There are considerable numbers of studies showing that women and men in Sweden work in different sectors and in different occupations; also that men to a greater extent than women work in higher hierarchical positions. Not only are segregation patterns persistent, but wage differences as well. Even though the wage gap between men and women in Sweden has decreased, it still persists. The article starts with a discussion of the framework for wage setting and more specifically regulations aiming at eliminating gendered wage differences at a more general level. Then we turn to a specific case study where we describe methods and data used. This is followed by two empirical sections, where the first is a quantitative description of segregation and wage patterns found between the two occupations in question. The second part is based on qualitative data and presents and analyses the wage formation process as experienced by these two groups. The article gives an illustration of both how decentralized wage negotiations and individualization of wage work for the higher educated employees and it also presents an aspect of the formation of gendered wage differences.
This volume addresses if and to what extent gender divisions in working life are changing. The contributors discuss the implications from a labour market perspective and a family-work level perspective which are combined to discuss if and where patterns of gender integration can be found.The research is presented from several European countries as well as the US. The countries researched have different labour market regimes and research approaches, providing comparative and international perspectives. A wide range of related issues are tackled including questions of methodology and measurement, as well as segregation patterns, welfare state provisions and the use of parental leave
Skapar de nya arbetsmarknads och arbetslivsförhållanden möjligheter till en uppbrytning av rådande segregationsmönster eller skapar de nya former av underordning? Vi har i denna studie varit intresserade av könstillhörighetens och den etniska bakgrundens betydelse för individens möjligheter att hitta en plats i det som har kommit att kallas Õdet nya arbetslivetÕ. Genom intervjuer med företrädare för näringslivet inom Norrköpings kommun har vi försökt att kartlägga vad som utmärker Õdet nya arbetslivetÕ och belyst dess effekter på bevarande eller uppbrytning av segregationsmönster. Rapporten innehåller resultaten från kartläggningen och avslutas med förslag på angelägna frågor för fortsatt forskning.Författarinformation:Lena Gonäs är professor i arbetsvetenskap vid Karlstads universitet och Wuokko Knocke är docent i sociologi. Båda författarna är verksamma inom projektet Kön och Arbete vid Arbetslivsinstitutet i Stockholm
Offering a comprehensive cross-disciplinary perspective, the chapters discuss the economic, political and social factors that shaped HRM in each country, including the role of national labor movements and labor law regimes. The authors also provide an examination of HR practices and systems within firms, starting with rudimentary hiring and compensation a century ago, progressing to personnel and industrial relations programs in the last century, and culminating in modern human resource management practices today, including strategic high-performance systems. This book is the first to identify the commonalities and differences in HRM both across nations and over time.
Syftet är att studera orsakerna till de osakliga löneskillnader som registrerats vid lönerevisionerna vid Karlstads universitet år 2000 till 2002. Syfter mynnar ut i den övergripande frågeställningen: Vilka processer medverkar till att skapa och återskap de osakliga löneskillnaderna mellan kvinnor och män? Denna frågeställning är i sin tur nedbruten i tre delar:1. Hur ser könsfördelning och lönesättning ut vid Karlstads universitet i allmänhet ut och mer specifikt för adjunkter och lektorer?2. Skiljer sig arbetuppgifter och arbetets krav mellan adjunkter och lektorer och i så fall på vilket sätt?3. Vilken kunskap har dessa yrkesgrupper om jämställdhetslag och lönebildning och har man kunnat använda denna kunskap i de egna löneförhandlingarna? Finns det könsvisa skillnader?Frågeställningarna behandlas i var sin delstude sompresenteras sammantaget i rapporten. Del ett svarar mot den första frågeställningen och beskriver hur kvinnor och män fördelas inom universitetet med avseende på t.ex. yrke och avdelning samt hur löneskillnaderna ser ut och kan förklaras. I den andra delen tillämpas en metod för arbetsvärdering av lektorers och adjunkters arbetsuppgifter i relation till lön. I den tredje delen presenteras hur anställda vid Karlstads universitet ser på jämställdhetslagen och hur den kan tillämpas i den egna situationen
The objective of this paper is to analyze changes in the development of women's role as labor force over a 40-year period. This is done by presenting research results that concern the restructur-ing of the labor market over different time periods. The empirical material is from the 1960s, the heyday of the Swedish model; from the 1980s, the period that economic historians label the third industrial revolution; and from the 1990s, a period labeled the new working life that is covering the reorganization of the public sector.For the first period results from restructuring in the shipyard industry are presented as well as employment outcomes for single individuals. This industry was male dominated with very few women employed, but regional policy measures were implemented to reach a latent female labor force. The second period is covered by a study of closures and cutbacks in different industries in Sweden during 1982–1983. The proportion of women employed in the industries studied was around one third and employment outcomes had a specific gendered pattern. Women did to a lower extent than men get new permanent jobs. Permanent temporariness was introduced as a concept to describe their labor market situation.The recession that one decade later hit both female- and male-dominated sectors is il-lustrated by a study of the relations between labor market attachment, working life, and family conditions. The material comes from a regional research program based on a questionnaire and on register data on incomes from 1990 to 1999. The paper analyzes several areas related to work and outside of work that indicate a gendered pattern of multidimensional subordination and an increased polarization in terms of both gender and class. In conclusion, the 40 years has been a period of dramatic change in women's situation as labor force. In times of restructuring they often entered into precarious job situations or unemploy-ment. Women's double burden proved remarkably resilient when explaining gender differences in employment and working conditions.