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  • 301.
    Lagin, Madelen
    et al.
    Dalarna University.
    Hakansson, Johan
    Dalarna University.
    Nordstrom, Carin
    Dalarna University.
    Nyberg, Roger G.
    Dalarna University.
    Öberg, Christina
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013). Ratio Institute.
    Last-mile logistics of perishable products: A review of effectiveness and efficiency measures used in empirical research2022In: International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, ISSN 0959-0552, E-ISSN 1758-6690, Vol. 50, no 13, p. 116-139Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose Current online business development redistributes last-mile logistics (LML) from consumer to retailer and producer. This paper identifies how empirical LML research has used and defined logistic performance measures for key grocery industry actors. Using a multi-actor perspective on logistic performance, the authors discuss coordination issues important for optimising LML at system level. Design/methodology/approach A semi-systematic literature review of 85 publications was conducted to analyse performance measurements used for effectiveness and efficiency, and for which actors. Findings Few empirical LML studies exist examining coordination between key actors or on system level. Most studies focus on logistic performance measurements for retailers and/or consumers, not producers. Key goals and resource utilisations lack research, including all key actors and system-level coordination. Research limitations/implications Current LML performance research implies a risk for sub-optimisation. Through expanding on efficiency and effectiveness interplay at system level and introducing new research perspectives, the review highlights the need to revaluate single-actor, single-measurement studies. Practical implications No established scientific guidelines exist for solving LML optimisation in the grocery industry. For managers, it is important to thoroughly consider efficiency and effectiveness in LML execution, coordination and collaboration among key actors, avoiding sub-optimisations for business and sustainability. Originality/value The study contributes to current knowledge by reviewing empirical research on LML performance in the grocery sector, showing how previous research disregards the importance of multiple actors and coordination of actors, efficiency and effectiveness.

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  • 302.
    Lans, Gustav
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Department of Geography, Media and Communication.
    Jonas, Skogfält
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science.
    Två metoder av finutsättning och dess noggrannheter2013Independent thesis Basic level (university diploma), 5 credits / 7,5 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    This report describes a study of two different methods to achive the best possible result in setting out apartment details. These two methods are the setting out of details with a measuring tape from baselines and the setting out procedure with an instrument (totalstation).Through our knowledge in surveying and mapping technology and help from a carpenter, this investigation has been implemented. The setting out using a tape has been performed by letting the carpenter to set out windows, bathroom and water- and drain-details from baselines and drawing. The setting out using a surveying instrument was carried out by means of a Trimble Total Station. These two methods have been compared in order to detect and show the difference that occurs.The report shows the investigation background story from the practice of Swedish Mätcenter in Karlstad.A result of differences in accuracy and time is described in the report, as well as their theoretical consequences

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  • 303.
    Larsson, Carl-Albin
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Energy, Environmental and Building Technology.
    Palosaari, Alexander
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Energy, Environmental and Building Technology.
    Förändrad utformning av den traditionella gipsskivan: Innovativ utformning som ställs mot den traditionella gipsskivan2022Independent thesis Basic level (university diploma), 15 credits / 22,5 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Every year the production of gypsum plasterboards increases around the world, in Europe alone more than 1,500 million square meters of gypsum wall and ceiling are being built. The reason why gypsum plasterboards is used in such magnitude is due to its many advantages, such as fire-repellent, sound-insulating and windproof. The gypsum companies are constantly working to develop the gypsum mixture to get additional benefits and new properties of the boards. Developing the mixture does not alter the design, which has been more or less the same since the end of the 19th century. When 900 mm wide gypsum plasterboards are being assembled, at least 40 screws per board are required, most of which are screwed above shoulder and below waist height. These movements pose an increased risk of work injuries and the high number of screws makes the assembly time-consuming. In addition, filler is required in joints and over screw heads to get a smooth surface. The problem gave the idea to develop a new gypsum plasterboard with an altered design.

    The purpose is to investigate whether an altered design of a traditional gypsum plasterboard can streamline the assembly and also contribute to more sustainable construction. The work aims to develop a well-functioning gypsum plasterboard that generates the majority of positive effects that improve ergonomics, streamlines the assembly and reduces the consumption of screws and fillers.

    The new plasterboard was named OL-plasterboard, the long sides of the plasterboard are designed with protrusions whose thickness is half the total thickness of the board. The new design is based on joining two boards on a column with a common attachment. Through theoretical and practical tests, the OL-plasterboard was compared with a standard gypsum plasterboard, GN-13, where the results show a reduced assembly time by 25%, a reduction of screw by 30% and a reduction of filler by 50%. The results prove a more efficient assembly and a positive contribution to sustainable construction.

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  • 304. Larsson, Elin
    et al.
    Melin, Susanne
    Östlund, Erik
    Skanska och KBAB:s partneringsamarbete: Kommunikationsrutiner2011Independent thesis Advanced level (professional degree), 15 credits / 22,5 HE creditsStudent thesis
  • 305. Latof, Mohamad
    et al.
    Barati, Elias
    Arbetsmiljöpåverkan vid val av stommaterial: En jämförelse av arbetsmiljö med avseende på risk och olyckor i projekt med prefabricerad betong respektive KL-trä2021Independent thesis Basic level (university diploma), 15 credits / 22,5 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    As shown by many contemporary studies, cross-laminated timber – a relatively new construction material – has seen increased used as a frame material in Sweden in recent years. In most previous case studies, frame materials were often compared in terms of environmental impact, construction time and economy. One such study showed that carbon dioxide emissions are twice as large when working with prefabricated concrete elements. Therefore, the authors have chosen to examine the work environment more thoroughly; the work environment is thus the basis for the comparison in this study, with a focus on the production phase.

    In this study, the work environment is examined and compared in two different completed projects. One project consists of cross-glued wooden elements and the other of prefabricated concrete frame. This project is carried out in collaboration with the company Skanska. The construction industry is constantly evolving, changing from day to day; as a result, it can be difficult to create order and a healthy work environment when there are several corporations involved in the same project. Each project is unique and has its own requirements for the work environment, which in turn makes it difficult for management to create a good work environment for the employees. Abiding by the regulations concerning the working environment is also not easy due to the many individuals that move through it, from customers to the various contractors. This can lead to risky work situations, which in turn increase the likelihood of occupational injuries. 

    The methods used to answer the study's questions consist of a literature study, a case study and a qualitative study. The literature study provided information about basic laws and regulations regarding work environment issues. The case study, which involved two different cases, allowed for a better understanding of the real situations and events that occur at construction sites. With the help of the interview surveys, the authors were able to get answers to the specific questions that could not be answered through the literature study alone.

    It was concluded that, from a work environment perspective, the use of concreteinvolves greater risks than that of cross-glued wood. The results of the risk analysis carried out during the various work steps likewise showed that the use of cross-glued wood as a frame involves less risk than concrete. The information obtained through the interviews also corroborated these results.

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  • 306.
    Laurell, Samuel
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013).
    Terrester fotogrammetri med Trimble V10 Imaging Rover - Mätosäkerhet och leveransformat: Test av Trimble V10 Imaging Rover och Trimble Business Center2017Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 15 credits / 22,5 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The most common methods for collecting geographical information are currently through GNSS and total station or via traditional photogrammetry and laser scanning. The Trimble V10 Imaging Rover is an instrument that consists of 12 calibrated cameras with scanning function. This instrument serves as a compliment to traditional measurement methods such as GNSS and total station. The result of data collection with the Trimble V10 are measurable 360 ​​degree panoramas. Based on these panoramic images, measurements can be performed photogrammetically in the Trimble Business Center (TBC) software. Point clouds can also be generated in TBC based on these panoramic images.

    In this study, measurement uncertainty for the Trimbe V10 is tested at different distances from the measurement point. This to show what constraints the instrument has and which measurement uncertainty can be achieved at different measuring distances. The result shows that distances within 25 m provide a mean error in plane of less than 2 cm. The average error then increases by about 2 cm per 25 m. A distance of more than 100 m gives an average error above 1 dm. In height measurement, the average error is lower and is less affected by the measurement distance. The average error in height is between 8 mm for the shortest measurement distance of 10 m and 2 cm for the longest measurement distance of 120 m.

    The positioning of the Trimble V10 can be done with GNSS or with total station. In this study, tests are performed for which method of positioning establishment that provide the lowest measurement uncertainty. The results show that the differences between the establishment methods are equal in plane measurement. In height the total station etablishment has a lower measurement uncertainty than GNSS.

    In order to be able to perform photogrammetically calculations, images taken from at least two positions are required. A smaller test was performed in this study to assess whether the number of images used for photogrammetric calculation affects the result. That is, if a higher number of photo stations used results in lower measurement uncertainty. According to the result in this study, this is not the case.

    Because TBC was used to calculate data received from the Trimble V10, deliverables were investigated for 3D and 2D models, point clouds and panoramas. This was done to see which fileformat is best suited for data delivery to customers who do not have access to TBC. The fileformats tested in this study were the CAD formats DWG and DXF as well as the XML-format LandXML. For point clouds, the fileformats LAS and XYZ were tested. Panoramic images are tested by export to JPEG, HTML, and KMZ formats. The results show that DWG and DXF manage to handle 3D models exported from TBC with some shortage. LandXML only succeeds in managing points in 2D. The LAS and XYZ point cloud-files manage to store the same data, but LAS can be read by more software and is a smoother format for generating point clouds in TBC with. No comparison of panorama delivery routes could be performed when HTML and KMZ export failed.

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  • 307.
    Lennartsson, Marcus
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences (from 2013).
    Underentreprenörers uppfattning av NCC:s säkerhetsarbete: En undersökning om underentreprenörers uppfattning av NCC:s säkerhetsinformation och säkerhet på deras byggarbetsplatser2023Independent thesis Basic level (university diploma), 15 credits / 22,5 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    One industry where workplace safety is constantly in focus and careful preventive measures to prevent accidents is the construction industry. There, a lot of effort is put into the safety of the employees with laws, regulations and requirements for everyone who enters a construction site. Despite all the measures taken to reduce injuries and accidents, the construction industry accounts for over 20% of all work-related accidents in Europe. In 2021, there was an occupational accident of 10.8 / 1000 workers in Sweden, which is significantly higher than the average for all occupational categories in Sweden. In an industry where the biggest causes of workplace accidents are stress, carelessness and lack of communication. As there are many actors and many different companies with different cultures around safety, communication between general contractors and subcontractors is very important.

    The purpose of the study is to investigate how subcontractors to NCC perceive NCC's public order and security rules and to find out how subcontractors follow NCC's public order and security rules. If the subcontractor does not follow public order and safety rules, the study must also find out if it is due to communication problems, organizational problems, lack of knowledge on the part of workers or lack of discipline on the part of workers.

    The study is based on interviews, a survey and observations. Interviews have taken place with three project managers at subcontractors [UE] who often work for NCC and one person from NCC's site management on one of NCC's ongoing projects. Questionnaires have been distributed to the same subcontractor's employees, where a total of 21 people answered, and observations have been made regarding how subcontractors follow NCC's order and safety rules.

    The result shows that UE to NCC receives sufficient information regarding NCC's order and protection rules to be able to ensure that their employees must comply with the rules. UEs receive the rules before they arrive at the workplace and during workplace induction. To ensure that UE employees comply with the NCC's order and safety rules, project managers at UE must be more active and be more out in their employees' workplaces. Together with NCC's site management, project managers at UE must have an active dialogue regarding how their employees manage safety. Improvement work that exists for NCC site management is that they need to be more out on the construction site and be active in ensuring that everyone follows the order and safety rules. NCC site management must ensure that their YAs comply with the rules to increase the chances of UEs also complying with the rules.

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  • 308. Levein, Linn
    Vegetationsbrand – tillgänglighet och personskaderisker vid släckningsarbete identifierade med GIS: Fallstudie i Arvika kommun2020Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 15 credits / 22,5 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    In the future, more wildfires are expected in Sweden because of increasing temperature and changing precipitation. To being able to effectively distribute the resources of the firefighters, information about accessibility and fire tendency can come in handy. In order to avoid unnecessary risks, areas with potential hazard for the firefighters should be examined. The purpose of this study is to analyse how fire tendency, accessibility and personal injury risk varies in Arvika municipality, Sweden. Raster analysis and weighted overlay were applied in this study to examine fire tendency using the factors: crown closure, slope, aspect, the stage of stand development and vegetation. Accessibility was calculated including the following factors: distance to roads, distance to water, driving time, slope, the stage of stand development and vegetation. The personal injury risk was calculated by the following factors: electrified railways, polluted areas, power lines, slopes and military areas. The results show a high fire tendency in a few areas. Most of the areas have a fire tendency value between 4. 1–6 out of 10. Areas with a good or very good accessibility covers 98 % of the study area. Only a few spots have a very low accessibility. Areas with a low or very low personal injury risk covers 92 % of the study area. In the next part sites, with wildfires reported too MSB between 2008–2019 were studied. Wildfires larger than 10 000 square meters were studied again. Aspect was considered as a factor with a high impact on fire tendency. The major factor of the accessibility is distance to the road and the vegetation of those places. Polluted areas have the largest risk for extinguishing the fire in those places. Fire tendency shows its peaks in areas with slopes and aspect to the south or southwest thanks to the results. Flat areas receive a low risk of fire tendency. Accessibility is lowest in the outer parts of the study area, especially the southern and northern parts. Areas with risks for firefighter injury are concentrated to electrified railways and power lines, especially those that cross polluted areas. However, not all the polluted areas have been investigated in this study, therefore the effect of the pollution on the people’s health is uncertain.

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  • 309.
    Lidén, Mikael
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science.
    Nordström, Sofia
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science.
    Svanenmärkning av småhus: Kan Faluhus uppnå en Svanencertifiering?2008Independent thesis Basic level (professional degree), 15 credits / 22,5 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Eco certification of small houses

    To construct an environmental friendly building and show that as a company you care for the environment, is presently very attractive in the Swedish real estate market.

    This degree thesis covers the environmental certification called “Svanenmärkning” the Swan, witch is the Swedish equivalent to the European standard “the EU Flower”. It is concentrated on the certification process in small houses that the Swedish institute of standard, SIS, has presented. We have worked together with the company Faluhus witch is a Swedish producer of small family houses.

    Faluhus is located in the town of Borlänge, Dalarna and has produced family houses since the 1950:s. They have a great heritage born in the old Swedish mining culture, with great wooden mansions and country homes. Presently Faluhus produces some of the most energy effective buildings on the market. This constitutes a well adapted start for the certification process.

    The Swan is the official Nordic ecolabel, introduced by the Nordic Council of Ministers.

    The Swan logo demonstrates that a product is a good environmental choice. The Nordic countries work together using the Swan ecolabel. This work is coordinated by the Nordic Ecolabelling Board, NMN, which has produced a set of regulations. Groups of experts from the Nordic countries develop proposals for criteria. The group representatives come from government, environmental organisations, trade and industry. Before NMN finalises the proposals, they are sent out for review. Once a criteria document has been finalised, businesses can apply for the right to use the label on a product which falls into this category. The Swan checks that products fulfil the specific criterion using methods such as samples from independent laboratories, certificates and control visits.

    The label is usually valid for three years, after which the criteria are revised and the company must reapply for a licence.

    The criteria document for small houses is divided into 5 chapters.

    1 Overall requirements for the licence applicant

    2 Energy and ventilation

    3 Material requirements

    4 Quality management and control for the building process

    5 Instructions for residents

    Every chapter contains a number of mandatory criteria and in some cases point rewarding requirements. The mandatory demands have to be fulfilled while 40 % of the point rewarding requirements must be met. All criteria are explained thoroughly and how the applying company should present that the demands are met.

    The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate how Faluhus presently meet the criteria and what changes they have to do to receive “The Swan”.

    The work method that was used are mostly interviews with part of Faluhus, their suppliers and people in the Swan organisation. We also used the computer based search engines Sundahus and BASTA.

    The results are presented as conclusions were we have made an assessment of the degree that Faluhus fulfil the Swan demands. Criteria that are not met are presented with a suggestion on how Faluhus can improve and reach the requirement. The results show that presently more than half of the mandatory criteria are met and that 32 of the 40 points that can be rewarded are achieved. The segment where Faluhus doesn’t meet the criteria is chapter 4, quality management and control for the building process. The reason for this is that Faluhus presently doesn’t have a quality management program. This management program is under development and will be implemented shortly.

    25 approved criteria, 5 should be attended to reach in the upcoming revision. 24 failed criteria 15 will be approved with a new quality management system, 8 smaller measures. The hardest criterion to attend is the primary colour which contains forbidden substances.

    Both we and Faluhus believe that they can achieve the Ecolabel “the Swan” within the following year and we wish them all the luck with their work.

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    Uppsats
  • 310.
    Lind, Anton
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences (from 2013).
    Renovering av ett KML-skyddat hus: En studie om energi- och komfortrenovering av byggnadsminnet Alsters herrgård2022Independent thesis Basic level (university diploma), 15 credits / 22,5 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    This study examines how Alster manor’s main building can be further developed with proposals for comfort-creating and energy-efficiency measures. The purpose of this study is to highlight the complexity of the protective regulations for building monuments and notable buildings in connection with energy and comfort renovations. Since Alster manor is protected by the Swedish Planning and Building Act and the Swedish Historic Environment Act, these regulations affect which measures can be implemented. This study examines various measures that affect energy use andcomfort in the building. These are Energifilm, Solfilm, additional insulation of the attic floor, implementation of an exhaust ventilation system and implementation of an FTX-system. At Alster manor there are ambitions to develop the business to offer more conferences, which also affects the measures required. For this study, floor plans and façade drawings of the manor’s buildings are obtained from the Technology and Property Administration in Karlstad municipality. The method in this study begins with preparing construction drawings through a literature study and site visits. Then a thermography examination of the building is carried out to identify flaws in the main building. Furthermore, a literature study is initiated to obtain relevant measures and to investigate whether these can be implemented in accordance with the protective regulations. Finally, an energy calculation is performed with the program VIP Energy to calculate the expected energy savings. Measures that do not affect energy use are evaluated separately. The study results in several measures that are considered possible according to the regulations. The measures that bring the most energy-saving results are combined in a package of measures together with the best ventilation option. The major limiting factor for which measure can be implemented, was the protective regulations. As Alster manor’s main building is already well on track with energy efficiency measures, it was the less extensive measures that gave the best results in this work, and the more extensive measures were difficult to achieve without risking the building’s cultural and historical values. Since extensive measures, such as additional insulation in the walls, are not suitable to implement according to the regulations, the results will not be huge energy savings. It is therefore important, when carrying out these types of investigations, that the motivating factors are not about short-term cost savings but rather environmental or comfort aspects.

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  • 311.
    Lind, Michael
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Energy, Environmental and Building Technology.
    Andersson, David
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Energy, Environmental and Building Technology.
    Energianalys Hallersrud skola2013Independent thesis Basic level (university diploma), 15 credits / 22,5 HE creditsStudent thesis
  • 312.
    Lindberg, Thomas
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Division for Engineering Sciences, Physics and Mathematics.
    Dalung, Oscar
    Karlstad University, Division for Engineering Sciences, Physics and Mathematics.
    Cederstrand, Jakob
    Karlstad University, Division for Engineering Sciences, Physics and Mathematics.
    Säffle Centrumutveckling: Virtuellt förslag till ny stadskärna2007Independent thesis Basic level (professional degree), 15 points / 22,5 hpStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    This work has been carried out on commission by Säffle´s Community, where a new town center will be planned. The project is concentrated to the blocks named Hyttan and Kvarnen, which are located around the town square. The underlying problems are that the area around the town square has an empty feeling with not many people around and many buildings in bad condition. The main goal is to make a more attractive city center, with many alternatives of changes within the named blocks. The thought around the changes is to get a more interesting city center for the people, and by that we don’t mean just for the people living in Säffle but for visitors as well.

    The design work has been made with the aid of Archicad version 10, where the group has coordinated our own thoughts and ideas with those of people involved, into a virtual proposal. The result will be presented in a 3D- movie, where you will get the feeling of how the new planned area feels, though in the report only pictures in 3D will be.

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    FULLTEXT01
  • 313.
    Lindeskov, Daniel
    et al.
    Karlstad University.
    Modin, Jimmie
    Karlstad University.
    Uttorkning av betong: Simuleringar i programvaran PPB jämförs med fuktmätningar i betongprover med Bascement2019Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 15 credits / 22,5 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Cement production currently accounts for a total of 5 % of carbon dioxide emissions globally, which for example is more than twice as much as the global aviation industry. New cement and concrete recipes, with new properties, are being developed with the aim of reducing the climate load. In the Portland fly ash cement, parts of climate-stressing cement clinkers are replaced with the mineral-added fly ash, a residual product from other industries. This should lead to a reduced climate impact. Concrete with Portland fly ash cement, however, has caused delays and extra costs in production due to long drying times that did not match with simulations in the software TorkaS 3.2, which is based on concrete with Portland-limestone cement. TorkaS will be replaced by the software Production Planning Concrete, PPB, which can simulate dehydration in concrete with Portland fly ash cement.

    The aim of the study is to investigate how moisture simulations in PPB differ from executed moisture measurements in four concrete samples with two different w/c ratio. By storing the samples in different environments, the goal is to experimentally measure how the environment affects the dehydration. The goal is also to show differences between moisture simulations with the built-in climate data in PPB and with the own measured climate data.

    The results from the experimental studies show that the dehydration became larger in concrete samples with w/c ratio 0.40 than for samples with w/c ratio 0.55 after 70 days. Samples that had been stored in a stable indoor environment had dried more than samples that had been stored in a varying outdoor environment, which in this study did not correspond to simulations in PPB.

    The result of this study shows that simulations in PPB tend to show slightly greater dehydration than executed moisture measurements. This overestimation is greater in simulations with a varying outdoor environment than with a stable indoor environment. The overestimation is greater in simulations with the built-in climate data in PPB than with the own measured climate data.

    When adjusting the maximum temperature of the concrete in PPB to the actual measured maximum temperature, the moisture simulations is positively affected so that they approach the experimentally obtained results. Concrete with low w/c ratio is more affected by such an adjustment than concrete with high w/c ratio.

    The conclusion in this study is based on simulations and moisture measurements in a few concrete samples, which may have been exposed to disturbances. More studies are needed to validate the reliability of the PPB software. Choice of curing method and maximum temperature during curing can affect the drying and simulations in PPB. The experiments indicate that simulations with the PPB software tend to deviate if concrete with a high w/c ratio is exposed to water shortly after casting. Correct maximum temperature in PPB is important for a more real simulation of dehydration in concrete, especially at high w/c ratio. Simulations in PPB tend to be more accurate when using own climate data than using the built-in climate data.

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    Uttorkning av betong
  • 314.
    Lindqvist, Linus
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013).
    Pantesjö, Jesper
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013).
    Hantering och modellering av laserskanningsdata i FME: Automatisering av modellering av tunnlar2019Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 15 credits / 22,5 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The building and construction industries implementation of BIM has resulted in an increased need to digitalise as-built basis. Older as-built documents, which is mostly made of paper plans, are missing their digital counterparts, which makes it that collection of new information, from the paper plans, can be vital.

    Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) is a technique that is applied for collection of data in the form of data point clouds and is a more frequent collection method for obtaining supplies of as-built. Modelling from three-dimensional point cloud data is usually a complicated matter and therefore connected with manual labour to produce an arbitrary result.

    The purpose with the bachelor thesis was to research the possibility to create a CAD-model of the layer of a tunnel from a point cloud with the use of a software called FME. The study area is a smaller tunnel segment and the collected data set is based from an earlier created point cloud. The point cloud is unprocessed and contains noise from deviant points and object of installations and construction. The earlier produced as-built, in form of a CAD-model, was applied as well to enable a comparison parallel to the newly created models in this thesis.

    FME contains several tools for handling point clouds and the work have included several tests where the different tools have been evaluated. The primary focus of the work has been to evaluate the possibilities of the tool PointCloudSurfaceBuilder, which function is to reconstruct point clouds to a mesh. A method was also created and examined to clean the point cloud from noise.

    Several tests were executed to see what kind of method works the best and models of different qualities were rendered. The construction method Poisson in the transformer PointCloudSurfaceBuilder produced the best results whereas it creates a “water tight” model that follows the point clouds spatial conditions in a better way than the as-built model. In the method of Poisson there is a parameter called Maximum Depth which showed the greatest impact for the quality of the result. For every increase of 1 in the parameter Maximum Depth was the resolution increased by a factor of two in every direction of x, y and z. The total values for amount of time, file size and number of triangles increased as well in a way parallel to the potential increase of the resolution. It is hard, if not impossible, to handle the models in CAD-environments above the value 9. That is because of too high detail in the data in relation to the size of the study area. Therefore, are the recommended values of the parameter 7 and 8 in case of modelling of similar environments in tunnel complexes.

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  • 315.
    Lockner, Emil
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences (from 2013).
    En jämförelse av stämpeltryck på syllar av korslimmat trä och av konstruktionsvirke2020Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 15 credits / 22,5 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    In Sweden, there is a long tradition of building timber structures mainly for the small-house market. The multi-dwelling housing market has for long been dominated by building materials such as concrete and steel, but with today's preferences of sustainable construction materials, wood has become increasingly sought after. But there are still some challenges in building tall houses in wood. With increased number of floors, the loads increase and a problem when building high-rise buildings with wooden stud and rails system is the compression perpendicular to the grain in the bottom rail. When the bottom rail is loaded deformation occurs, which can affect the stability and bearing capacity of the structure.

    The aim with this bachelor thesis is to investigate whether a cross-laminated timber rail can improve the preconditions for building tall buildings with by use of timber frame. Compression perpendicular to two different CLT rails will be compared to a traditional one. The dimensions of the bottom rails are 120 x 45 mm and strength class C24. The idea is to utilize the CLT intersecting fiber directions to achieve a higher compressive strength. In the experiment, compressive force, displacement and elongation of the bottom rails are measured by means of a hydraulic press and a contact-free camera based measuring system. Three different calculation models for the CLT sills have been developed and compared with the results of the experiment.

    The result shows that a CLT rail has two to three times higher compressive strength compared to a traditional rail. This suggests a solution to the challenge with high compressive stresses in the rail.

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  • 316.
    Lorentzon, Johan
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science.
    Larsson, Oscar
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science.
    Uppvärmningssystem för att påskynda härdning av betong: Ett arbete om vilka anordningar som finns för att värma byggarbetsplatser och deras energiåtgång2010Independent thesis Basic level (university diploma), 15 credits / 22,5 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    År 2004 förbrukades 5 037 800 MWh energi i byggsektorn. Idag pratas det mycket om energieffektivisering i förvaltningsskedet. Denna rapport inriktar sig mer på hur energiförbrukningen kan minskas under bygget, närmare bestämt hur valet av uppvärmningssystem för att påskynda härdningen av betong på byggarbetsplatsen kan minska energianvändningen. Energianvändningen är något som påverkar både ekonomin och miljön, det är därför aktuellt att spara på energin där det är möjligt.

     Det finns en rad olika uppvärmningsanordningar för att torka betong, att välja den mest lämpade för bygget är av stor vikt. Både ur ett tidsperspektiv och även ur energibesparingsperspektiv. Rapporten berör de idag mest använda anordningarna men fokuserar på de anordningar som torkar och härdar betongen genom att värma luften; eldrivna varmluftsfläktar, hetvattendrivna luftvärmare, dieseleldade byggtorkar samt gasoleldade byggtorkar. Anordningarna jämförs utifrån koldioxidutsläpp, kostnader samt sina för- och nackdelar för användning på arbetsplatsen. För att underlätta valet av uppvärmningsanordning har ett program tagits fram där kostnader och koldioxidutsläpp beräknas. Programmet fungerar som så att effektbehovet beräknas och utifrån detta väljer användaren de mest lämpade anordningarna för bygget i fråga. I rapporten jämförs de fyra uppvärmningsanordningarna i två olika månader, november och februari, samt med dålig isolering och obefintlig isolering i uppvärmningsskedet. Beräkningarna i rapporten är utförda på ett standard flerbostadshus för Peab.

    Resultatet av de utförda beräkningarna visas i diagrammen ovan. Slutsatsen av rapporten blir att vid högre effektbehov, och om möjligheten finns, är det alltid bäst att använda sig av fjärrvärme sett till de totala kostnaderna och koldioxidutsläppen. Där effektbehovet och ett fjärrvärmesystem inte motiveras ekonomiskt bör ett gasolbaserat system användas. Ett diesel- och elbaserat system är i ett tidigt skede aldrig en bra lösning på grund av höga kostnader för energin och stora utsläpp.

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    FULLTEXT01
  • 317.
    Louise, Zakrisson
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013).
    Effektivisering av intern lagerhantering vid ett mindre förvaringslager2016Independent thesis Basic level (university diploma), 15 credits / 22,5 HE creditsStudent thesis
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  • 318.
    Ludvigsson, Pontus
    Karlstad University, Division for Engineering Sciences, Physics and Mathematics.
    Organisationsplan för Skanska Direkt Värmland2009Independent thesis Basic level (university diploma), 15 credits / 22,5 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Abstract

    Skanska Sweden has decided to split the organization that earlier handled both large and small projects into two different subsidiaries. A consequence of this is that all construction service handling will from now on be enforced under the name Skanska Direkt AB. The management of Skanska sees this as an opportunity to develop the organization and in the long term achieve higher earnings.   

    The task which Skanska in connection with the reorganization wanted to be investigated was a proposal on how the organization of work with the insurance work in the future should look like.

    The organization that is handled is from production manager to professional workers and includes damage handling that has been obtained from insurance companies in the southern and northern parts of Värmland. 

    The purpose with this work is to present a different kind of view to the problem with developing this branch of the company. The main target was to work out a proposal of an organizational plan for the damage handling in Skanska Direkt AB that is possible to apply, less sensitive for dismissals, results in higher earnings, obtains higher customer satisfaction and also a staff stab that develops their skills at their own.

    The report and work progressed as following:

    1. Opening theory study of strategies to obtain the objectives set.
    2. Restructuring of existing organization with theories as support.
    3. Interviews with the actors involved to verify feasibility of the developed organization plan

     

     Organization chart, the result of work means that some workers at each location shall be responsible for a small group of workers and work independently. They shall manage the process of invoicing and calculate costs at the same time as they work out on the workplace. In support of integration and development shall it be resource persons and development managers.

    The conclusion of the work done was that the organization chart is feasible and that in the existing organization is gaps that this organizational structure may be a possible solution of.

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    FULLTEXT01
  • 319.
    Lundin, Lucas
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013).
    Persson, William
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013).
    Återbruk av tegel: En jämförelse mellan nyproducerat och återbrukat tegel2023Independent thesis Basic level (university diploma), 15 credits / 22,5 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The construction industry is currently one of the leading contributors to both waste and carbon dioxide emissions in Sweden. This is largely due to the extraction of raw materials and the use of virgin materials. A significant portion of both emissions and waste could be reduced by utilizing more reuse. One material that is suitable for reuse is bricks. The purpose of this work is to increase the reuse of bricks in Sweden in order to reduce emissions from the construction sector. The goal of the study is to outline the process of reusing bricks and to compare the differences between newly produced bricks and reused bricks. The methods used to understand the process of reusing bricks and the differences between newly produced and reused bricks are through a literature study and practical tests. The literature study was conducted to gain a better understanding of bricks and theirs properties, as well as how they can be reused. To compare newly produced and reused bricks, four SIS tests were conducted for solid newly produced, perforated newly produced, solid reused, and perforated reused bricks. The process of reusing brick is currently performed by a company called Brukspecialisten. The reusing process consists of four steps, which involve conducting a survey of the building before demolition, implementing a brick deposit system for all reusable bricks, transportation of the bricks, and brick handling processes. This process contributes to sustainable, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective building materials that are reused instead of being discarded in landfills. Reused bricks are sold with accompanying product information that describes compressive strength, color, consumption per square meter, and recommended type of mortar. These steps create a competitive market for reused bricks as an alternative to newly produced bricks. The results of the study indicate that bricks from both the 1900s and the 1960s are reusable and can be used. Reused bricks undergoe testing and are reclassified based on theirs technical properties from the tests. The bricks new classification means that they can be reused in new projects with new requirements. 

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  • 320.
    Lundqvist, Oscar
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Social and Life Sciences, Department of Geography and Tourism.
    Olsson, Magnus
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Social and Life Sciences, Department of Geography and Tourism.
    Översvämningsanalys med hänsyn till Länsstyrelsens handbok: Planering för stigande vatten i Kristinehamns kommun2013Independent thesis Basic level (university diploma), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
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    Examensrapport
  • 321.
    Magnil, Karl
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics (from 2013).
    Gerebro Emretsson, Linus
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics (from 2013).
    Planglasets kapacitet för återbruk2023Independent thesis Basic level (university diploma), 15 credits / 22,5 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Mankind strives for accomplishing the mutually agreed goals in Agenda 2030 where the thirteenth goal is to stop climate change. The amount of sand used in several materials is of great importance to the environment. Sand is a crucial component when producing flat glass, and one way of decreasing the construction sectors impact on the climate change is recycling of old flat glass. The study investigates the potential for an easier reuse of flat glass. The purpose of the thesis is to increase the reuse of flat glass and thereby reduce the climate impact from the construction sector. The aim is to bring forth a crosslist for reuse of flat glass, to find out if the bending strength in an old glass can achieve the requirements of today's standards and to make an overall calculation of the costs andthe enviromental savings when reusing flatglass. Several methods were used to achieve the aim, namely a literature study to gather information, dialogues that give a range of how different aspects can be valued and abending strength test that show the reused flatglass´s ability to withstand external pressure. The overall costs and the enviromental impact were also calculated. The result shows that the crosslist encounters for the properties being fulfilled in a reused window, given that the performer has a certain knowledge. The bending strength test showed that the roughly 60 year old flat glass did achieve the requirements and can therefore be used as a product in a new building. The dialouges enlighted the greatest obstacles for reusing flat glass as lack of knowledge and supply. More specific problems while using old flat glass is the matters of energy and guarantee which are essential when deciding if reuse is possible and is problematic for whoever tries to upgrade a window that is not reaching its specified requirements. The requirements if a window is to be reused or not in a specific way is a part of thecrosslist where the properties are categorized from 1 to 3 where 3 has the lowest performance but still achieves the minimum requirements. The possibly changed strength of the tested flat glass in terms of age is difficult to assess as there is no new reference object with a similar thickness to compare with. The overall calculations of costs and environmental impact shows that large savings can be made . The study show the possibilities of how a flat glass can be made by reusin flat glass. Nonetheless, more deep diving studies need to be deducted within the area but perhaps in the long term the study may contribute to increasing the reuse of flatglass. 

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    Planglasets kapacitet för återbruk
  • 322.
    Magnusson, Andreas
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013).
    Effektivisering av asfaltstransporter: En undersökning över hur digitala hjälpmedel kan ge en effektivare transportprocess av asfalt.2019Independent thesis Basic level (university diploma), 15 credits / 22,5 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose of this work is to investigate how digital aids can lead to a changedplanning that contributes to reduced transport costs of asphalt. The goal has thencome to a planning system that streamlines the transport process. In order to arriveat this, literature on logistic theory has been studied and provided a good basis forthe study. The results have recently been produced through methods containinginterviews, observations and archive analysis.The result has proved to be an ambiguity in the information system used by SkanskaIndustrial Solutions, region west. This is when information is sent between differentparties in an oral manner. Deficiencies in planning have also been discovered thatcould be made more efficient. Such an optimization is then most appropriate throughthe implementation of mainly the digital aid device Coredination, but also C7.Coredination provides a more efficient transport process through a clear informationflow, better planning possibilities, and more accurate time writing. However, the resulthas revealed that the digital aids still have improvement potential and need to bedeveloped.Finally, the conclusion for the study was that the ongoing planning from a materialperspective needs to be made more efficient. The potential for such efficiency is thenin Coredination with its good opportunities for better planning, clearer informationflow, reduced administration, and more accurate time writing.

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  • 323.
    Magnusson, Hanna
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013).
    Byggbranschens väg till att bli klimatneutral 2045: Exempel på åtgärder för minskad klimatpåverkan vid nybyggnation av flerbostadshus2023Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 15 credits / 22,5 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Bygg- och fastighetssektorn står för en stor del av Sveriges årliga utsläpp av koldioxid. Sveriges riksdag har antagit ett klimatmål, senast 2045 ska Sverige inte ha några nettoutsläpp av växthusgaser till atmosfären. Detta innebär att branschen står inför ett stort och viktigt arbete, att ställa om till att bli fossilfria och samtidigt vara konkurrenskraftiga för fortsatt lönsamma affärer. Den 1 januari 2022 trädde en ny lag i kraft, nya byggnader som uppförs där bygglov söks efter 1 januari 2022 ska klimatdeklareras. Syftet med deklarationen är att öka medvetenheten och kunskapen om en byggnads klimatpåverkan, ökad kunskap ska leda till att material med lägre klimatpåverkan väljs.

    Syftet med detta arbete är att i enlighet med Sveriges riksdags mål att 2045 vara klimatneutrala undersöka vilka åtgärder som är möjliga att genomföra för minskad klimatpåverkan i ett enskilt projekt. Målet är att genom att göra en klimatdeklaration för ett flerbostadshus kan de material som innebär högt klimatbelastning identifieras och utifrån resultatet utreda möjliga alternativa material med lägre klimatpåverkan samt kostnader för dessa. Detta resulterar i en åtgärdslista med prioriteringar av åtgärder som kan göras och till vilken kostnad.

    Resultatet av studien visar på att det finns stora möjligheter att minska klimatpåverkan för det undersökta referensprojektet. Studien utgår från en färdig projekterad byggnad vilket innebär att byte av stommaterial inte är möjligt att genomföra. Med andra val för minskad klimatpåverkan kan projektets utsläpp av koldioxidekvivalenter i skedet A1-A5 minska med 23%. Att genomföra dessa klimatbesparande åtgärder innebär en kostnadsökning med 3,2%, att spara 1 kg koldioxidekvivalenter med dessa åtgärder kostar 1.1 kr.

  • 324.
    Magnusson, Tommy
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013).
    Löfberg, Anders
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013).
    Energieffektivisering av ett flerbostadshus inom miljonprogrammet: Energibesparande åtgärder för en halvering av energibehovet av Jakthornsgatan 88/98 i Karlstad2015Independent thesis Basic level (university diploma), 15 credits / 22,5 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    In order to contribute to a sustainable society, man needs to make measures to satisfy current and future generation’s needs. A large part of today's energy transformation contributes to several environmental effects such as of global warming.

    The million program was an initiative by the government decided during the early 60's to end the housing shortage in Sweden. The million program meant that a million homes would be built over a 10 year period. To keep down costs, labor and to achieve the desired number of homes in time new construction methods as mass production, standardization and elements construction were used. The buildings were mostly built by concrete and was not energy efficient compared to today standard. To lower the total energy demand of Sweden through energy efficiency of homes in the million program would be a good initiative as they form a quarter of Sweden's housing stock.

    Jakthornsgatan 88/98 is a multi-family dwelling in the area Kronoparken in Karlstad which is a part of the million program. The object is by energy-efficient measures to stimulate the economical, ecological and social aspects as well as halving the specific energy at 198 kWh / m2*year according to energy performance.

    The building were simulated in the energy calculation program VIP-Energy 2.1.1 and gave a specific energy consumption of 180 kWh/m2*year. The measures applied for the house is the recovery of ventilation heat by adjusting the flow, by installing an exhaust air heat pump, and additional insulation of the attic, the exterior wall and the basement wall. By simulating these measures the specific energy consumption dropped from 180 kWh/m2*year to 91 kWh/m2*year. LCC calculations have shown that on a 15-year period, these measures would mean a saving of 0.7 to 3.52 million Swedish kronor and a payback period of 7 to 11 years, these numbers depends on the value of inflation, interest rate and energy price.

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  • 325.
    Maharjan, Rajan
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences (from 2013).
    Kuai, Le
    Linnaeus University, Sweden.
    Vessby, Johan
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences (from 2013).
    Ormarsson, Sigurdur
    Linnaeus University, Sweden.
    An experimental analysis of full scale light-frame timber modules2024In: Engineering structures, ISSN 0141-0296, E-ISSN 1873-7323, Vol. 304, article id 117617Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Prefabricated timber modules are being increasingly used in the load-bearing structure of entire residential buildings reaching heights up to six stories. The development is driven by the demand of high-quality housing that remains affordable while fulfilling tough environmental requirements imposed on modern construction. To enable further development of this type of buildings additional research is needed despite the considerable number of studies previously performed. This study provides an extensive experimental investigation by subjecting three modules to three different load cases. In each load case, the modules were initially loaded with dead-load placed atop of the module. Thereafter the modules were laterally loaded at the top using a servo hydraulic piston in displacement control. The main aim of the study was to assess the structural behavior of these modules under combined lateral and vertical loading, and also to generate experimental data suitable for verification of finite element models. Results from the test series reveal significant variation in racking stiffness and racking strength depending on the module’s design. Furthermore, in some cases more stiff and stronger mechanical inter-module connections are needed to enhance their global structural performance. Finally, the experimental results reveal that the modules are relatively ductile in their shear response when subjected to horizontal load.

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    Maharjan_et.al_Modules_2024
  • 326.
    Maharjan, Rajan
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences (from 2013).
    Vessby, Johan
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences (from 2013).
    Substructure modelling of full size timber modules2023In: Computational Methods in Wood Mechanics: CompWood 2023, International Center for Numerical Methods in Engineering (CIMNE), 2023, p. 48-Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    From an environmental sustainability point of view, modern construction practices increasingly favorcarbon neutral buildings including those made from timber. Prefabricated timber modules havebecome popular due to their efficient in-house production followed by systematic and rapid on-siteinstallation. Construction companies often use these lightweight modules for residential buildings upto six story when feasible. While several studies are available that simulate stiffness and strength ofshear walls, a major component of the module responsible for transferring shear load and acting asa load bearing wall for vertical loads, e.g [1] and [2] for the EC5 design principles, relatively little workhas been done to analyze the structural performance of entire modules. This is likely due to limitedtime span the construction type has been common practice, practical challenges associated withexperimental tests and numerically demanding simulations of large structures. However, there aresome exceptions, e.g [3].This study introduces the concept of “super elements”, which are developed by condensing theinternal degrees of freedom (DOF:s) of a whole timber module to specified parts of its boundary. Theaim of this study is to reduce the number of DOF:s by using substructuring so that an entire structurecan be analyzed while subjected to external loading. Substructuring is a method of dividing a wholemodel into user defined parts (super elements) and coupling these together to create a global model[4]. The internal DOF:s of the super elements are “condensed” using static condensation, and thesuper elements are then connected to the rest of the model along selected restrained DOF:s [5].Figure 1(a) shows an example of a building with timber modules, while Figure 1(b) illustrates partsof a full-size timber module. Figure 1(c) represents a super element of the module. A simple, linearFE super element is developed for analyzing a part of a whole timber structure and it is coupled tothe rest of the structure only at designated pre-selected nodes. The model is then used to analyzethe response during various load cases applied to the whole structure.

  • 327.
    Maharjan, Rajan
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences (from 2013).
    Vessby, Johan
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences (from 2013).
    Kuai, Le
    Linnaeus University, Sweden.
    Evaluation of hardening models to simulate joints in timber shear walls2023In: World Conference on Timber Engineering WCTE 2023: Volume 1 / [ed] Anders Q. Nyrud; Kjell Arne Malo; Kristine Nore, World Conference on Timber Engineering 2023 (WCTE 2023) , 2023, p. 2709-2716Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The properties of sheathing-to-framing joints considerably affect the load carrying capacity of a light-frame timber shear wall. A fastener with isotropic or kinematic hardening properties is modelled for the sheathing-to-framing joints with a zero-length element, with coupled properties in two perpendicular (orthogonal translational) directions to avoid the overestimation achieved with an uncoupled alternative. A single fastener experiment is performed to determine the elastic and plastic properties. For both fastener level and wall level modelling, monotonic as well as cyclic loading scheme is analysed. A concept of modelling the elasto-plastic coupled behaviour with hardening of the connector model for the fasteners is suggested. A damage response of the fastener is also studied to estimate the failure in load capacity of the connector model and decrease in the wall capacity after the maximum loading.

  • 328.
    Mangko, Ade Patra
    Karlstad University, Division for Information Technology. Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Karlstad Business School. Karlstad University.
    INDONESIA AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES (ATS) READINESS AND STRATEGIC PLANS FOR TAKING OVER AIRSPACE AND IMPROVING THE SERVICE: CASE STUDY : AIRSPACE SECTOR A, B, AND C2013Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

     

    Indonesia is trying to take over airspace Sector A, B, and C from Singapore and this desire has been going on for decades. To carry out these dreams, Indonesia was faced with a series of agreements with Singapore and Malaysia because both countries have interests in that airspace sector.

    To take over that airspace, Indonesia must perform a series of efforts. One of the efforts is by improving Air Traffic Services (ATS) quality in Indonesia. In determining ATS service quality, pilot perceiving and expectation must be assessed. Pilot employed tangible and intangible cues to determine the quality.  The author determined forty items to describe pilot perception and expectation based on 10 (ten) criteria in evaluating service quality.  Moreover, total ATS quality which is including technical quality and functional quality dimensions are clearly presented.

    Other factor influencing ATS quality is safety culture which is merged with ATS quality. Human factor as the main source in conducting service is described clearly in relation with ATS. Human factor become important because human and its environment can affect ATS performance. Six principles of service management are elaborated in ATS system to improve ATS quality. Combined with service and management theories to obtain the conclusion of Indonesia ATS quality and ATS readiness, this research discussed the Indonesia strategic plan to improve service quality. Then, Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) will work together with Indonesia ANSP and ATS Unit authority to manage ATS quality in Indonesia in order to taking over airspace Sector A, B, and C from Singapore.

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    Thesis Ade Patra Mangko
  • 329.
    Markusson, Erik
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013).
    Precision av indata vid energiberäkningar: Hur påverkas energiberäkningar vid valet av indata?2014Independent thesis Basic level (university diploma), 15 credits / 22,5 HE creditsStudent thesis
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  • 330.
    McCaslin, Caroline
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Energy, Environmental and Building Technology.
    Identifiering av hållbarhetsaspekter kopplade till laddinfrastruktur: En fallstudie av Åmåls kommuns laddinfrastruktur2022Independent thesis Basic level (university diploma), 15 credits / 22,5 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The construction and transport sector accounts for large parts of Sweden's carbon

    dioxide emissions. The core that connects the two sectors is community planning.

    There are several goals in Sweden to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and an

    intermediate goal is for Sweden's vehicle fleet to be fossil-free by 2030. Electric car use

    is increasing every year and the future increase is expected to be explosive in the

    coming years. In 2020, Sweden's vehicle fleet consisted of just over 300,000

    chargeable vehicles and forecasts indicate that figure will be 2.5 million by 2030.

    A prerequisite for all rechargeable vehicles to be able to roll is the availability of

    charging stations. Even today, people suffer from range anxiety, and it is also a big

    reason why people do not dare to make the shift to a chargeable vehicle. The charging

    infrastructure is already underdeveloped and thus needs to be expanded properly to

    meet both current and future needs. There is a need for both public charging stations

    so that people can charge their vehicle at home and at their workplace, but also nonpublic

    charging stations in all possible places available to the public. There are several

    different structures to use while planning locations of charging stations such as

    corridor structures along major roads or cluster structures within cities. Nowadays,

    there are also legal requirements that ensure that charging stations and preparations

    for charging stations will be installed.

    The purpose of this project is to create an overall picture of current and future charging

    infrastructure to help municipalities with strategy, goals and action plan for

    implementation of charging infrastructure. The purpose is also to study various

    sustainability aspects for charging infrastructure through Tyrén's sustainability tool

    TyrImpact. The concrete environmental benefits that the shift from fossil cars to

    chargeable vehicles entails regarding carbon dioxide reduction cannot be denied. On

    the other hand, it is of interest to determine what other risks and opportunities the

    charging infrastructure may entail from a broader sustainability perspective. This work

    has identified 25 sustainability aspects in justice, health, climate and resource, site

    values and future needs by using TyrImpact. A case study has been carried out on

    Åmål's municipality's charging infrastructure to get a realistic picture of what a

    municipal charging infrastructure looks like today and what their goals are, and partly

    to see which sustainability aspects may be relevant within the municipality. For the

    municipality of Åmål, aspects linked to flexibility and signal value are most important.

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    Laddinfrastruktur
  • 331.
    Melcher, Erik
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013).
    Mätosäkerhet i höjd vid stationsetablering med RUFRIS2020Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The traditional method of determining vertical coordinates in surveying is by levelling. The height from a definite coordinate point gets transferred to a new point. But what if there is no point nearby? Levelling over long distances is costly and time consuming. This study is investigating another way of setting new height points, the RUFRIS-method. The RUFRIS-method is a Swedish innovation and stands for “Realtime Updated Free Station” (RealtidsUppdaterad FRI Station in Swedish language). Establishments of the total station with the RUFRIS-method is done in real time and the total station gets its coordinates by a combination of traditional measurements by distance and angle combined with GNSS-technique. This is possible due to a multiple pole with both a reflector and a GNSS-rover set on top. The purpose of this study is to investigate the precision of height levelling with the RUFRIS-method and if the method could be used as a substitute to traditional levelling. 

    In this study three separate areas in Karlstad were selected and set up for RUFRIS-establishments. On each area there was a point with known coordinates in the correct reference system, SWEREF 99 13 30 and RH2000. A total of 60 RUFRIS-establishments were set up, 20 on each area. 10 with 6 backsight points and 10 with 15 backsight points, including subsequent measurement of the control points as a comparison reference. Based on the collected measurement data mean height, uncertainty and spread within the measurement series were analysed and calculated. 

    The result in this study shows that the lowest uncertainty achieved during single measurements was 2.5 mm in one of the RUFRIS-establishment series with 15 backsight points. Highest uncertainty was 5.4 mm during RUFRIS-establishment with 6 backsight points. Comparing with the known vertical coordinates the result indicated a systematic error due to the fact that every measured height ended up lower than the references height. The conclusion that a systematic error occurred were made on the basis of the narrow spread within all the measured series, 7.1-16.2 mm. The result indicates that all the establishments with the RUFRIS-method were solid and trustfully made. 

    The conclusion of this study is that the RUFRIS-method is a useful and solid way to determine new height points in cases were the uncertainty-limit is set to 10 mm. Under good GNSS/RTK conditions and establishment made with 15 backsight points its likely to expect uncertainty of 5 mm in height level with the RUFRIS-method. When requirement for lower uncertainty is demand levelling is considered as more reliable, but the distance to the closest known coordinate-point should be a factor to be considered.

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  • 332.
    Miller, Marco
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013).
    Wallin, Anton
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013).
    Fuktsäkrande av korslimmat trä utan heltäckande väderskydd: Fuktsäkerhetsarbete under produktion och förvaltning2020Independent thesis Basic level (Higher Education Diploma (Fine Arts)), 15 credits / 22,5 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    This study is based on the moisture safety work with a building in cross-laminated timber during production where no comprehensive weather protection is used. The management phase of a building in cross-laminated timber is also handled where methods and solutions to avoid moisture damage are noticed. The purpose of the study is to highlight practical methods for how the moisture safety work can look at the production and management of a multi-storey building in cross-laminated timber. This purpose is answered through a field study where the methods have been studied in the workplace. This field study has been processed with a literature study to highlight different methods for comparison. This has been further supplemented with interviews by competent persons who have experience in the industry. Because no comprehensive weather protection is used, the elements will be subjected to some type of precipitation during production. The result shows that the best way to moisture-proof the elements of cross-laminated timber is to allow the surfaces to be open. Instead, the element joints are taped to protect the end grain of the timber elements because wood absorbs moisture in the fiber direction most easily. The study also shows that windscreen or woven fabric mounted on the facade scaffolding is preferable in production to protect the framework against rain and wind. This helps with completing the framework and gives the building a chance to dry during final assembly. To prevent moisture damage during management, projection and production should be managed so that any damage in the future can be avoided. By installing a system that makes the water visible and flood protection according to industry regulations Säker Vatteninstallation 2016:1, the risk of moisture damage is reduced. This also means that the risk of mold and rot ceases when any water leakage becomes visible before it does damage.

  • 333.
    Mirmoradi, Milad
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Communication and IT, Department of Business Administration.
    Nyström, Henric
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Communication and IT, Department of Business Administration.
    Pre-requisites for a successful supply chain integration – A case study of how RFID usage in the transport process can contribute2012Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    This Master thesis has been made for Volvo Group Trucks Operations, Logistics Services (VGLS) in Gothenburg. Other companies within the Volvo Group and Volvo Car Corporation (VCC) have been involved during the process, including Volvo Trucks Umeå (VTU), Volvo Trucks Tuve (VTT) and Volvo Cars Body Components (VCBC) in Olofström.

    The thesis has examined activities within the supply chain process between three factories, VCBC – VTU – VTT. The different companies at each location serve different purposes in the supply chain, ultimately leading to a finished truck. To get a complete truck it takes different types of resources and thus an effective and well-functioning infrastructure to cope with the transportation of resources in an efficient way. VGLS is the provider of logistics services between the factories, meaning VGLS is in charge of the transportation process between the locations and take care of related transportation issues.

    A few years ago a project was started with the participation of VGLS with the aim to identify different types of objects better, via Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), aiming to create a more efficient supply chain. VGLS now wants to further exploit this technology as future implementation of RFID is soon ahead of them. According to the possibilities and opportunities related to RFID this thesis has critically examined activities in the supply chain process and its underlying problems, trying to create the right conditions for VGLS in order for them to better cope and utilize a near future RFID implementation.

    The main result of this study indicates that the problems of the transportation flow don’t derive from the physical transportation of material, but rather in the information flow between the actors. The results indicate that more emphasis should be placed on creating new ways to achieve more efficient information sharing, which in some cases can be facilitated through the use of RFID.

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  • 334.
    Mohammad, Husam
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013).
    Optimering av produktionstidsplan: Studie baserad på implementering av ny planeringsteknik i Peab Sverige AB2014Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 15 credits / 22,5 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Now a day’s there is dramatic change from traditional to digital information processing in construction industry. This change can be visualized in the project concept stage where it now has accessibility to join all the data in one place. Location-based planning technique simplifies scheduling by visualizing the schedule efficiently and has many advantages such as might shortened the project period by about 10 - 20 % if the company uses location-based technology, reducing risks in many ways by maintaining production continuity and identify collisions between things etc. Vico Office software has been used for Location based planning technique and in this thesis.

    The purpose of this thesis work was to demonstrate how location -based planning technology change the scheduling stage in Peab, potentially reducing the project time. The goal of this thesis was to explore possibilities to reduce the project duration. The housing project Tingvalla altitude was the designated project to study. Tingvalla height located in central Karlstad and was completed in spring 2013 with Peab as the general contractor using traditional processing technology. Peab's goal was to create attractive housing close to downtown.

    Information about location-based planning was collected and then existing calculations of the project was used to establish the schedule. The schedule was then set up in Vico Office which is a sovereign planning program to apply location-based technology.

    The planned schedule in Vico Office was compared with the planned schedule by traditional way and observed that using Vico Office, there was a reduction in the duration of the project about 9 percent. Then compared the planned timing in Vico Office against the real case, and observed that the traditional plan provides approximately 1500 person hours less.

    There are uncertainties in the results was mainly due to sub-contractors are not considered in the scheduling, which can possibly extend the total project time. Uncertainty may also be due to some spreadsheet records were not entirely properly prepared but was elected anyway to start from the calculation.

    Vico Office offers great potential at the planning stage; collisions can be detected and minimizing the risk of the project, in addition visualizes unused time between activities to optimize the schedule. One of the strongest sides in Vico Office is that scheduling is done location-based not task based, by linking logical connections between things. This contributes to a revision in a choice of activities, the change in the entire schedule implemented with Gantt chart.

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  • 335.
    Mohammed, Yousef
    et al.
    Karlstad University.
    Bakro, Abdulrahman
    Karlstad University.
    Effektivisering av kommunikation mellan arbetsledning och yrkesgrupper på byggarbetsplatsen2020Independent thesis Basic level (university diploma), 15 credits / 22,5 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    In construction projects, many individuals from different occupational fields often participate, each with their own approach and specialty. Based on this, the importance of communication and coordination and planning to the project's mission will have arisen. Communication primarily means the information transmitted, whether it is transmitted between people or digitally through digital tools and how clear this information is to the recipient.

    The thesis aims to investigate how communication and information flow can affect the productivity of work management and professional groups in the construction site. The aim of this paper is to get an overall picture of the communication process at present in the surveyed construction sites. The partial aim is to investigate how communication at the construction sites works when using visual planning production (VPP) as a planning method and to overview any disturbance that occurs in this area. The second partial aim is to identify the most important factors that are missing or the ones which can be improved during the present time. Using this method will lead us to improved communication at the construction site.

    The study was based on academic studies to understand how communication and information flow work at the construction site, and partly who this method helps to investigate how communication can influence the planning methodology VPP. To obtain real and comprehensive results, both qualitative and quantitative studies have been conducted. The qualitative study consists of semi-structured interviews with senior executives and experienced professional workers. The quantitative study consists of a survey of 48 professional workers and 9 employees within 5 different workplaces.

    The results show that communication between management and various professional groups works well, but that it could be developed and become even better. Communication is affected by two main aspects, the quality of delivered information which is construction documents and the method of information transfer between individuals, whether it is digital or non-digital. The human factor, which is defined by participation, commitment, the individual's knowledge, language and lack of concentration, significantly affects communication and is most evident during meetings and work preparations. In addition, the digital factor facilitates the dissemination of information between professionals and white-collar workers through the use of digital tools, which in turn means easier communication. VPP is an efficient information transmission method on the construction site. It facilitates the dissemination of information and communication opportunities by making planning visible, visualizing common goals and creating greater engagement among professionals.

    The most prioritized improvement opportunities that we can recommend to achieve more effective communication are that construction companies should focus more on the work climate, involve professional workers more during the design and production phase, use more BIM digital tools such as BIM 360 among professional working groups to minimize information loss, build better knowledge level and competence. Professional working groups should hold more preparation meetings with the importance of involving subcontractors in it and also provide appropriate conditions for facilitating communication between different designers during design to ensure a better quality of construction documents.

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  • 336.
    Molander, Sofia
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Communication and IT, Service Research Center. Karlstad University, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Communication and IT, The Service and Market Oriented Transport Research Group. Karlstad University, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Communication and IT, Department of Business Administration.
    Fellesson, Markus
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Communication and IT, Department of Business Administration. Karlstad University, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Communication and IT, Service Research Center. Karlstad University, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Communication and IT, The Service and Market Oriented Transport Research Group.
    Friman, Margareta
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Communication and IT, The Service and Market Oriented Transport Research Group. Karlstad University, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Communication and IT, Department of Psychology. Karlstad University, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Communication and IT, Service Research Center.
    Skålén, Per
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Communication and IT, Department of Business Administration. Karlstad University, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Communication and IT, Service Research Center. Karlstad University, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Communication and IT, The Service and Market Oriented Transport Research Group.
    Market Orientation in Public Transport Research: A Review2012In: Transport reviews, ISSN 0144-1647, E-ISSN 1464-5327, Vol. 32, no 2, p. 155-180Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 337.
    Monfors, Lisa
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013).
    Morell, Corinne
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013).
    Byggnadsutformning för ett framtida varmare klimat: Klimatscenariers påverkan på energianvändning och termisk komfort i ett flerbostadshus och alternativa byggnadsutformningar för att förbättra resultatet2020Independent thesis Basic level (university diploma), 15 credits / 22,5 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    When buildings are designed climate files from 1981 to 2010 are used to construct the building and its energy system. This leads to building being designed to a climate that has been and not to a future warmer climate that will come. SMHI has developed different climate scenarios for the future that describe different paths the climate can take depending on continued emissions of greenhouse gas. This climate scenarios are called RCP (Representative Concentration Pathways) In this study two of the climate scenarios, RCP4,5 and RCP8,5 are used. The number in the name stands for the radiation forcing that is expected in the year 2100.  In RCP4,5 the mean average air temperature will increase with 3 °C until year 2100 compared to the reference period 1961-1990. In the same time period RCP8,5 will increase with 5 °C. 

    An apartment building certified according to Miljöbyggnad 2.2 level silver placed in Vallentuna, Stockholms län is used as a reference building. The building is simulated through the simulation software program IDA ICE where it´s exposed to RCP4,5 and RCP8,5. The results demonstrate that the reference building would not meet Miljöbyggnad 2.2 requirement in the indicator about thermal comfort during summer. The operative temperature in the building is too high unless comfort cooling is used. 

    The design of the building changes to see what factors can improve the results regarding the thermal comfort. The results demonstrate that thermal conductivity and solar shading has the greatest impact on thermal comfort. 

    In this study several combinations of different building designs were made. Only the combination of a concrete frame with windows with low g-value met the requirement of Miljöbyggnad 2.2 regarding the thermal comfort during summer without using comfort cooling in RCP4,5 and RCP8,5. The combination had the lowest energy demand in RCP8,5 of all the combinations tested in the study. 

    A combination of cross laminated wood frame with low U-value, windows with low g-value and comfort cooling had the lowest energy demand in the original climate file and RCP4,5 despite the use of comfort cooling. 

    The questing about which building construction is the best from a sustainable perspective is difficult to answer. To answer that question the building´s total climate footprint in both production and use must be calculated. Regardless of the choice of building construction it is important to have in mind when designing a building that comfort cooling and solar shading should be easily applied when a warmer climate will prevail.

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  • 338. Mossberg, Henrik
    et al.
    Duvdal, Robert
    CE-märkning av byggprodukter2012Independent thesis Basic level (professional degree), 15 credits / 22,5 HE creditsStudent thesis
  • 339.
    Mousavi-Avval, Seyed Hashem
    et al.
    University of Tehran, IRN.;Ohio State University, USA.
    Rafiee, Shahin
    University of Tehran, IRN.
    Mohammadi, Ali
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences (from 2013).
    Development and Evaluation of Combined Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System and Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm in Energy, Economic and Environmental Life Cycle Assessments of Oilseed Production2021In: Sustainability, E-ISSN 2071-1050, Vol. 13, no 1, article id 290Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Energy consumption, economics, and environmental impacts of canola production were assessed using a combined technique involving an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and a multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA). Data were collected from canola farming enterprises in the Mazandaran province of Iran and were used to test the application of the combined modeling algorithms. Life cycle assessment (LCA) for one ha functional unit of canola production from cradle to farm gate was conducted in order to evaluate the impacts of energy, materials used, and their environmental emissions. MOGA was applied to maximize the output energy and benefit-cost ratio, and to minimize environmental emissions. The combined ANFIS-MOGA technique resulted in a 6.2% increase in energy output, a 144% rise in the benefit-cost ratio, and a 19.8% reduction in environmental emissions from the current canola production system in the studied region. A comparison of ANFIS-MOGA with the data envelopment analysis approach was also conducted and the results established that the former is a better system than the latter because of its ability to generate optimum conditions that allow for the assessment of a combination of parameters such as energy, economic, and environmental impacts of agricultural production systems.

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  • 340.
    Muntean, Adrian
    et al.
    Eindhoven Inst Technol, Inst Complex Mol Syst, Dept Math & Comp Sci, CASA Ctr Anal Sci Comp & Applicat, Eindhoven, Netherlands.
    Aki, T.
    Japan Womens Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Math & Phys, Tokyo Japan.
    Preface to "The mathematics of concrete"2014In: Networks and Heterogeneous Media, ISSN 1556-1801, E-ISSN 1556-181X, Vol. 9, no 4, p. 1-2Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 341.
    Månsson, Sanna
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science.
    Gustafson, Micaela
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science.
    Utvärdering av innemiljön på Vargbroskolan2009Independent thesis Advanced level (professional degree), 15 credits / 22,5 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    In January 2008, the new Vargbroskolan was ready to be used. It is a school unique in its kind because the entire design has been focused on energy efficiency improvement and low environmental impact. The result became a very high isolated building with a hybrid ventilation system. The building has a culvert which heats the air before it gets in to the building in the winter and cools it in the summer. In order to see how the school functions in reality, an investigation where the indoor environment and the energy consumption are evaluated.

     

    In this report, the thermal comfort, the air quality and the sound environment in Vargbroskolan is treated. The sound environment is delimited to the noise caused by the ventilation system. When it comes to the air quality, focus is lying on carbon dioxide and airborne particles. The thermal comfort depends of four factors, temperature, thermal radiation, air movements and relative humidity.

     

    To measure the sound level caused by the ventilation system measurements has been done according to SS-EN ISO 16032:2004. These results are then compared to the Swedish standards. In six different classrooms the carbon dioxide, temperature and relative humidity has been measured with an integrating measuring instrument. For the same classrooms presence statistic has been pursued during two weeks in February. In this way data and the number of persons can be compared in order to find some connections. Particle measurement has been implemented with help of a particle counter, Climet CI-500, in order to evaluate the sedimentation ability of the culvert when it comes to airborne particles. Apart from different measurements an inquiry has also been done. The inquiry is of the kind MM 040 NA which is a standard questionnaire of Örebromodellen and it is the staff on Vargbroskolan who has replied.

     

    The conclusions are that the noise level caused by the ventilation systemet lies near and sometimes a little bit over the standard values, during maximum flow. The staff on Vargbroskolan does not think that this noise is disturbing, according to the inquiry. The concentration of carbon dioxide is a little bit to high during some periods but does not seem to influence the experience of the indoor environment negative either. The thermal comfort is not particularly good in Vargbroskolan, although it is better than the thermal comfort in reference schools according to the inquiry. The temperature is the factor most people complains about, but even though it is cold, the environment does not seem draughty more than sometimes. The relative humidity lies to low periodically, but not so low that it would give physical inconveniences for the people in the classroom. However, the system holds a constant temperature which is positive and it also shows that the system is working correctly.

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  • 342.
    Möller, Philip
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Energy, Environmental and Building Technology.
    Elfstrand, Erik
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Energy, Environmental and Building Technology.
    Fönsterareans klimatpåverkan: Jämförelse av koldioxidutsläpp från material- och energianvändning när fönsterarea varieras2023Independent thesis Basic level (university diploma), 15 credits / 22,5 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Right now, the world is facing a challenge of reducing carbon emissions. Existing buildings account for one-third of the world's carbon emissions. The construction and real estate sector in Sweden is facing the challenge of combining a high rate of construction with demands on reduced climate emissions. Energy use in the construction and real estate sector corresponded to about 40 percent of Sweden's total energy use in 2020, where heating in the construction and real estate sector accounts for the largest share. To build more energy-efficient buildings, it is important to insulate them well. In the Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning's building regulations Chapter 9, it is specified that buildings should be designed so that energy use is limited by efficient use of electricity, low heat loss, and low cooling needs. The Swedish building regulations also specifies values for the primary energy factor, average heat transfer coefficient, and installed electrical power for heating. The purpose of the thesis is to investigate the climate impact that follows from choosing a larger window area than the minimum requirements in the Swedish building regulations. This will be achieved through calculations of the climate impact of energy use and materials which are affected by the window area. The method consists of calculations of energy use, daylight simulations, and climate calculations, where four examples of exterior wall designs were compared with each other. Calculations were made on the following exterior wall options: the object's original design, where energy and material use were established. Varying window areas where VIP-Energy was used to simulate energy use. Varied window area with the same amount of concrete even though wall area increases, and an option when a new thickness was calculated for thermal insulation depending on the wall's average heat transfer coefficient. VIP-Energy was used to determine energy use in the object studied, as well as with variations in window and wall area. The climate calculation formed the basis for determining the climate impact of variations in material use depending on the window area. The results show that varying the window and wall areas leads to an increase in climate impact A1-5, which has been determined to have a maximum increase of 8.5 percent, mainly due to the increasing amount concrete which is a result of the window area decreases by 37.3 percent. In the scenario with reduced insulation, the results show that when the window area varies, the thickness of PIR insulation can be reduced by 64 percent. When varying the window and wall areas and assuming the same amount of concrete, the results show a lower climate impact of 8,500 kg CO2-eq per floor, corresponding to 18 percent. In the two cases where material, operation, and insulation vary, it is shown that varying insulation initially results in lower impact with a 25 percent reduction in area. The conclusion is drawn that the material and dimensions of windows affect the building's carbon footprint, although in this case, concrete has the greatest impact. 

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  • 343.
    Mörk, Anton
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013).
    Granath, Simon
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013).
    Utvärdering av BIM som arbetsmetod i anläggningsbranschen: En analys av BIM-implementeringen för anläggningsbranschen i byggprocessens skeden2015Independent thesis Basic level (university diploma), 15 credits / 22,5 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The construction industry is regarded as conservative and slow developed where similar methods have been used since the industry began. There should be methods that are more effective in relation to the expansion of technology development. A new, but today quite unestablished, working method allows information to be integrated and coordinated in an interactive 3D model through the whole building process – building information modeling (BIM).The purpose of this study is to the construction industry illuminate the pros and cons with BIM as a working method, and also outline which obstacles there is and which measures that are required for a wider implementation.Through a case study evaluates this via qualitative interviews with representatives of the construction process in its various stages. The interviews are based on a set of evaluating questions and a built BIM model of a real construction project.Some conclusions that have been drawn from the study are that based on the current working methods that indicate a need for efficiency of joint understanding in projects. With BIM as a working method the joint understanding and the efficiency increases, which leads to reduced time and cost parameters with a higher quality and reliability in the finished product.The construction industry welcomes this and will be benefited with a change of methods in the long run. However, there are obstacles that must be rectified before a full implementation can take place. If clients should be able to demand this there must be a clearly structured standard designed which also educations and calculations to obtain a financial benefit is based on.

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  • 344.
    Naqvi, Salman Raza
    et al.
    Univ Twente, Fac Engn Technol, Enschede, Netherlands; Natl Univ Sci & Technol, Islamabad, Pakistan.
    Tariq, R.
    Natl Univ Sci & Technol, Islamabad, Pakistan.
    Hameed, Z.
    Natl Univ Sci & Technol, Islamabad, Pakistan.
    Ali, I.
    King Abdulaziz Univ, Dept Chem, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia; King Abdulaziz Univ, Dept Mat Engn, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia.
    Taqvi, S. A.
    Univ Teknol PETRONAS, Dept Chem Engn, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia; NED Univ Engn & Technol, Chem Engn Dept, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
    Naqvi, Muhammad
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences (from 2013).
    Niazi, M. B. K.
    Natl Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Chem & Mat Engn, Islamabad, Pakistan.
    Noor, T.
    Natl Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Chem & Mat Engn, Islamabad, Pakistan.
    Farooq, W.
    KFUPM, Dept Chem Engn, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
    Pyrolysis of high-ash sewage sludge: Thermo-kinetic study using TGA and artificial neural networks2018In: Fuel, ISSN 0016-2361, E-ISSN 1873-7153, Vol. 233, p. 529-538Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Pyrolysis of high-ash sewage sludge (HASS) is a considered as an effective method and a promising way for energy production from solid waste of wastewater treatment facilities. The main purpose of this work is to build knowledge on pyrolysis mechanisms, kinetics, thermos-gravimetric analysis of high-ash (44.6%) sewage sludge using model-free methods & results validation with artificial neural network (ANN). TG-DTG curves at 5,10 and 20 °C/min showed the pyrolysis zone was divided into three zone. In kinetics, E values of models ranges are; Friedman (10.6–306.2 kJ/mol), FWO (45.6–231.7 kJ/mol), KAS (41.4–232.1 kJ/mol) and Popescu (44.1–241.1 kJ/mol) respectively. ΔH and ΔG values predicted by OFW, KAS and Popescu method are in good agreement and ranged from (41–236 kJ/mol) and 53–304 kJ/mol, respectively. Negative value of ΔS showed the non-spontaneity of the process. An artificial neural network (ANN) model of 2 * 5 * 1 architecture was employed to predict the thermal decomposition of high-ash sewage sludge, showed a good agreement between the experimental values and predicted values (R2 ⩾ 0.999) are much closer to 1. Overall, the study reflected the significance of ANN model that could be used as an effective fit model to the thermogravimetric experimental data. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd

  • 345.
    Niklasson, Carl
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013).
    Uppdaterade emissionsfaktorer i Trafikverkets Klimatkalkyl: En utredning av konsekvenserna av uppdaterade emissionsfaktorer i Klimatkalkyl 6.12020Independent thesis Basic level (university diploma), 15 credits / 22,5 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Anläggningsprojekt är resursintensiva och kan medföra stora utsläpp av växthusgaser. För att beräkna klimatpåverkan från anläggningsprojekt använder Trafikverket en modell som kallas Klimatkalkyl. I denna modell används så kallade byggdelar och typåtgärder tillsammans med resursschabloner och emissionsfaktorer för att beräkna ett projekts klimatgasutsläpp och energianvändning. Resultaten används bland annat för att ställa utsläppskrav på entreprenörer och projektörer. För att säkerställa att emissionsfaktorerna så bra som möjligt motsvarar ett aktuellt, genomsnittligt utsläppsvärde uppdateras de med jämna mellanrum. Dessa uppdateringar skapar en viss osäkerhet kring resultattolkning och kravställning för Trafikverket.

    I detta arbete undersöks effekten av uppdaterade emissionsfaktorer från de som används i Klimatkalkyl v. 6.1 till de som ska användas i v. 7.0, som lanseras i juni 2020.

    Slutsatsen är att uppdateringens effekt på kalkylens byggdelar påverkas av de tre faktorerna mängd, förändring av ingående emissionsfaktorer och utsläppsnivå per mängdenhet för byggdelen. Stor mängd, stor förändring av emissionsfaktorer och hög utsläppsnivå innebär stor effekt. På projektnivå påverkas effekten av ingående byggdelar och varierar från projekt till projekt. För väg- och järnvägsprojekt blir utsläppsförändringen generellt liten, men för bro- och tunnelprojekt samt mindre projekt och projekt av typen om- och utbyggnad bedöms effekten kunna bli stor.

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  • 346.
    Nilson, Finn
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Center for Societal Risk Research, CSR (from 2020). Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Department of Political, Historical, Religious and Cultural Studies (from 2013). Marie Cederschiöld University, Sweden.
    de Goër de Herve, Mathilde
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Center for Societal Risk Research, CSR (from 2020). Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Department of Political, Historical, Religious and Cultural Studies (from 2013). Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for Research on Sustainable Societal Transformation.
    Exploring the transfer of risks2023In: Safety Science, ISSN 0925-7535, E-ISSN 1879-1042, Vol. 166, article id 106240Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Societal safety is often centred on handling or managing a single risk from the perspective of a particular at-risk group or individual, in a specific time and place. However, such linear and single-facetted processes are rare and the current approaches in societal risk management fail to comprehensively include and discuss the full range of outcomes and its inherent uncertainty and complexity. By combining different examples of known and unknown outcomes of societal risk management in the scientific literature, this paper aim to contribute to the risk and safety research field by presenting a conceptual model of risk transfer. The conceptual model shows how traditional societal risk management strategies often aim at reducing a targeted risk, considering the original actors affected by this risk, in a defined geographical area and for a decided time frame despite risk management also altering the landscape of risks for other actors, in other places, and at other times, as well as for the original actors, in the original place, and during the original time. Combining these aspects in a conceptual model that accepts and incorporates complexity, the underlying intention is to initiate a discussion regarding the current approaches and understandings of societal risk management and societal safety. 

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  • 347.
    Nilsson, Adam
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Energy, Environmental and Building Technology.
    Rezai, Ali
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Energy, Environmental and Building Technology.
    En jämförelse mellan moduler med träregel stomme och KL-trä stomme ur ekonomisk, tidsmässig och klimatsynpunkt.2022Independent thesis Basic level (university diploma), 15 credits / 22,5 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The construction industry today plays a significant part in the world's greenhouse gas emissions, primarily in the form of extraction and production of materials and products. Knowing which materials are used in the construction of buildings make difference from an economic, social and environmental point of view. Industrial wood construction presents a construction method where most of the building material is environmentally friendly and buildings are produced through an efficient construction period with an economical material cost. 

    With the development of new technologies in industrial wood construction with the aim of lower climate emissions and material costs as well as more efficient production are becoming more in demand. At present, building modules are produced as temporary and permanent kits for different types of buildings. This construction method comes with advantages such as less moisture damage, shorter construction times, more efficient construction costs and more environmentally friendly building materials. Traditional wood modules are an example of industrial wood construction. 

    Wood is a renewable building material and it often used in the construction industry. Today, with the development of new technology in the wood construction industry, the use of cross-glued solid wood, CLT, has increased. The structure of cross-glued wood often consists of three to five layers of wooden boards of different thicknesses. These planks are glued and placed crosswise on one another and build a solid wood board with high bearing capacity and rigidity used in the form of frame elements for walls, ceilings and the joists. 

    This study is based on a comparison of two modules with the aim of highlighting the differences in production cost, construction time and environmental impact between the module of CLT and wooden shelves as the frame material for new construction of apartment buildings. And also show that it is possible to design residential buildings of CLT-modules with regard to thermal conductivity, load-bearing capacity, fire resistance and moisture requirements. The goal of this study is to develop a CLT- module that takes into account the criteria presented to see how big the differences are from the three parameters, time, cost and environmental impact.

    The methods used in this work are literature study, study visits, computer programs and calculations. For the modules to be compared under the same conditions, they have the same living space and sound and fire requirements. This input was then calculated through Bidcon, which is a computer program that gives the result for carbon dioxide emissions, material costs and labor costs. 

    The results of the study show that CLT- modules are more expensive than wooden-rail modules. However, carbon dioxide emissions and construction period of these modules are significantly lower than traditional modules. From an economic perspective, slave modules are considerably profitable to manufacture but from an environmental and temporal perspective CLT modules are more advantageous. Finally, both modules have their advantages and disadvantages, and it is the customer who chooses which of these parameters are more important.

  • 348.
    Nilsson, Anna
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science.
    Vendel, Stina
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science.
    Värmelagring i byggnader: Kan en god värmelagringsförmåga kompensera ett högt U-värde?2008Independent thesis Basic level (professional degree), 15 points / 22,5 hpStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Idag bor ungefär en tredjedel av jordens befolkning i hus som är byggda av lera. I Sverige byggs det endast i liten skala med detta byggmaterial och då främst i egen regi. De människor som sysslar med detta tror att leran har goda egenskaper som byggnadsmaterial, bland annat en god värmelagringsförmåga. När det idag byggs hus sätts stort fokus på att husens U-värden ska vara så låga som möjligt medan man bortser ifrån konstruktionens värmelagringsförmåga. En massiv lervägg utan isolering får ett högt U-värde, vilket man idag vill undvika. I BBR ställs krav på en byggnads energiförbrukning och på ett U-medelvärde för dess klimatskal. I detta arbete undersöktes det om leran har såpass goda egenskaper vad gäller värmelagring att det kan kompensera för dess höga U-värde och se hur värmelagringsförmågan och värmeledningen samverkar. Syftet var att se om det är möjligt att bygga ett hus med lerväggar i Sverige som klarar BBR:s krav på energihushållning och målet var att redovisa en vägg av lera som klarar detta.

    För att värmelagringen ska fungera krävs i huvudsak två saker; bra värmelagringsförmåga i klimatskalet och att inomhustemperaturen svänger. Svängning i temperaturen inomhus uppkommer av så kallad gratisvärme från personer, hushållsapparater och solinstrålning. Under de delar av dygnet då gratisvärmen är stor kommer det att bli ett överskott av energi. Meningen är att väggarna ska ta upp den energin och lagra den till ett tillfälle då det är kallare inne och då avge den. På detta sätt görs en energibesparing samtidigt som komforten ökar i och med att temperatursvängningarna dämpas.

    De tillfällen då väggen är varmare än inomhustemperaturen kommer energi att avges från väggen. Mängden av denna energi kallas värmetröghet och har enheten kJ/m². För att få fram denna energimängd användes en fördjupad metod inom värmelagring. Metoden går ut på att väggen delas in i flera skikt och värmetransporterna mellan varje skikt räknas ut. I och med denna förflyttning av energi så kommer temperaturen i varje skikt att ändras. Dessa beräkningar görs på 24 timmar jämnt uppdelat i tidssteg. I de fallen då det finns en värmetröghet kommer temperaturen i det innersta skiktet vid ett eller flera tidssteg att överskrida inomhustemperaturen, och därmed avge energi. Energin från de olika tidsstegen summeras för att få den totala värmetrögheten. Dessa beräkningar gjordes i Excel.

    Den andra delen, förutom värmelagring, som är viktig i dessa energiberäkningar är U-värdet. Även detta räknades ut i Excelprogrammet.

    För att se hur U-värde och värmetröghet samverkar räknades energiförbrukningen ut för ett hus där väggkonstruktionen varierades. Genom att hålla alla värden konstanta utom just värmetrögheten och U-värdet kunde skillnader observeras. Den konstanta indatan skapades genom att anta en fiktiv villa som motsvarar en svensk ”medelvilla”. Data för denna byggnad matades sedan in i ett energiberäkningsprogram, gjort av Jens Beiron, för att få fram dess årliga energiförbrukning. Dessa resultat jämfördes sedan med det norra och södra kravet på energihushållning som ställs i BBR.

    Två fall sattes upp, i det första fallet gjordes en jämförelse mellan en massiv lervägg och en träregelvägg. Det andra fallet gick ut på att optimera lerväggen (isolera), om denna inte skulle klara BBR:s krav vad gäller energihushållning.

    Resultatet från fall 1 visade att en massiv lervägg inte skulle klara kravet om den inte hade en tjocklek på 1800mm (norra zonens krav) och 4800mm (södra zonens krav). Väggen behövde en tjocklek på minst 720mm för att överhuvudtaget ge tillbaka värme till rummet. Träregelväggen däremot klarade kravet med en isoleringstjocklek av 500mm (södra zonens krav) och 200mm (norra zonens krav). För att ge tillbaka värme behövde väggen ha en isoleringstjocklek på 250mm.

    I fall två testades en lervägg med 100mm cellplast och 200mm cellplast med den sammanlagda väggtjockleken på 400mm i båda fallen. Värmetrögheten var god i båda fallen så länge inte isoleringen sattes på insidan av väggen då den bidrog till att ingen värme kunde transporteras in i konstruktionen. Den varianten med 100mm isolering klarade den norra zonens krav medan den med 200mm isolering även klarade det södra kravet.

    Av resultaten kunde man se att en konstruktion måste ha ett någorlunda lågt U-värde för att kunna lagra värme från ett tillfälle till ett annat. Detta beroende på att värmegenomgångsmotståndet annars blir så pass litet att värmen istället transporteras rakt igenom väggen. En massiv lervägg skulle under detta arbetes förutsättningar inte klara kraven. En isolerad lervägg skulle däremot kunna göra det.

    Träregelväggen får ett lågt U-värde men låg värmetröghet medan den isolerade lerväggen får ett högre U-värde fast hög värmetröghet samtidigt som båda dessa klarar kraven. Detta visar att värmetrögheten faktiskt kan kompensera ett lägre U-värde.

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  • 349.
    Nilsson, Emilie
    et al.
    Karlstad University.
    Halvardsson, Julia
    Karlstad University.
    GNSS-baserad inmätning med navigationsappar på iPhone X och Huawei P20 Pro: En GNSS-baserad detaljmätning med navigationsappar och NRTK-teknik2022Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The GPS system has been of great public benefit for, for example, giving directions and locations. When the navigation system is used it is usually followed in real time, which makes it essential to provide reliable information for the user. In urban environments where areas are surrounded by many, tall buildings, the satellite signals can be affected before they reach the GNSS-receiver, which has a negative effect on positioning accuracy. This is one of the major challenges of positioning in an urban environment. The study examines how the accuracy is when positioning in an urban environment with the help of the mobile devices iPhone X and Huawei P20 Pro by using the navigation app GPS Coordinates with the aim of studying how precisely the mobile devices can enter the location information. Furthermore, a comparison is also made between measurement with the mobile devices and Network RTK with Trimble R10 in the same environment.

    The survey was carried out by measuring three known points in an urban environment with the units iPhone X, Huawei P20 Pro with the respective navigation app and Trimble R10. The measurements were performed for two separate days. One measurement per point in one hour was done during a period in the morning and then the measurement was repeated for a period in the afternoon. The coordinates of each point and measurement are read at intervals of 60 seconds for the mobile devices and for 180 seconds for the rover (Trimble R10). The results from the measurements show that it is not possible to achieve an accuracy on centimetre level when positioning in the specified urban environment with the help of iPhone X and Huawei P20 Pro, the accuracy is not better than a few meters. However, it is possible to achieve good accuracy when measuring with the Trimble R10. The measurements with the Huawei P20 Pro generally received a lower accuracy than the iPhone X, mainly at point 10317316. In addition, the results when positioning in an urban environment using the mobile devices are not as predictable as for the Trimble R10. Although the iPhone X achieves a higher accuracy than the Huawei P20 Pro, the result is not reliable as the time intervals when measuring with the iPhone X were updated irregularly, which means that the 60 second intervals could not be kept continuous, which should be improved for a more comparable and reliable result.

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  • 350.
    Nilsson, Julia
    et al.
    Karlstad University.
    Bergström, Emil
    Karlstad University.
    Underentreprenörernas ekonomistyrningsarbete i partneringprojekt: En studie som speglar krav och behov mellan avtalsparterna inom ekonomistyrningen i partneringprocessen2020Independent thesis Basic level (university diploma), 15 credits / 22,5 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    This study is based on subcontractors’ ways of working with financial management in the partnering processes. The work has been carried out in cooperation with “The Company” to look for improvement opportunities with their financial management in the partnering projects they carry out.

    Partnering is a working method in the construction industry that has become more popular in recent years, especially in Värmland. The working method is based on working together to achieve the project’s goals. What distinguishes partnering projects from traditional projects is the openness towards the client. When it comes to financial control, you work monthly on the accounting of economy.

    The purpose of the study is to gain increased knowledge of how financial management works between subcontractor, SC and partnering contractor, PC in partnering projects. This to be able to find improvement opportunities through a survey of today's financial management. The goal is to get an honest picture of what the financial management between SC and PC looks like today. An image that reflects the demands and needs of the contracting parties, especially where there are issues. To achieve this, a literature study was conducted to gain deeper knowledge of the area and to be able to answer part of the problem formulation. The main method used for the study was to perform a qualitative study, in form of interviews and observations.

    The result shows that SC works with an open and honest calculation where you show all records in hours and on all different materials. Every month there is a forecast meeting with the client and the contractor where you get to show how the economy appears in the current situation. The difference between small and large companies is very small. They have very different conditions and their major challenges between each other are the balance of power, culture, decision-making and credibility. Nor does SC find it difficult to adapt to the requirements set by the Company. There is an opportunity for improvement that should be used and that is to impose stricter requirements on their SC, especially when it comes to the work of forecasting.

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