factors related to teachers' expertise and knowledge about the educational functions of analogies relating to the planning, selection, and instruction aspects of the teaching process, in addition to the conceptual considerations of analogies. The ACT framework has implications for science education and science education research.

Motivational interviewing (MI) is a collaborative communication style used to increase individuals' motivation. This study explored teachers' experiences of implementing school-based MI after participating in a compulsory teacher professional development (PD) programme. 23 teachers, teaching in grades 7-9, received school-based MI training. Four qualitative focus group interviews were conducted and reflexive thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. Four main themes were generated: MI as a useful professional tool, Facilitators for MI implementation, Challenges when applying MI in practice, and Top-down as a barrier to implementation. Findings show that MI provides professional tools that facilitate teachers' relational work, and teachers suggested that MI training should be an element of teacher education. This study highlights the importance of designing PD programmes that are consistent with teachers' needs in practice. When applying MI in schools, several challenges were identified: to balance the fostering teacher role, lack of time, and students' lack of maturity. Hence, this study emphasises the need for ongoing training, allocated time, and well-defined objectives when implementing MI in schools. This study provides novel insights into the perceived benefits and challenges of MI training for teachers, thus providing valuable information for teacher educators and school leaders.

Protest mobilisation and coordination require competences that extend beyond political leadership and communication. Technology, which has become a daily part of humanity, pushes protest leaders to obtain skills in navigating social media to achieve effective communication and leadership. Labour practices behind protest mobilisation are gradually complexifying and require a broadening of our understanding of human actions behind the implementation of technological solutions in the context of political protests. Focusing on the example of the Belarusian protests of 2020, this article examines the human and non-human labour behind the production of protest mobilisation content, protest coordination, and protest reporting. Based on semi-structured interviews with 18 respondents, the paper is the first to examine the practices and routines of Telegram channel editors and moderators, activists, politicians, and marketing specialists. The analysis contributes to our understanding of protest-related labour, which is often unseen and divided between humans and technology, and its consequences for the protest movement.