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  • 151.
    Ewen, Robert
    et al.
    Karlstad University.
    Andreassen, Tim
    Karlstad University.
    Partnering på Carlstad Conference Center: En jämförelse åt Byggbolaget i Värmland AB2010Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 15 credits / 22,5 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Partnering is a new and exciting way of cooperation in the Swedish construction industry. In countries like Denmark and the United Kingdom the concept has been developed during a number of years while the Swedish construction industry has been more reluctant.

    Partnering is seen by many as the solution to the problems that often occur in design and build contracts. Many others believe that it is a way for the big entrepreneurs to gain unfair advantage. Never the less the concept is fast getting more and more appreciation, especially in the region of Karlstad where many new buildings are built that way.

    We have focused on the new development of Carlstad Conference Center (CCC) which is currently built with a partnering concept. The main method that have been used in this thesis are interviews with personnel on different positions in the project. We have interviewed the following categories of personnel: Project Manager, Main Contractor, Foreman, Architect, Constructor and Subcontractors.

    The purpose of this thesis is to describe how the partnering cooperation at Carlstad Conference Center works and how this approach differs from a traditional design and build contract. The goal is then to describe the differences in economics, organization and quality.

    We have found that partnering is an excellent way of cooperation in projects that are highly complex and where the client can´t really define his product. In projects that are more of a standardized nature the design and build contract seems better. We have also found that it is positive that the main contractor is involved together with the architect and the constructor in the early stages of the project and contributes with his knowledge on how to build in an effective way.

    From an economic point of view we have found that the profits that the contractors make in a partnering project are not as big as it may have been in a traditional design and build contract but on the other hand it´s almost impossible to make a loss which makes it a safe way to build. We have also found that it´s a more simple way of working since the involved parties don´t have to argue about extra costs and additional works.

    When it comes to the quality of the finished product the views varies depending on who you ask. Generally speaking it´s the main contractor that believes the quality should end up the same as with a normal design and build contract. Almost everyone else believes that the quality should get better.

    Everyone that has been interviewed believes that partnering is the best way to build projects like Carlstad Conference Center.

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  • 152. Fatima, Tasnim
    et al.
    Muntean, Adrian
    Technical University Eindhoven.
    Sulfate attack in sewer pipes: Derivation of a concrete corrosion model via two-scale convergence2014In: Nonlinear Analysis: Real World Applications, ISSN 1468-1218, Vol. 15, no 1, p. 326-344Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We explore the homogenization limit and rigorously derive upscaled equations for a microscopic reaction-diffusion system modeling sulfate corrosion in sewer pipes made of concrete. The system, defined in a periodically-perforated domain, is semi-linear, partially dissipative and weakly coupled via a non-linear ordinary differential equation posed on the solid-water interface at the pore level. First, we show the well-posedness of the microscopic model. We then apply homogenization techniques based on two-scale convergence for a uniformly periodic domain and derive upscaled equations together with explicit formulas for the effective diffusion coefficients and reaction constants. We use a boundary unfolding method to pass to the homogenization limit in the non-linear ordinary differential equation. Finally, we give the strong formulation of the upscaled system.

  • 153.
    Fatima, Tasnin
    et al.
    Technical University Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
    Arab, Nasrin
    Technical University Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
    Zemskov, Evgeny P.
    Computing Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
    Muntean, Adrian
    Technical University Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
    Homogenization of a reaction-diffusion system modeling sulfate corrosion of concrete in locally periodic perforated domains2011In: Journal of Engineering Mathematics, ISSN 0022-0833, E-ISSN 1573-2703, Vol. 69, no 2, p. 261-276Article in journal (Refereed)
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  • 154.
    Fermhede, Jonas
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences.
    Effektivisering av klimatskärm: åtgärdsförslag för bostadsföreningen Stocken2014Independent thesis Basic level (university diploma), 15 credits / 22,5 HE creditsStudent thesis
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    Arkivfil
  • 155. Flodell, Tilda
    et al.
    Aronsson, Nathalie
    Exploring Networking Barriers for Excavated Soil Management: A case study in the construction industry2018Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The construction industry is today one of the greatest consumer of natural resources, and considering the current construction rate, the resource efficiency are to be a challenge. The complexity and uniqueness of the industry create barriers for managing resources efficiently. Construction entails excavation of soil, and from a resource perspective, the excavated soil can be managed more efficiently. The purpose of the study is to examine the network of excavated soil management and how different actors and their roles are intertwined with each other and how they are related to environmental aspects in construction projects. A qualitative case study with a systematic combining approach has been conducted, where semi-structured interviews, observations and secondary documentations were used to collect data. The collected data were further analysed using the ARA-model and the iron triangle. The results generated five main networking barriers for managing the excavated soil more efficiently; communication, co-operation and willingness to compromise/collaborate, unified vision, commitment and structure. However, the analysis resulted in two concluding barriers with the most substantial impact on the excavated soil management. First, the public procurement act which limits the opportunities for early involvement of the contractors, and second, the lack of unified vision regarding the responsibility of the excavated soil. Further, commitment among all actors is required for a joint long-term management. The findings are specific to the case, due to the complexity of the industry. Further research is required to make the results more generalizable.

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  • 156.
    Florisson, Sara
    et al.
    Linnéuniversitetet.
    Muszynski, L.
    Oregon State University, USA.
    Vessby, Johan
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences (from 2013).
    Analysis of hygro-mechanical behavior of wood in bending2021In: Wood and Fiber Science, ISSN 0735-6161, Vol. 53, no 1, p. 27-47Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The empirical test developed as validation for a newbeamelementmodel that can account for bothmechanical and environmental load action in finite element analysis is presented. The testing protocol allowsfor the identification and analysis of contributing deflection components in bending under varying MCconditions, including mechano-sorption. The components of deflection in the shear-free span of a four-pointbending test and their responses to varyingmoisture are evaluatedwith an analytical procedure. The experimentwas conducted on clear, straight-grained sapwood and heartwood specimens of Norway spruce (Picea abies)(30 15 640 mm3). The program consisted of three phases: 1) long-term (LT) experiments under constanttemperature of 60°C and RH cycles between 40% and 80%, 2) a short-term static experiment to determine thevariation in the sample set and the load level of the LT experiment on end-matched specimens, and 3) creeptests at 60°C and constant humidity at either 40%or 80%to determine the effect ofmoisture on the viscoelasticcreep. Mass changes and hygro-expansion measured on matched specimens were used in the analyticalmethod. Constitutive models used for describing the material-level response to loads and moisture changeswere applied to the shear-free segment of the specimens disregarding actual moisture gradients and fiberorientation inside the test specimens. A successful identification of each deflection component and isolation ofmechano-sorption component was accomplished. In the 90 da of testing, the dominant component of the totaldeflection was the elastic component, followed by the mechano-sorptive component. Creep was found to benonnegligible and important in the correct description of mechano-sorption. The effect of moisture on theviscoelastic behavior showedmost important during loading and first stages of decreasing deflection rate phase.

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  • 157.
    Florisson, Sara
    et al.
    Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för byggteknik (BY).
    Ormarsson, Sigurdur
    Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för byggteknik (BY).
    Vessby, Johan
    Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för byggteknik (BY).
    A numerical study of the effect of green-state moisture content on stress development in timber boards during drying2019In: Wood and Fiber Science, ISSN 0735-6161, Vol. 51, no 1, p. 41-57Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Timber boards manufactured with a traditional sawing pattern often contain both heartwood andsapwood. In such boards, internal constraints can occur during drying because of a radial variation in greenstate(GS) MC between the heartwood (30-60%) and sapwood region (120-200%). Despite such knowledge,the initial MC is seldom considered when evaluating kiln-drying schedules. The effect of GS MC on thedevelopment of tangential tensile stress during drying is studied for four types of timber boards. A numericalmodel was developed that can simulate transient nonlinear orthotropic moisture flow and moisture–inducedstress and distortion in wood with the use of the finite element method. The stress analysis considers elastic,hygroscopic, and mechano-sorptive strain. The study shows that the GS MC does not significantly influencethe maximum stress state, but that it does influence the time at which the maximum tangential tensile stressoccurs at different exchange surfaces. This results in several periods in the drying schedule where unfavorablehigh stress situations in the tangential direction arise, which could lead to crack propagation.

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    Florisson2019
  • 158.
    Florisson, Sara
    et al.
    Linnéuniversitetet, Växjö.
    Ormarsson, Sigurdur
    Linnéuniversitetet, Växjö.
    Vessby, Johan
    Linnéuniversitetet, Växjö.
    Modelling of mechano-sorption in clear wood by using an orthotropic non-linear moisture flow and stress model2018In: WCTE 2018 - World Conference on Timber Engineering, World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE) , 2018Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The European design standard for timber structures provides, besides obligatory safety requirements, a set of general serviceability requirements. Despite their generality, they have been proven important in design of timber structures, especially in varying climatic conditions, where the time dependent deflection can have a dominant role in long term performance. The total deformation consists of instantaneous elastic deformation, hygroscopic deformation, time dependent creep and mechano-sorptive deformation. The three latter deformations are influenced by climate, and when the change in climate is considerable over time, the deflection will significantly increase. In this paper a test-setup is created to study the effect of mechano-sorption on the global deflection of clear wood samples. The samples are loaded in a three-point bending test subjected to a constant mechanical load combined with a cyclic climatic load. The moisture induced stress and bending distortion were simulated by taking into account elastic, hygroscopic and mechano-sorptive strain. The non-linear moisture flow was simulated using Fick’s law. A parametric study was performed to obtain a better understanding of the constitutive equation, especially the term related to the moisture and temperature dependent diffusion coefficient. In addition to the simulations, an experiment was performed to verify the global deflection and mass change. The obtained results show that the mechano-sorption behaviour of the tested clear wood samples can be modelled, but an improvement of both the experimental setup and the model is required to come to more accurate conclusions on this type of long-term material behaviour.

  • 159.
    Flygar, David
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013).
    Jonsson, David
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013).
    Energibesparingslösningar & kostnadsanalys för NNE-hus inför 2021: En studie om hur en specifik byggnad klarar av de nya BBR25-kraven beroende av uppvärmningskälla och geografiskt läge i Sverige2018Independent thesis Basic level (university diploma), 15 credits / 22,5 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The thesis is done with consideration to the new stricter requirements for production of houses in Sweden during the summer of 2018, but the requirements must also be met in all EU countries before the year 2021. The requirements are directed against the total energy consumption of newly built dwellings at operation stage and that specific energy use previously used is replaced with primary energy to calculate consumption.

    Therefore, the whole construction industry is facing major changes, but above all house manufacturers where their previous requirements with calculations based on specific energy use are no longer valid. The primary energy calculation is based on specific energy carriers, which is much more important for the calculations, and the formula looks different, which leads to new values that cannot be compared with previous requirements levels.

    The survey was conducted using a specific house from Vårgårda hus, the goal was that the house would meet the requirements regardless of where in the country it is placed and selected heating source. But another important aspect was how the price differences on the different design and heating solutions panned out, this was done with the software Bidcon to clearly see the input costs for each case. To achieve this, a parameter study with different heating sources and other smart design solutions was made to see if the house passed the requirements of four different geographical locations in Sweden using VIP-Energy.

    The result shows clearly that our specific house only meets the requirements when it is placed in Malmö in the original design and not in Lanna, Örebro County where it is placed in reality. This means that different savings solutions are required and the most energy efficient way is to equip the house with a geothermal heat pump and an FTX system for all tested zones. However, it will be most cost-effective in terms of the final price to use district heating with an FTX system to meet the requirements of all the tested geographical zones. 

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  • 160.
    Fors, Samuel
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013).
    Rosenberg, Johan
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013).
    Implementering av rastermått i stomprojektering av flerbostadshus: Fördelar respektive nackdelar vid implementering i befintligt ritningsunderlag2023Independent thesis Basic level (university diploma), 15 credits / 22,5 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The building industry is facing big challenges in terms of producing new homes. At the same time as the cost for apartment buildings are hitting new records, an annual addition of 63 400 new homes is required to cover the housing needs. At the same time the building industry needs to reduce its emission of greenhouse gases for Sweden to reach its set climate targets. These conditions place high demands on the construction industry, and to be able to respond to the demands, it is necessary for the industry to review its way of working and develop new, more efficient methods in terms of both working methods and resource use.

    The purpose of the work is to investigate which advantages and disadvantages there are with the implementation of a grid dimension in the frame design when revising existing drawing documents.

    The goal of the work is to evaluate whether the advantages outweigh the disadvantages when it comes to the implementation of grid dimensions in the frame design.

    To answer the question, a literature study, a case study and an interview study are carried out. The case study is carried out at the company Fridh och Hell, and the drawing basis in which the grid measure is implemented applies to Kvarteret Barken 2, Karlstad. In the interview study, five people are interviewed who are all involved in the design work of a typical tender process at the company.

    The results of the study indicate that the benefits of the implementation of raster dimensions for the building's load-bearing exterior walls outweigh the disadvantages that come with the implementation. Regarding an implementation of raster dimensions for load-bearing interior walls, the conclusion is that such an implementation would be so time-consuming and extensive that the benefits achieved with it would not be sufficient justification for an actual implementation.

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  • 161.
    Forsman, Micael
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Energy, Environmental and Building Technology.
    Svensson, Erik
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Energy, Environmental and Building Technology.
    Nytt resecentrum i Karlstad: Gestaltningsförslag2012Independent thesis Basic level (professional degree), 15 credits / 22,5 HE creditsStudent thesis
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    Nytt resecentrum i Karlstad
  • 162.
    Fougstedt, Fredrik
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science.
    Blomqvist, Jakob
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science.
    Lidström, Rickard
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science.
    Kommunåtgärder mot ökande vattennivå i Vänern och Göta älv, vid planering och byggnation2008Independent thesis Basic level (professional degree), 15 credits / 22,5 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose of this project is to give the construction company NCC a basis for how the municipalities around Vänern and along the river Göta plans in front of the new dimensioning water level at +47,4 m (RH70) as the climate - and vulnerability investigation presented in their report.

    Vänern's average water level is today +44,3 m (RH70). During a 100-year period is it 1% risk that that the dimensioning water level arises. According to the climate - and vulnerability investigation is it therefore possible that the water level can ascend with approximately three m at an extreme case. This can mean a series of different consequences for the municipalities around Vänern and along the river Göta. NCC is interested in getting knowledge about the measures that the municipalities plan to take in order to protect newly and existing settlement against floods and landslides as a result of higher water levels. They are also interested in how the measures will be financed and what construction volume the municipalities plan to do in the future.

    What the municipalities have done so far is that they during the spring 2008 has started a common cooperation where the objective is to come until a common position towards the government in this matter. The first thing to do is to make a consequence description to show what result a flood can make in each municipality. Subsequently, a reliable geographic material will be made in order to get the heights of the land and then simulate how the water levels will strike the municipalities. On the basis of this a socio-economic calculation can be done to see what damages that will be expected.

    During the spring 2008 the county administration in Västra Götaland along with Vattenfall decided about an urgent strategy in order to regulate Vänern's highest water levels. The agreement means that Vattenfall weekly draws Vänern regarding the highest estimated water levels.

    The county administration has in consultation with Vattenfall and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute drawn up a drawing strategy and according to calculations the highest water level of Vänern can be decreased up to 40 cm.

    Each individual municipality also has local action plans in order to protect itself against floods and landslides. The big problem in most of the municipalities is how the existing settlement will be protected while all new production in most cases is not built lower than what the dimensioning level says.

    Concerning the financial matter there are different views. Some of the municipalities consider that the real-estate owner alone has to finance the measures that must be taken while some of the municipalities consider that the costs will become so great that a government subsidy is required.

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  • 163.
    Fredriksson, Eric
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science.
    Svensson, Mattias
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science.
    Fuktsäkerhetsbedömning med Wufi2009Independent thesis Basic level (university diploma), 15 credits / 22,5 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Moisture safety is a rising concept in the construction industry and building designers spent

    more and more time on the moisture safety designs. Moisture is complicated to calculate and

    the use of a calculation program could make the process easier. Wufi is a German moisture

    calculation program that recently has been presented in a Swedish version. WSP has invested

    in the program to better assess the moisture safety in structures. WSP was interested in a study

    of Wufi to facilitate the introduction of the program in the company. The objective of this

    report is to clarify how the basic parameters are to be considered in the program and how

    reliable the program is.

     

    In order to make an evaluation possible the process started with self-study of the program, and

    ended with a short education in the program. After this a number of parametric tests were

    conducted in the program to answer how these should be dealt with. For the assessment of the

    reliability of the program a major study on plaster walls with different plaster system was

    made. The results were compared with the problems that have occurred on these structures.

     

    The parameter tests shows that material properties have a major impact on the outcome and it

    is therefore important to use materials in the right way and with the right values. The test of

    time steps indicates small difference in outcome. Calculations in the program can therefore be

    carried out with an hour time step and thus minimizing the calculation time.

     

    Used correctly, the Wufi program and its parameters provides reliable results. The result from

    the plaster walls in Wufi follows the implications and discussions that have aroused about the

    plaster on wood frame. However, the application is entirely dependent on what you choose for

    input and material properties. If these are not carefully controlled, there is a risk that the

    results are wrong and the reliability of the program is then gone.

     

    For the program to reach a useful position in an organization such as WSP, an update of the

    material database ought to be done. This increases the usability significantly and building

    designers who do not normally work with building physics could then be able to determine

    the moisture safety in a construction. In order to maintain control over moisture safety,

    however, there should be clear policies for how the program should be used.

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  • 164. Fredriksson, Jessica
    et al.
    Säfström, Frida
    Klimatsmart villaträdgård: Ekosystemtjänster2021Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 15 credits / 22,5 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Today, there is an interplay between all living organisms, plants and animals that makes it possible for our living needs to be met. When building a new house, many people do not think that it is possible to adapt the residential plot so that it contributes to a smaller climate impact. A villa garden where ecosystem services have been taken into account can e.g. consist of vegetation that helps bees pollinate crops, plants that provide oxygen as well as trees and shrubs that regulate temperature. It is therefore interesting how ecosystem services work on a smaller scale and what single-family homes can do to contribute to a climate-smart home garden and thereby increase biodiversity.

    The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency wants to increase awareness of how dependent we humans are on biodiversity, nature and functioning ecosystems for plants, animals and humans. With an increased knowledge of the ecosystem services that exist today, the understanding that helps to preserve biological diversity and create a greater commitment to a sustainable way of life grows.

    The purpose is to investigate how a residential plot can be adapted to contribute to a more climate-smart garden with the help of ecosystem services. The purpose is not to investigate VillaZero but the whole plot where several perspectives are weighed in so that a family can make a difference for ecosystem services compared to a more traditional way. The aim of the work is to come up with a proposal on how to design a residential plot that benefits the ecosystem services that currently exist. The difference will be noticeable if several people in a residential area or community choose this solution, where there is a well-thought-out idea of ​​the whole.

    The study showed that there are good opportunities to design their garden to benefit the ecosystem services that exist. With the help of, for example, greenhouses, pallet collars, a pond and greenery, the supportive, cultural, regulatory and livelihood ecosystem services are increasing. With the help of a template from the City of Stockholm, the site has succeeded in achieving a higher green area factor after the design of the site than before, which makes the site more eco-efficient.

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    Klimatsmart villaträdgård
  • 165.
    Fredriksson, Martin
    et al.
    Karlstad University.
    Ask, Fredrik
    Karlstad University.
    GC-bro med limträstomme: Dimensionering av Nya Älvbron med hjälp av datorbaserat dimensioneringsprogram2017Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 15 credits / 22,5 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The construction sector is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gas emissions in the world today and are in great need of change and improvement. A building material that if handled properly, can contribute to reducing emissions is wood as it is the only renewable building material we have available.

    Wood has been the dominating material in bridge construction throughout history, until the last 200 years which have been characterized by concrete- and steel constructions. The relatively (relative?) new glulam can often compete with steel and concrete an make wood an attractive choice of material for example bridge constructions.

    In Karlstad a bridge of 280m for pedestrian traffic is planned to run over Klarälven and this bridge is the basis of our thesis. The bridge extends from Råtorp to Färjestad and is planned to have a frame of steel. The goal of this thesis is to design the same bridge, according to the eurocodes, with a supporting glulam frame using the computer-aided design software Robot Structural Analysis and the CAD-software Revit Structure. The bridge is sized for deadloads, snowload, windload and trafficloads both moving and static.

    The results shows that computer-aided design software can be used to great effect when sizing wooden bridges with glulam as a supporting frame, for example by calculating the results of all the possible positions of moving loads in an instant. It also shows that it is fully possible to construct a 280m long bridge made out of wood.

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  • 166.
    Frid, Anders
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science.
    Eurokod1: Laster på bärverk - hur skiljer de sig från Boverkets konstruktionsregler?2009Independent thesis Basic level (university diploma), 15 credits / 22,5 HE creditsStudent thesis
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    FULLTEXT01
  • 167.
    Frid, Johan
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Energy, Environmental and Building Technology.
    Wormö, David
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Energy, Environmental and Building Technology.
    Vattenskadesäkert byggande i badrum: Följs branschregler?2012Independent thesis Basic level (professional degree), 15 credits / 22,5 HE creditsStudent thesis
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  • 168.
    Fridh, Staffan
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013).
    Analys av punktmoln för 3D-modellering av byggnadstak: En jämförelse mellan LiDAR och fotogrammetriskt punktmoln2021Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 15 credits / 22,5 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    3D-modeller av urbana områden är en användbar och attraktiv produkt bland kommuner och företag. 3D-modeller kan ge en rad fördelar för att utföra analyser. Modellerna kan exempelvis användas för att visualisera översvämningar samt skapa buller- och siktanalyser. Med en virtuell 3D-stadsmodell kan analyser och utvärderingar utföras innan nybygg-nationer påbörjas.Syftet med studien är att i samråd med Karlstads kommun undersöka och jämföra vilket av Lantmäteriets punktmolnsdata (Laserdata Skog och Ytmodell från flygbilder) som lämpar sig bäst för 3D-modellering av byggnader. Den ena produkten består av ett LiDAR-punktmoln och den andra av ett fotogrammetriskt punktmoln. Syftet är även att kombinera produkterna för att undersöka om nackdelarna hos den ena produkten elimineras av fördelarna hos den andra.Genom kommunens baskarta och Esri’s plugin-program 3D Basemaps segmenterades byggnader utefter dess takformer. Takformerna modellerades och kopplades samman med vertikala väggar för att erhålla en 3D-modell. För att utvärdera de framtagna modellerna användes två metoder, en kvantitativ och en kvalitativ. I den kvantitativa jämförelsen analyserades främst byggnaders höjder i modellerna gentemot inmätta höjder på motsvarande byggnader. I studien undersöktes även fullständigheten i samtliga modeller. I den kvalitativa analysen genomfördes en enkät där samtliga modeller jämfördes mot referensbilder och deltagare röstade på den modellen de ansåg mest lik referensbilderna.Studien visar att modellen skapad med en kombination av Laserdata Skog och Ytmodell från flygbilder har den lägsta lägesosäkerhet i höjd på 0,2978 m gentemot inmätta punkter. Samma modell har även den högsta fullständigheten med 90 % av takformerna modellerade i studieområdet.Resultatet från den kvalitativa analysen visar även att samma modell fick 64,7 % av de totala rösterna i enkäten. Modellen fick även högst andel röster i samtliga frågor.

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  • 169.
    Friman, Margareta
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Karlstad Business School (from 2013).
    Lättman, Katrin
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Communication and IT, The Service and Market Oriented Transport Research Group.
    Olsson, Lars E.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Karlstad Business School (from 2013).
    Carpoolers' perceived accessibility of carpooling2020In: Sustainability, E-ISSN 2071-1050, Vol. 12, no 21, article id 8976Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In order to constitute a realistic option to existing travel modes, carpooling needs to be able to offer adequate levels of accessibility. Insights into how carpooling services affect perceived accessibility up until now remain unexplored. In this study we explore carpooling experiences of 122 users in Sweden and examine a number of possible determinants of the perceived accessibility of carpooling. Results show that carpooling is not perceived by the users as particularly accessible with low levels across the sample. Moreover, multiple linear hierarchical regression analyses show that simplicity of travel, population density, years of education, and school and work-trips appear to affect perceptions of accessibility of carpooling, whereas travel time and cost appear not to. The final model explains a third of the variance in perceived accessibility of carpooling, thus nearly two thirds of the variation is still unaccounted for. Future research should explore further possible determinants of perceived accessibility of carpooling in order to explain, understand, and counteract the low levels of accessibility that appear to be linked to this specific travel mode.

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  • 170.
    Fritzson, Jesper
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Energy, Environmental and Building Technology.
    Lindbom, Mikael
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Energy, Environmental and Building Technology.
    Flerbostadshuset Bryggaren 18 projekterat i KL-trä: Exempel på utmaningar och möjligheter med höga byggnader i KL-trä2021Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 180 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    För att minska det ekologiska fotavtrycket krävs förändringar. Förändringar i byggbranschen är bland annat utbyte av byggnadsmaterialet betong. Byggandet med och förvaltning av dagens byggnadsmaterial står för en tredjedel av all CO2-utsläpp. Samtidigt som befolkningen växer och förväntas fortsätta växa kommer det innebära att det behövs mer bostäder. Det vanligaste konstruktionsmaterialet idag är betong men morgondagens byggmaterial är förnyelsebara.Trä är förnyelsebart men har på grund av tidigare restriktioner inte varit ett konkurrenskraftigt alternativ till betong. Med hävda restriktioner samt uppfinningsrika metoder för att förbättra träts hållfasthetsegenskaper har projektörer i Värmland sett ett stort ökat intresse för KL-trä. KL-trä är en träskiva som består av ihop limmade skikt, minst tre, av brädor i två olikariktningar, vilket förbättrar träets styv- och hållfasthetsegenskaper. Trots de goda styv- och hållfasthetsegenskaper trä kan uppnå i form av KL-trä finns det fortfarande nackdelar. Trä är väsentligt mycket lättare material än betong, vilket kan bidra tillatt det kan uppstå lyftkrafter och att komforten blir otillräcklig i höga träbyggnader. I liknande projekt har många byggnader hybridstommar av både trä och betong för att få tillräcklig egentyngd, vilket inte kommer tillämpas i denna studie. Ett annat alternativ för att motverka lyftkrafter är att förankra byggnaden i dess underkonstruktion.I den här studien har en befintlig 5-vånings byggnad med betongstomme istället fått en KL-trästomme som dimensionerats och kontrollerats med avseende på stjälpning. Byggnaden har även dimensionerats i 15 våningar med liknande utformning och kontrollerats med avseende på stjälpning. Frågeställningar som tas upp inkluderar, skulle den befintliga byggnaden lika gärna kunnat ha byggts i KL-trä, hade byggnaden fått tillräckligt med egentyngd för att klara det stjälpande momentet utförd i endast KL-trä? Hade samma byggnad kunnat utföras i 15-våning med enbart KL-trä? Om byggnaderna ej klarar de stjälpande momentet hur ska de då förankras? Resultatet visar att 5-våningshuset hade kunnat utföras helt i KL-trä utan risk för stjälpning. Vid utformningen av byggnaden i 15-våningar uppstår lyftkrafter vilket innebär att förband iform av stålsyll och vinkeljärn dimensioneras för att hålla ned konstruktionen. Brytpunkten för när förankring erfordras är då byggnaden utförs i 13 våningar.

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  • 171.
    Garli, Matilda
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013).
    Jämförelse mellan generaliseringsverktyg i ArcGIS Pro och FME Desktop2020Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Vid framställning av småskaliga kartor från storskaliga kartor behöver de kartografiska objekt som kartan utgörs av generaliseras för att den ska förbli läsbar. Historiskt har generaliseringen och urvalet vid skapandet av kartor utförts av kartografen när kartan ritats, men i dag kan generaliseringen göras automatiskt för att effektivisera generaliseringsprocessen. Automatisk generalisering är en avancerad process där flera algoritmer behöver användas för att generaliseringen ska efterlikna den en kartograf gör vid ritandet av en karta. Flera olika geografiska informationssystem och andra programvaror erbjuder möjligheten att automatiskt generalisera kartobjekt vid kartframställning, vilket är nödvändigt när stora datamängder ska generaliseras, men få jämförelser har gjorts mellan olika programvarors generaliseringsverktyg. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att jämföra och utvärdera verktyg för automatisk generalisering av kartobjekt i programvarorna ArcGIS Pro och FME Desktop. Det som undersöks och jämförs är hur verktygen i de båda programvarorna skiljer sig, om tidsåtgången vid användningen av verktygen är olika och hur resultatet efter generalisering av byggnader och vägar ser ut i de båda programvarorna. Resultatet från jämförelsen kan användas av kommuner eller olika länders nationella lantmäterier och kartverk vid valet av programvara för generalisering, eller vid generalisering av webbkartor.

    Tre typer av generaliseringsmetoder som kan användas på kartobjekt och som undersöktes vid jämförelsen av de två programvarorna i denna studie är förenkling, utjämning och sammanslagning. Vid digital och automatisk förenkling av linjer används förenklingsalgoritmer, vilka tar bort brytpunkter från linjens geometri för att förenkla den. Vid utjämning används utjämningsalgoritmer, vilka flyttar på brytpunkter i linjens geometri för att göra den mjukare. När sammanslagning av polygoner görs vid digital och automatisk generalisering grupperas först flera mindre polygoner ihop baserat på avståndet mellan dem, för att sedan ersättas av en enda större polygon. De data som i jämförelsen generaliserades i de båda programvarorna var vektordata från GSD-Fastighetskartan och från Karlstads kommuns baskarta. Resultatet från generaliseringen sammanställdes genom att antal brytpunkter, väglinjer och byggnadspolygoner samt byggnadsarea före och efter generalisering beräknades. Tidtagning gjordes på processerna i de båda programvarorna och programvarornas olika verktyg och respektive verktygs parametrar sammanställdes och jämfördes.

    Resultatet från jämförelsen visar att FME Desktop saknar möjligheter att tunna ut vägnätverk. Förenkling av väglinjer tar längre tid att genomföra i ArcGIS Pro och skillnaderna mellan det kvantitativa resultatet i båda programvarorna är liten, medan det finns några betydande skillnader i det grafiska resultatet, där topologin förändras efter förenkling i FME Desktop. De grafiska skillnaderna mellan utjämning av vägarna i de båda programvarorna anses vara obetydliga, men eftersom de utjämnade väglinjerna i ArcGIS Pro följer originallinjen närmre kan det medföra färre spatiala konflikter med kartobjekt i andra kartlager. Förenkling av byggnader anses inte lämpligt att göra med de verktyg som finns tillgängliga i FME Desktop. Det finns både för- och nackdelar med att göra sammanslagning av byggnader i FME Desktop istället för i ArcGIS Pro.

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  • 172.
    Gebaur, Heiko
    et al.
    Innovation Research in Utility Sectors (Cirus), Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Switzerland.
    Johnson, Mikael
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Karlstad Business School (from 2013).
    Enquist, Bo
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Karlstad Business School (from 2013).
    The role of organisational capabilities in the formation of value networks in public transport services2012In: Management Research Review, ISSN 2040-8269, E-ISSN 2040-8277, Vol. 37, no 5, p. 556-576Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the role of organisational capabilities (dynamic and operational) in the formation of value networks in the context of public transport services.Design/methodology/approach – The theoretical argument is substantiated with qualitative data from four narratives on value network formations in the Swiss public transport system. These four narratives cover two types of new value networks: incremental improvements in established value networks; and radical leaps in emerging value networks.Findings – These two types of new value networks entail the co‐evolution of different dynamic and operational capabilities.Research limitations/implications – The study is limited by the qualitative research approach.Practical implications – Public transport operators can utilise the findings on organisational capabilities to guide incremental improvements in their existing value network and/or radical leaps into an emerging value network.Social implications – Governments should not only seek to increase transport capacity, but also aim to develop value networks to enhance public transport service experiences.Originality/value – The paper applies value‐network thinking to public transport services. It offers a comprehensive framework to help organisations manage the formation of value networks. The results provide testable propositions that can be used to guide future research.

  • 173.
    Gottfridsson, Patrik
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Communication and IT, Service Research Center.
    Camén, Carolina
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Communication and IT, Service Research Center.
    Service Development in Outsourced Public Service Networks: A Study in the Public Transport Sector2012In: International Business Research, ISSN 1913-9004, E-ISSN 1913-9012, Vol. 5, no 5, p. 26-34Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    When public-sector services are outsourced to private commercial operators, the issue of new-service development can become problematical because the political/social objectives of the controlling authority are often different from the commercial imperatives of the private operator. These (often conflicting) imperatives can cause difficulties in new-service development with regard to both: (i) deciding what new services are required; and (ii) deciding how the service-development process should proceed. This study takes a qualitative approach in investigating what happens during the development of new services in the Swedish public-transport sector, in which services are contractually outsourced from public authorities to private commercial operators by public tender. The results of the study show that: (i) the development of new services in this context is especially challenging; (ii) conflicts do arise between public and commercial interests; (iii) collaborative service development is significantly hampered by the regulatory framework and contractual arrangements; and (iv) the contracts themselves actually represent an important aspect of the overall service-development process. The implication for managers is that the formulation of tendering documents and contracts must be seen as an important determinant of service development, often for many years in advance.

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  • 174.
    Govindarajan, Venkatesh
    Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, S P Andersensv 5, Valgrinda, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
    Changes in material flows, treatment efficiencies and environmental load-shifting in the wastewater treatment sector Part II: Case study of Norway2009In: Environmental technology, ISSN 0959-3330, E-ISSN 1479-487X, Vol. 30, no 11, p. 1131-1143Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 175.
    Govindarajan, Venkatesh
    Norwegian University for Science & Technology, Norway.
    Cost-benefit analysis: Leakage reduction by rehabilitating old water pipelines: Case study of Oslo (Norway)2012In: Urban Water Journal, ISSN 1573-062X, Vol. 9, no 4, p. 277-286Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 176.
    Govindarajan, Venkatesh
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences (from 2013).
    Environment, economy and society – the ‘body’, ‘mind’ and ‘soul’ of sustainable design of buildings2023In: Problemy Ekorozwoju, ISSN 1895-6912, E-ISSN 2080-1971, Vol. 18, no 2, p. 249-253Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The design process in general, and the one for buildings in particular has evolved and become increasingly intricate, with additional layers and factors becoming relevant, as the drive towards sustainability (the Sustainabledevelopment goals defined by the United Nations in 2015) has gathered steam. This short chapter focuses on thediversity of issues which sustainable building design is likely to be influenced by, in the years ahead.

  • 177.
    Govindarajan, Venkatesh
    Norwegian University of Science & Technology, Trondheim.
    Malaysian Water tariff influences water-saving habits2011In: Journal - American Water Works Association, ISSN 0003-150X, E-ISSN 1551-8833, Vol. 103, no 7, p. 32-34Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 178.
    Govindarajan, Venkatesh
    Norwegian University for Science & Technology, Norway.
    Sisyphean struggle or Pyrrhic victory ?2014In: Problemy Ekorozwoju, ISSN 1895-6912, E-ISSN 2080-1971, Vol. 9, no 2, p. 73-77Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 179.
    Govindarajan, Venkatesh
    Norwegian University for Science & Technology, Norway.
    Testing different rehabilitation options in the drinking water pipeline network in Oslo using the Dynamic Metabolism Model2014In: Vatten, ISSN 0042-2886, Vol. 70, no 4, p. 215-224Article in journal (Other academic)
  • 180.
    Govindarajan, Venkatesh
    Norwegian University of Science & Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
    The EU TRUST project: Coming together to seek common solutions for water utilities2012In: Journal - American Water Works Association, ISSN 0003-150X, E-ISSN 1551-8833, Vol. 104, no 11, p. 52-54Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    TRUST is an acronym for Transition to the Urban Water Services of Tomorrow. Just into its second year, this four-year European Union project consists of a consortium that is split into eight work areas (which in turn are segmented into many work packages), focusing on different aspects of the project. These eight work areas are not islands of expertise working in isolation in different countries in Europe, but cooperating and collaborating team members actively exchanging and sharing information among themselves to ensure that progress toward the end goals is ensured and expedited.

  • 181.
    Govindarajan, Venkatesh
    Norwegian University for Science & Technology, Norway.
    Urban Water System metabolism assessment using WaterMet(2) model2014In: 12TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTING AND CONTROL FOR THE WATER INDUSTRY, CCWI2013 / [ed] Brunone, B; Giustolisi, O; Ferrante, M; Laucelli, D; Meniconi, S; Berardi, L; Campisano, A, Elsevier, 2014, Vol. 70, no 1, p. 113-122Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 182.
    Govindarajan, Venkatesh
    Norwegian University of Science & Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
    Wastewater treatment in Norway: An overview2013In: Journal - American Water Works Association, ISSN 0003-150X, E-ISSN 1551-8833, Vol. 105, no 5, p. 92-97Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The challenges of providing services to growing populations multiply, as demonstrated by the trials faced in Norway as it searched for effective ways of addressing a growing wastewater treatment problem.

  • 183.
    Govindarajan, Venkatesh
    Norwegian University of Science & Technology.
    WaterMet2: A tool for integrated analysis of sustainability-based performance of urban water systems2014In: Drinking Water Engineering and Science Discussions, ISSN 1996-9473, E-ISSN 1996-9481, Vol. 7, no 1, p. 63-72Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper presents the "WaterMet2" model for long-term assessment of urban water system (UWS) performance which will be used for strategic planning of the integrated UWS. WaterMet2 quantifies the principal water-related flows and other metabolism-based fluxes in the UWS such as materials, chemicals, energy and greenhouse gas emissions. The suggested model is demonstrated through sustainability-based assessment of an integrated real-life UWS for a daily time-step over a 30-year planning horizon. The integrated UWS modelled by WaterMet2 includes both water supply and wastewater systems. Given a rapid population growth, WaterMet2 calculates six quantitative sustainability-based indicators of the UWS. The result of the water supply reliability (94%) shows the need for appropriate intervention options over the planning horizon. Five intervention strategies are analysed in WaterMet2 and their quantified performance is compared with respect to the criteria. Multi-criteria decision analysis is then used to rank the intervention strategies based on different weights from the involved stakeholders' perspectives. The results demonstrate that the best and robust strategies are those which improve the performance of both water supply and wastewater systems.

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  • 184.
    Govindarajan, Venkatesh
    et al.
    Norwegian University for Science & Technology, Norway.
    Azrague, Kamal
    SINTEF Bldg & Infrastruct, Water & Environm Res Grp, N-7465 Trondheim, Norway.
    Bell, Stig
    Municipal Oppegard, Water Wastewater & Renovat Sect, N-1412 Sofiemyr, Norway.
    Eikebrokk, Bjornar
    SINTEF Bldg & Infrastruct, Water & Environm Res Grp, N-7465 Trondheim, Norway.
    Triple bottom line assessment of raw water treatment: Methodology and application to a case study in the municipality of Oppegard in south-eastern Norway2015In: Environmental technology, ISSN 0959-3330, E-ISSN 1479-487X, Vol. 36, no 15, p. 1954-1965Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 185.
    Govindarajan, Venkatesh
    et al.
    Norwegian University for Science & Technology, Norway.
    Brattebo, Helge
    Norwegian University for Science & Technology, Norway.
    Analysis of chemicals and energy consumption in water and wastewater treatment, as cost components: Case study of Oslo, Norway2011In: Urban Water Journal, ISSN 1573-062X, Vol. 8, no 3, p. 189-202Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Adopting a systems-approach to an urban water and wastewater system, while applying a triple bottom line strategy to management, entails a careful analysis of all the sub-systems and components thereof with a view to improving service levels, optimising expenditure, augmenting investments, and also reducing the life-cycle environmental impacts associated with setting up, maintaining and operating the system. The scope for optimising expenses is system-wide, though it varies from one sub-system to another, depending on inherent lock-ins and external factors beyond the direct control of the water and wastewater utility. Optimising the consumption of energy and chemicals and improving the cost-efficiency thereof, is always on the agenda of water treatment plants (WTPs) and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). This paper analyses the consumption of and the expenditure on chemicals and energy at Oslo's WTPs and WWTPs over time. Energy and chemicals for water and wastewater treatment, on an average account for 10.8% of the total operational expenses in the water supply sub-system and 13.7% for the wastewater handling sub-system. There is a perceptible increase in this share from 5.2% in 2004 to 14.9% in 2009 for water and 12.3% to 14.2% for wastewater. Chemicals cost more than energy for the WWTPs, while it was the other way round for the WTPs. The total real cost of energy and chemicals per cubic metre, in year-2007 currency, was between 4 and 5.2 Euro cents for the WTPs, and between 1 and 4.5 Euro cents for the WTPs. The total (WTP + WWTP) per-capita real costs of energy and chemicals, expressed in year-2007 currency, rose from around 10 Euros in year 2000 to about 12.2 Euros in year 2007.

  • 186.
    Govindarajan, Venkatesh
    et al.
    Norwegian University for Science & Technology, Norway.
    Brattebo, Helge
    Norway.
    Assessment of environmental impacts of an aging and stagnating water supply pipeline network: City of Oslo 1991-20062012In: Journal of Industrial Ecology, ISSN 1088-1980, E-ISSN 1530-9290, Vol. 16, no 5, p. 722-734Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aging urban infrastructure is a common phenomenon in industrialized countries. The urban water supply pipeline network in the city of Oslo is an example. Even as it faces increasing operational, maintenance, and management challenges, it needs to better its environmental performance by reducing, for instance, the associated greenhouse gas emissions. In this article the authors examine the environmental life cycle performance of Oslo's water supply pipelines by analyzing annual resource consumption and emissions as well as life cycle assessment (LCA) impact potentials over a period of 16 years, taking into account the production/manufacture, installation, operation, maintenance, rehabilitation, and retirement of pipelines. It is seen that the water supply pipeline network of Oslo has already reached a state of saturation on a per capita basis, that is, it is not expanding any more relative to the population it serves, and the stock is now rapidly aging. This article is part of a total urban water cycle system analysis for Oslo, and analyzes more specifically the environmental impacts from the material flows in the water distribution network, examining six environmental impact categories using the SimaPro (version 7.1.8) software, Ecoinvent database, and the CML 2001 (version 2.04) methodology. The long-term management of stocks calls for a strong focus on cost optimization, energy efficiency, and environmental friendliness. Global warming and abiotic depletion emerge as the major impact categories from the water pipeline system, and the largest contribution is from the production and installation phases and the medium-size pipelines in the network.

  • 187.
    Govindarajan, Venkatesh
    et al.
    Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
    Brattebo, Helge
    Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
    Changes in material flows, treatment efficiencies and shifting of environmental loads in the wastewater treatment sector.: Part I: Case study of the Netherlands2009In: Environmental technology, ISSN 0959-3330, E-ISSN 1479-487X, Vol. 30, no 11, p. 1111-1129Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The material that is separated from wastewater in wastewater treatment plants has to be transferred from the water phase to the atmosphere, lithosphere, and/or biosphere (and also the technosphere). After the initial discharges into the different environmental media (and the technosphere), there are further 'inter-sphere' leakages or redirections. However, these happen over protracted periods of time and have not been accounted for in this paper. The paper presents a case study on the wastewater treatment plants in the Netherlands, examines how the degree of separation of COD (BOD), nitrogen, phosphorus and heavy metals from the wastewater have increased over time, and studies the changes in proportions separated out to the atmosphere and lithosphere. The hydrosphere has benefited from a decline in the degree of eutrophication and marine/fresh water toxicity, owing to the favourable combination of higher degrees of separation, over time, and source control, especially in the industrial sector. Global warming is a major concern owing to the increasing conversion of COD to carbon dioxide (and methane). Heavy metal and nitrogen emissions have been curbed thanks to source reduction within industries. Technologies have, of course, enabled some mitigation of the problems associated with atmospheric (global warming and toxicity) and lithospheric (toxicity) pollution, though these are beyond the scope of this paper, which assumes a hypothetical worst-case scenario in this regard for the study period 1993-2005.

  • 188.
    Govindarajan, Venkatesh
    et al.
    Norwegian University for Science & Technology, Norway.
    Brattebo, Helge
    Norwegian University for Science & Technology, Norway.
    Energy consumption, costs and environmental impacts doe urban water cycle services: Case study of Oslo (Norway)2011In: Energy Journal, ISSN 0195-6574, E-ISSN 1944-9089, Vol. 36, no 2, p. 792-800Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 189.
    Govindarajan, Venkatesh
    et al.
    Norwegian University for Science & Technology, Norway.
    Brattebo, Helge
    Norwegian University for Science & Technology, Norway.
    Environmental impact analysis of chemicals and energy consumption in wastewater treatment plants: Case study of Oslo, Norway2011In: Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, ISSN 1606-9749, E-ISSN 1607-0798, Vol. 63, no 5, p. 1081-1031Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 190.
    Govindarajan, Venkatesh
    et al.
    Norwegian University for Science & Technology, Norway.
    Brattebo, Helge
    Norway.
    Looking for order in urban water and wastewater pipeline networks2012In: ACE : Architecture, City and Environment, ISSN 1887-7052, E-ISSN 1886-4805, Vol. 7, no 20, p. 13-26Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 191.
    Govindarajan, Venkatesh
    et al.
    Norwegian University for Science & Technology, Norway.
    Brattebo, Helge
    Norwegian University for Science & Technology, Norway.
    Testing the Power Law on urban water and wastewater pipeline networks2011In: Vatten, ISSN 0042-2886, Vol. 67, no 3, p. 153-160Article in journal (Other academic)
  • 192.
    Govindarajan, Venkatesh
    et al.
    Norwegian University for Science & Technology, Norway.
    Brattebo, Helge
    NTNU, Norway.
    Sægrov, Sveinung
    NTNU, Norway.
    Behzadian, Kouroush
    University of Exeter, UK.
    Kapelan, Zoran
    Metabolism-modelling approaches to long-term sustainability assessment of urban water services2015In: Urban Water Journal, ISSN 1573-062X, p. 1-12Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    There is a discernible need for a holistic, long-term and sustainability approach in decision-making in water and wastewater utilities around the world. Metabolism-based modelling, which can quantify various flows within an urban water system (UWS), has shown its effective usability for a more comprehensive understanding of the impacts of intervention strategies and can be used by any water utility for future planning of UWS. This study presents the main principles of a holistic Sustainability Assessment Framework which can be simulated by using two analytical, conceptual, mass-balance-based models to quantify relevant key performance indicators (KPIs) associated with the metabolic flows of the urban water cycle. These two models are WaterMet2 (WM2) and dynamic metabolism model (DMM), developed recently under the aegis of the EU TRUST (Transitions to the Urban Water Services of Tomorrow) project. There are clear differences between the two models which make them useful in different contexts and circumstantial situations. DMM is a mass-balance consistent model which quantifies and presents annually-aggregated performance values for system wide energy consumption, emissions, environmental impacts and costs for the entire UWS though it is also possible to derive corresponding indicators for individual sub-systems (e.g. water distribution and wastewater transport). WM2 is the opposite of this, it is a distributed metabolism model which simulates water related and other resource flows throughout the UWS components with a higher resolution both spatially (e.g. multiple water resources and service reservoirs) and temporally (e.g. daily and monthly), and thereby is useful in contexts where utilities would like to focus on further details of the UWS metabolism with the aim to understand and solve specific problems. Overall, these two complementary metabolism-based approaches enable any water utility to quantitatively explore and understand the influences of different external drivers and intervention strategies on future performance profiles linked to any physical, environmental and economic criteria.

  • 193.
    Govindarajan, Venkatesh
    et al.
    Norwegian University for Science & Technology, Norway.
    Didi, Mohamed Ahmed
    Norwegian University for Science & Technology, Norway.
    Mujthaba, Ahmed
    Norwegian University for Science & Technology, Norway.
    Male makes the most of limited land and freshwater2011In: Journal - American Water Works Association, ISSN 0003-150X, E-ISSN 1551-8833, Vol. 103, no 5, p. 44-50Article in journal (Other academic)
  • 194.
    Govindarajan, Venkatesh
    et al.
    Norwegian university of science and technology, Trondheim, Norway.
    Hammervold, Johanne
    Brattebo, Helge
    Norwegian university of science and technology, Trondheim, Norway.
    Combined MFA-LCA for analysis of wastewater pipeline networks: Case study of Oslo (Norway).2009In: Journal of Industrial Ecology, ISSN 1088-1980, E-ISSN 1530-9290, Vol. 13, no 4, p. 532-550Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Oslo's wastewater pipeline network has an aging stock of concrete, steel, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipelines, which calls for a good portion of expenditures to be directed toward maintenance and investments in rehabilitation. The stock, as it is in 2008, is a direct consequence of the influx of pipelines of different sizes, lengths, and materials of construction into the system over the years. A material flow analysis (MFA) facilitates an analysis of the environmental impacts associated with the manufacture, installation, operation, maintenance, rehabilitation, and retirement of the pipelines. The forecast of the future flows of materials-which, again, is highly interlinked with the historic flows-provides insight into the likely future environmental impacts. This will enable decision makers keen on alleviating such impacts to think along the lines of eco-friendlier processes and technologies or simply different ways of doing business. Needless to say, the operation and maintenance phase accounts for the major bulk of emissions and calls for energy-efficient approaches to this phase of the life cycle, even as manufacturers strive to make their processes energy-efficient and attempt to include captive renewable energy in their total energy consumption. This article focuses on the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions associated with the wastewater pipeline network in the city of Oslo.

  • 195.
    Govindarajan, Venkatesh
    et al.
    Norwegian University for Science & Technology, Norway.
    Hammervold, Johanne
    Norwegian University for Science & Technology, Norway.
    Brattebo, Helge
    Norwegian University for Science & Technology, Norway.
    Methodology for determining life-cycle environmental impacts due to material and energy flows in wastewater pipeline networks: A case study of Oslo (Norway)2011In: Urban Water Journal, ISSN 1573-062X, Vol. 8, no 2, p. 119-134Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 196.
    Govindarajan, Venkatesh
    et al.
    Norwegian University for Science & Technology, Norway.
    Nersund Larsen, Hogne
    Energy and Environment, AsplanViak, Trondheim, Norway.
    Water-energy nexus in urban water utilities: A brief Norwegian outlook2015In: Vatten, ISSN 0042-2886, Vol. 71, no 2, p. 101-109Article in journal (Other academic)
  • 197.
    Govindarajan, Venkatesh
    et al.
    Norwegian University for Science & Technology, Norway.
    Ramprakash, Govindarajan
    Norwegian University for Science & Technology, Norway.
    Metabolism: beyond the preserve of biological sciences2014In: Journal - American Water Works Association, ISSN 0003-150X, E-ISSN 1551-8833, Vol. 106, no 7, p. 44-48Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 198.
    Govindarajan, Venkatesh
    et al.
    Norwegian University for Science & Technology, Norway.
    Saegrov, Sveinung
    Norwegian University for Science & Technology, Norway.
    Brattbo, Helge
    Norwegian University for Science & Technology, Norway.
    Dynamic metabolism modelling of urban water services - demonstrating effectiveness as a decision-support tool for Oslo, Norway2014In: Water Research, ISSN 0043-1354, E-ISSN 1879-2448, Vol. 61, no 1, p. 19-33Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 199.
    Govindarajan, Venkatesh
    et al.
    Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) at Trondheim, Norway.
    Ugarelli, Rita
    NTNU, SINTEF.
    Kristiansen, Per
    Oslo VA.
    Oslo consumers willing to pay more for improved services: Interview with Per Kristiansen, Chief of Oslo VAV2010In: Journal of American Water Works Association, ISSN 0003-150X, Vol. 102, no 11, p. 26-29Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 200.
    Graversgaard, Morten
    et al.
    Aarhus University, Denmark.
    Hedelin, Beatrice
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Environmental and Life Sciences (from 2013). Karlstad University, Faculty of Social and Life Sciences, Centre for Climate and Safety.
    Smith, Laurence
    SOAS University of London, UK.
    Gertz, Flemming
    SEGES, Landbrug & Fødevarer F.M.B.A., Denmark.
    Højberg, Anker Lajer
    Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Denmark.
    Langford, John
    University of Melbourne, Australia.
    Martinez, Grit
    Ecologic Institute, Germany.
    Mostert, Erik
    Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands.
    Ptak, Emilia
    Aarhus University, Denmark.
    Peterson, Heidi
    University of Minnesota, MN, USA; International Plant Nutrition Institute, MN, USA.
    Stelljes, Nico
    Ecologic Institute, Germany.
    van den Brink, Cors
    Royal Haskoning DHV, The Netherlands; Groningen University, The Netherlands.
    Refsgaard, Jens Christian
    Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Denmark.
    Opportunities and barriers for water co-governance: A critical analysis of seven cases of diffuse water pollution from agriculture in Europe, Australia and North America2018In: Sustainability, E-ISSN 2071-1050, Vol. 10, no 5, article id 1634Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Diffuse Water Pollution from Agriculture (DWPA) and its governance has received increased attention as a policy concern across the globe. Mitigation of DWPA is a complex problem that requires a mix of policy instruments and a multi-agency, broad societal response. In this paper, opportunities and barriers for developing co-governance, defined as collaborative societal involvement in the functions of government, and its suitability for mitigation of DWPA are reviewed using seven case studies in Europe (Poland, Denmark, Sweden, The Netherlands and UK), Australia (Murray-Darling Basin) and North America (State of Minnesota). An analytical framework for assessing opportunities and barriers of co-governance was developed and applied in this review. Results indicated that five key issues constitute both opportunities and barriers, and include: (i) pressure for change; (ii) connected governance structures and allocation of resources and funding; (iii) leadership and establishment of partnerships through capacity building; (iv) use and co-production of knowledge; and (v) time commitment to develop water co-governance

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