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  • 1.
    Bienau, Miriam J
    et al.
    University Giessen.
    Eckstein, Rolf Lutz
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Environmental and Life Sciences (from 2013). University Giessen.
    Otte, Annette
    University Giessen.
    Durka, Walter
    Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research- UFZ, Department of Community Ecology.
    Clonality increases with snow depth in the arctic dwarf shrub Empetrum hermaphroditum.2016In: American Journal of Botany, ISSN 0002-9122, E-ISSN 1537-2197, Vol. 103, no 12, p. 2105-2114Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Vegetative reproduction and spread through clonal growth plays an important role in arctic-alpine ecosystems with short cool growing seasons. Local variation in winter snow accumulation leads to discrete habitat types that may provide divergent conditions for sexual and vegetative reproduction. Therefore, we studied variation in clonal structure of a dominant, evergreen, dwarf shrub (Empetrum nigrum s.l. with the two taxa E. nigrum L. s.s. and E. hermaphroditum Hagerup) along a snow cover gradient and compared clonal diversity and spatial genetic structure between habitats.

    METHODS: We studied 374 individual shoots using 105 polymorphic AFLP markers and analyses based on hierarchical clustering, clonal diversity indices, and small-scale spatial genetic structure with pairwise kinship coefficient. We used two approaches to define a threshold of genotypic distance between two samples that are considered the same clone. Clonality was examined among three habitats (exposed ridges, sheltered depressions, birch forest) differing in snow conditions replicated in four study regions in Norway and Sweden.

    KEY RESULTS: Clonality of E. hermaphroditum differed between habitats with an increase in clonal diversity with decreasing snow depth. Small-scale spatial genetic structure increased with decreasing clonal diversity and increasing clone size. In three study regions, E. hermaphroditum was the only species, whereas in one region E. nigrum also occurred, largely confined to exposed ridges.

    CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrated that snow cover in conjunction with associated habitat conditions plays an important role for the mode of propagation of the dwarf shrub E. hermaphroditum.

  • 2.
    Bienau, Miriam J.
    et al.
    Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
    Hattermann, Dirk
    University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
    Kroencke, Michael
    University of Applied Sciences Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
    Kretz, Lena
    Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
    Otte, Annette
    Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
    Eiserhardt, Wolf L.
    Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
    Milbau, Ann
    Umea University.
    Graae, Bente J.
    Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
    Durka, Walter
    Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ, Halle (Saale), Germany.
    Eckstein, Rolf Lutz
    Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
    Snow cover consistently affects growth and reproduction of Empetrum hermaphroditum across latitudinal and local climatic gradients2014In: Alpine Botany, ISSN 1664-2201, E-ISSN 1664-221X, Vol. 124, no 2, p. 115-129Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Arctic ecosystems face strong changes in snow conditions due to global warming. In contrast to habitat specialists, species occupying a wide range of microhabitats under different snow conditions may better cope with such changes. We studied how growth and reproduction of the dominant dwarf shrub Empetrum hermaphroditum varied among three habitat types differing in winter snow depth and summer irradiation, and whether the observed patterns were consistent along a local climatic gradient (sub-continental vs. sub-oceanic climates) and along a latitudinal gradient (northern Sweden vs. central Norway). Habitat type explained most of the variation in growth and reproduction. Shoots from shallow snow cover and high summer irradiation habitats had higher numbers of flowers and fruits, lower ramet heights, shorter shoot segments, lower numbers of lateral shoots and total biomass but higher leaf density and higher relative leaf allocation than shoots from habitats with higher snow depth and lower summer irradiation. In addition, biomass, leaf allocation and leaf life expectancy were strongly affected by latitude, whereas local climate had strong effects on seed number and seed mass. Empetrum showed high phenotypic trait variation, with a consistent match between local habitat conditions and its growth and reproduction. Although study areas varied strongly with respect to latitude and local climatic conditions, response patterns of growth and reproduction to habitats with different environmental conditions were consistent. Large elasticity of traits suggests that Empetrum may have the potential to cope with changing snow conditions expected in the course of climate change.

  • 3.
    Bienau, Miriam J.
    et al.
    Germany.
    Kröncke, Michael
    Germany.
    Eiserhardt, Wolfgang
    Norway.
    Otte, Annette
    Germany.
    Graae, Bente
    Norway.
    Hagen, Dagmar
    Norway.
    Milbau, Ann
    Umeå University.
    Durka, Walter
    Germany.
    Eckstein, Rolf Lutz
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Environmental and Life Sciences (from 2013).
    Synchronous flowering despite differences in snowmelt timing among habitats of Empetrum hermaphroditum2015In: Acta Oecologica, ISSN 1146-609X, E-ISSN 1873-6238, Vol. 69, p. 129-136Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The topography within arctic-alpine landscapes is very heterogeneous, resulting in diverse snow distribution patterns, with different snowmelt timing in spring. This may influence the phenological development of arctic and alpine plant species and asynchronous flowering may promote adaptation of plants to their local environments.We studied how flowering phenology of the dominant dwarf shrub Empetrum hermaphroditum varied among three habitats (exposed ridges, sheltered depressions and birch forest) differing in winter snow depth and thus snowmelt timing in spring, and whether the observed patterns were consistent across three different study areas.Despite significant differences in snowmelt timing between habitats, full flowering of E. hermaphroditum was nearly synchronous between the habitats, and implies a high flowering overlap. Our data show that exposed ridges, which had a long lag phase between snowmelt and flowering, experienced different temperature and light conditions than the two late melting habitats between snowmelt and flowering.Our study demonstrates that small scale variation seems matter less to flowering of Empetrum than interannual differences in snowmelt timing.

  • 4.
    Burmeier, Sandra
    et al.
    Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany.
    Donath, Tobias W.
    Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany.
    Otte, Annette
    Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany.
    Eckstein, Rolf Lutz
    Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany.
    Rapid burial has differential effects on germination and emergence of small- and large-seeded herbaceous plant species2010In: Seed Science Research, ISSN 0960-2585, E-ISSN 1475-2735, Vol. 20, no 3, p. 189-200Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The dynamics of many plant populations essentially depend upon seed and seedling stages, and a persistent seed bank may give species an opportunity to disperse through time. Seed burial is a decisive prelude to persistence and may strongly influence seed-bank dynamics. The fate of buried seeds depends on species-specific traits, environmental conditions and possibly also burial mode. We tested seed germination, seedling emergence and growth of the co-occurring herbaceous flood-meadow species Arabis nemorensis, Galium wirtgenii, Inula salicina, Sanguisorba officinalis and Selinum carvifolia in response to the experimental manipulation of burial depth (0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 cm) and substrate type (sand, clay). Increasing burial depth led to decreased germination, emergence and growth in all species studied, and seedling growth differed significantly between substrate types. The responses of species differed on an individual basis, but also showed a higher-ranking pattern based on seed size. Larger-seeded species were able to emerge from greater depths and experienced less depth-mediated growth inhibition than smaller-seeded species, which, in turn, had higher survival rates during burial and were less likely to experience fatal germination. Based on these results, we suggest that herbaceous flood-meadow species have developed two different seed-size based strategies for coping with the extreme recruitment conditions prevailing in flood meadows, the balance of which seems to be maintained by disturbance events.

  • 5.
    Burmeier, Sandra
    et al.
    Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
    Eckstein, Rolf Lutz
    Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany.
    Donath, Tobias W.
    Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
    Otte, Annette
    Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany.
    Plant Pattern Development during Early Post-Restoration Succession in Grasslands-A Case Study of Arabis nemorensis2011In: Restoration Ecology, ISSN 1061-2971, E-ISSN 1526-100X, Vol. 19, no 5, p. 648-659Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The main objective of this study was to analyze whether plant material transfer is a suitable approach for establishing plant populations with spatial patterns and population structures resembling those of remnant populations. We studied pattern formation and population characteristics in three remnant and two restored populations of the biennial plant species Arabis nemorensis in the upper Rhine valley in southwestern Germany over a period of 2 years. We investigated spatial patterns of seedlings, juveniles, and adults as well as the small-scale horizontal and vertical distribution of seeds in the soil, followed the fate of individual plants and recorded structural habitat parameters such as vegetation and litter cover. Population dynamics differed between the study sites, but there was no pronounced difference between restored and remnant sites. Seedlings, juveniles, and adults as well as seeds in the seed bank showed aggregated spatial patterns on all study sites, with positive autocorrelation on a scale of 20-60 cm. Within sites, patterns remained approximately stable through time. Restored sites experienced rapid seed bank formation as a result of the restoration measures. Our results suggest that the restoration measures were not only successful in transferring the target species but also triggered rapid formation of spatially structured populations that, years after restoration, closely resembled those of remnant sites.

  • 6.
    Burmeier, Sandra
    et al.
    Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany.
    Eckstein, Rolf Lutz
    Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany.
    Otte, Annette
    Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany.
    Donath, Tobias W.
    Desiccation cracks act as natural seed traps in flood-meadow systems2010In: Plant and Soil, ISSN 0032-079X, E-ISSN 1573-5036, Vol. 333, no 1-2, p. 351-364Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Desiccation cracks are a natural phenomenon of clay-rich soils that form via soil shrinkage during dry conditions. Our aim was to test the seed trapping potential of such cracks and assess its impact on seed bank formation in a flood-meadow ecosystem. We documented crack patterns on permanent plots and analysed the soil seed content along and adjacent to cracks. Seed translocation via cracks was tested with a mark-recapture experiment, and post-entrapment seed fate was tested with a burial experiment. Most cracks re-opened in the same positions in consecutive dry periods. Along cracks, most seeds were found in 10-20 cm depth, whereas adjacent to cracks most seeds were found in 0-5 cm depth. The majority of seeds found in shallow depths adjacent to cracks belonged to species that were also present in the above-ground vegetation, whereas this rate was always under 50% along desiccation cracks. The mark-recapture experiment gave evidence for vertical seed translocation through desiccation cracks. Post-entrapment seed fate differed between species and burial depth, with a trend towards increasing survival with increasing depth. We conclude that desiccation cracks act as natural seed traps, foster seed bank formation and thus influence plant community dynamics in flood meadow systems.

  • 7.
    Burmeier, Sandra
    et al.
    Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany.
    Eckstein, Rolf Lutz
    Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany.
    Otte, Annette
    Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
    Donath, Tobias W.
    Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany.
    Spatially-restricted plant material application creates colonization initials for flood-meadow restoration2011In: Biological Conservation, ISSN 0006-3207, E-ISSN 1873-2917, Vol. 144, no 1, p. 212-219Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Plant material transfer is a well-established technique for overcoming dispersal limitation during grassland restoration. As restoration sites are frequently more abundant than donor sites, the plant material is often applied as patches or strips, with the assumption that these will act as colonization initials from which transferred species will spread and eventually cover the entire sites. Our aim was to test this assumption and to evaluate whether it is feasible to restore entire sites by spatially-restricted plant material application in a flood-meadow ecosystem. We established transverse transects consisting of eight 2 x 2 m plots on five plant material strips 7-8 years after plant material application. We monitored the above-ground vegetation development, analyzed the seed rain and determined the composition of the soil seed bank, i.e. we compared three different components of the emerging flood-meadow community. Transferred species were present in all three community components studied, and 88.6% of the 79 species we found in total had already spread from the plant material strips and colonized their surroundings. Detected dispersal distances differed between community components, and the share of colonizers was highest for the above-ground vegetation and lowest for the soil seed bank. We conclude that plant material transfer is a suitable technique for restoring flood-meadows as transferred species not only establish on the sites supplied with plant material, but also colonize their surroundings. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  • 8. De Frenne, Pieter
    et al.
    Coomes, David A.
    De Schrijver, An
    Staelens, Jeroen
    Alexander, Jake M.
    Bernhardt-Roemermann, Markus
    Brunet, Jorg
    Chabrerie, Olivier
    Chiarucci, Alessandro
    den Ouden, Jan
    Eckstein, Rolf Lutz
    Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
    Graae, Bente J.
    Gruwez, Robert
    Hedl, Radim
    Hermy, Martin
    Kolb, Annette
    Marell, Anders
    Mullender, Samantha M.
    Olsen, Siri L.
    Orczewska, Anna
    Peterken, George
    Petrik, Petr
    Plue, Jan
    Simonson, William D.
    Tomescu, Cezar V.
    Vangansbeke, Pieter
    Verstraeten, Gorik
    Vesterdal, Lars
    Wulf, Monika
    Verheyen, Kris
    Plant movements and climate warming: intraspecific variation in growth responses to nonlocal soils2014In: New Phytologist, ISSN 0028-646X, E-ISSN 1469-8137, Vol. 202, no 2, p. 431-441Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Most range shift predictions focus on the dispersal phase of the colonization process. Because moving populations experience increasingly dissimilar nonclimatic environmental conditions as they track climate warming, it is also critical to test how individuals originating from contrasting thermal environments can establish in nonlocal sites. We assess the intraspecific variation in growth responses to nonlocal soils by planting a widespread grass of deciduous forests (Milium effusum) into an experimental common garden using combinations of seeds and soil sampled in 22 sites across its distributional range, and reflecting movement scenarios of up to 1600km. Furthermore, to determine temperature and forest-structural effects, the plants and soils were experimentally warmed and shaded. We found significantly positive effects of the difference between the temperature of the sites of seed and soil collection on growth and seedling emergence rates. Migrant plants might thus encounter increasingly favourable soil conditions while tracking the isotherms towards currently colder' soils. These effects persisted under experimental warming. Rising temperatures and light availability generally enhanced plant performance. Our results suggest that abiotic and biotic soil characteristics can shape climate change-driven plant movements by affecting growth of nonlocal migrants, a mechanism which should be integrated into predictions of future range shifts.

  • 9.
    Donath, T. W.
    et al.
    Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
    Eckstein, Rolf Lutz
    Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany.
    Litter effects on seedling establishment interact with seed position and earthworm activity2012In: Plant Biology, ISSN 1435-8603, E-ISSN 1438-8677, Vol. 14, no 1, p. 163-170Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Seedling establishment is influenced by litter cover and by seed predators, but little is known about interactions between these two factors. We tested their effects on emergence of five typical grassland species in a microcosm experiment. We manipulated the amounts of grass litter, seed sowing position and earthworm activity to determine whether: (i) the protective effect of litter against seed predation depends on cover amount and seed sowing position, i.e., on top or beneath litter; (ii) seed transport by earthworms changes the effect of seed sowing position on seedling emergence; and (iii) seeds transported into deeper soil layers by earthworms are still germinable. Litter cover and presence of earthworms lowered seedling emergence. The impact of seed position increased with seed size. Emergence of large-seeded species was reduced when sown on the surface. Additionally, we found an important seed position x earthworm interaction related to seed size. Emergence of large-seeded species sown on top of the litter was up to three times higher when earthworms were present than without earthworms. Earthworms also significantly altered the depth distribution of seeds in the soil and across treatments: on average 6% of seeds germinated after burial. In contrast to the seed position effect, we found no size effect on mobility and germinability of seeds after burial in the soil. Nevertheless, the fate of different-sized seeds may differ. While burial will remove large seeds from the regeneration pool, it may enhance seed bank build up in small-seeded species. Consequently, changes in the amount of litter cover and the invertebrate community play a significant role in plant community composition.

  • 10.
    Donath, Tobias W.
    et al.
    Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany.
    Eckstein, Rolf Lutz
    Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany.
    Effects of bryophytes and grass litter on seedling emergence vary by vertical seed position and seed size2010In: Plant Ecology, ISSN 1385-0237, E-ISSN 1573-5052, Vol. 207, no 2, p. 257-268Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Establishment of plants through seeds is often constrained by the quality of microsites, which is in part controlled by the nature and amount of ground cover. The latter consists of living shoots of vascular plants or bryophytes and/or the dead remains of the dominant species. In the present article, we report the results of a controlled pot experiment with five species characteristic of floodplain grasslands. We manipulated the amounts of grass litter and/or mosses to study (1) differences between ground cover types with respect to their effects on microenvironment and seedling emergence and (2) how these effects interact with seed size and seed sowing position. Increasing amounts of both cover types led to increasing soil humidity, whereas temperature amplitude and illumination were decreased. However, since grass litter decomposed much faster than bryophytes, light conditions for germination under grass litter improved considerably with time. Although seedling emergence varied significantly between species, ground cover types and cover amounts, seed position alone explained about 50% of the variation in the data set. Additionally, we found an important interaction between seed size, seed position and cover type: large-seeded species showed a fitness advantage when seeds were situated beneath a cover, irrespective of cover type, which disappeared when seeds were shed on top of a cover layer. We suggest that this interaction may be ecologically and evolutionarily relevant because it may lead to changes in species composition and diversity of plant communities as a consequence of changes in the amount and type of ground cover.

  • 11.
    Donath, Tobias W.
    et al.
    Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany.
    Eckstein, Rolf Lutz
    Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany.
    Grass and oak litter exert different effects on seedling emergence of herbaceous perennials from grasslands and woodlands2008In: Journal of Ecology, ISSN 0022-0477, E-ISSN 1365-2745, Vol. 96, no 2, p. 272-280Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    1. The effects of litter on seedling emergence (e.g. during succession from grassland to woodland) may not only depend on litter amount and environmental conditions but may also be related to litter types. We tested the effect of litter types, litter cover and soil moisture on the emergence of four congeneric pairs of grassland and woodland species. 2. We carried out a controlled pot experiment (Experiment I) using litter and species from two habitats (grassland vs. woodland), three levels of litter cover (low, medium, high) and two levels of water-addition (leading to constantly humid or intermittently dry substrate). Amounts of litter were adjusted to result in the same relative light reduction for both litter types. Consequently, we applied 2 g, 4 g and 8 g of grassland litter and 0.5 g, 1 g and 2 g of woodland (oak) litter per pot. 3. To separate the shade effect of litter from its mechanical plus chemical effects we exposed additional pots with seeds of the same species to deep shade conditions (Experiment II) corresponding to 4 g and 1 g of grass and oak litter, respectively. 4. Under intermittently dry conditions both litter types increased seedling emergence. In addition, we found a significant interaction between litter type and species origin: seedling emergence of woodland species was significantly lower from beneath grass litter than from beneath oak litter, whereas grassland species emerged equally well from beneath both litter types. Compared with seed germination under a shade cloth, seedling emergence of woodland species from beneath grass litter was reduced by 44%. Litter significantly affected soil humidity and the amplitude of diurnal temperature fluctuations. Differential effects of litter types on woodland and grassland species are probably related to litter structure. 5. Synthesis. Our experimental data present evidence that ecosystem specific litter effects slow down succession from grassland to woodland and that the effect size is controlled by the litter amount present and the environmental conditions.

  • 12.
    Eckstein, Rolf Lutz
    Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany.
    Differential effects of interspecific interactions and water availability on survival, growth and fecundity of three congeneric grassland herbs2005In: New Phytologist, ISSN 0028-646X, E-ISSN 1469-8137, Vol. 166, no 2, p. 525-536Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Fitness of individual plants and of populations depends on the rates of survival, growth and fecundity. This study tested whether vital rates were differentially affected by biotic interactions and water availability. The effects of manipulations of above-ground competition (through clipping) and water availability (through water addition) on the vital rates of seedlings of three species (Viola elatior Fries, Viola pumila Chaix and Viola stagnina Kit.) were analysed in dry, mesic and wet grasslands. Water addition and grassland type had the largest effects on survival (accounting for 41 and 24% of total variation, respectively) across species. Height growth rate was positively affected by grassland type (19%) and water addition (12%) and varied among species (8%), while leaf accumulation rates and reproduction were affected by grassland type and clipping. The data suggested facilitative effects of the canopy on seedling survival in the dry grassland. This study presents evidence that environmental conditions and biotic interactions may have differential effects on seedling survival, growth and reproduction. The findings highlight the complex interplay between spatial and temporal environmental variation and biotic interactions in structuring plant communities.

  • 13.
    Eckstein, Rolf Lutz
    Uppsala University.
    Nitrogen retention by Hylocomium splendens in a subarctic birch woodland2000In: Journal of Ecology, ISSN 0022-0477, E-ISSN 1365-2745, Vol. 88, no 3, p. 506-515Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 14.
    Eckstein, Rolf Lutz
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Environmental and Life Sciences. Uppsala University.
    Danihelka, J
    Masaryk University, Czech republic.
    Holzel, N
    Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany.
    Otte, A
    Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany.
    The effects of management and environmental variation on population stage structure in three river-corridor violets2004In: Acta Oecologica, ISSN 1146-609X, E-ISSN 1873-6238, Vol. 25, no 1-2, p. 83-91Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 15.
    Eckstein, Rolf Lutz
    et al.
    Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany.
    Danihelka, Jiri
    Czech republic.
    Otte, Annette
    Variation in life-cycle between three rare and endangered floodplain violets in two regions: implications for population viability and conservation2009In: Biologia, ISSN 0006-3088, E-ISSN 1336-9563, Vol. 64, no 1, p. 69-80Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We studied the demography of Viola elatior, V. pumila, and V. stagnina, three rare and endangered Central European floodplain species, to (i) analyse variation in life-cycles among congeners and between regions (Dyje-Morava floodplains, Czech Republic; Upper Rhine, Germany), (ii) to define sensitive stages in the life-cycles, and (iii) to identify possible threats for population viability and species conservation. Matrix models were based on the fate of marked individuals from a total of 27 populations over two years. We analysed population growth rate (lambda), stage distribution, net reproductive rate (R (0)), generation time, age at first reproduction, and elasticity and calculated a life table response experiment (LTRE). Most populations were declining and lambda did not differ between species or regions during the observed interval. Despite higher probabilities for survival and flowering in the Dyje populations, R (0) was higher in the Rhine populations. Also other demographic traits showed consistent differences between regions and/or species. Complex life-cycles and large variation in lambda precluded unequivocal identification of sensitive stages or vital rates for conservation. Variation between regions may be a consequence of differences in habitat quality. Our results suggest that deterministic processes such as reduced management, succession, habitat destruction, and lack of disturbance through reduced or eliminated flooding present the strongest threat for the viability and persistence of populations of the three floodplain violets as compared with stochastic processes. However, the persistent seed bank of the species may buffer populations against environmental variation and represents a reservoir for recovery after resumption of suitable land-use management.

  • 16.
    Eckstein, Rolf Lutz
    et al.
    Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany.
    Donath, T W
    Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany.
    Interactions between litter and water availability affect seedling emergence in four familial pairs of floodplain species2005In: Journal of Ecology, ISSN 0022-0477, E-ISSN 1365-2745, Vol. 93, no 4, p. 807-816Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We studied seedling emergence in four familial pairs of floodplain herbs in response to the experimental manipulation of soil moisture and litter cover to analyse (i) whether the effect of litter changes from negative under humid to positive under dry conditions, and (ii) whether the response to changing water and light conditions with increasing litter cover varies among species and plant families. We carried out a controlled pot experiment using four levels of litter cover (0 g, 2 g, 4 g and 8 g litter per pot, corresponding to 0 kg m(-2), 0.2 kg m(-2), 0.4 kg m(-2) and 0.8 kg m(-2)) and two levels of water-addition, leading to constantly humid substrate or intermittently dry topsoil. Across water-additions, percentage emergence reached a peak at low levels of litter cover (0.2 kg m(-2) and 0.4 kg m(-2)). There was a significant litter x water-addition interaction in six species, with positive effects of litter under intermittently dry conditions and negative or neutral effects under constantly humid conditions. Litter lowered maximum temperature as well as amplitude, and alleviated soil humidity under low water supply, while imposing increasingly shaded conditions. Analysis of species- and family-specific responses suggested that germination under a litter cover of 0.8 kg m(-2) was significantly reduced in smaller-seeded species (i.e. those that tend to have higher light demands for germination). Our results suggest that transfer of seed-containing plant litter can aid restoration projects if applied at 0.2-0.4 kg m(-2). Below these levels, establishment of most species may be inhibited by drought, while higher amounts will increasingly suppress seedling emergence, especially of small-seeded species. In addition to facilitation effects observed between living plants, dead plant remains may also exert positive effects on establishment. The sign of the litter effect on seedling emergence depends on soil humidity, with negative effects seen above a threshold amount, which is species- and family-specific and is closely related to seed size. Whether positive litter effects in grasslands are a consequence of coevolution remains to be examined.

  • 17.
    Eckstein, Rolf Lutz
    et al.
    Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany.
    Hoelzel, Norbert
    Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany.
    Danihelka, Jiri
    Czech Republic.
    Biological flora of central Europe: Viola elatior, V. pumila and V. stagnina2006In: Perspectives in plant ecology, evolution and systematics, ISSN 1433-8319, E-ISSN 1618-0437, Vol. 8, no 1, p. 45-66Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Viola elatior, V pumila and V stagnina (syn. V persicifolia) are very rare in central and western Europe and red-listed in many central European countries. To improve their conservation and to base management efforts on sound scientific knowledge, we here review the available information on their biology. A comparative approach is adopted to identify similarities and differences between the species. Special emphasis will be on taxonomy, community ecology and population biology. All three species belong to the section Viola, subsection Rostratae. Since they are morphologically rather similar and have often been misidentified, we supply the most important characters for separating the three taxa. The species share a continental distribution with a centre of occurrence in the temperate zone of eastern Europe and western Siberia, and reach their western range margin in central and western Europe. They have become rare and endangered through melioration and fragmentation of their habitats. All three species are iteroparous hemicryptophytes with a complex life cycle, a mixed mating system with chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers, and a persistent seed bank. Viola pumila and V. stagnina occur in floodplain meadows and wet grasslands, whereas V. elatior is a typical species of alluvial woodland fringes and other ecotonal habitats bordering floodplain meadows. Viola elatior and V pumila are confined to calcareous or at least base-rich substrates, whereas V stagnina may also occur on strongly acidic soils. The violets are able to occupy a broad range of site conditions in terms of soil nutrient status and productivity. However, on fertile sites the species depend on regular disturbances that weaken competitors and enhance the germination of dormant seeds. Current information about mycorrhizal colonisation, biochemical and physiological data, and herbivores and pathogens is scarce or lacking, probably due to the rarity of the three species in central Europe. (c) 2006 Rubel Foundation, ETH Zurich. Published by Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

  • 18.
    Eckstein, Rolf Lutz
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Environmental and Life Sciences. Uppsala University.
    Karlsson, P S
    Uppsala University.
    Above-ground growth and nutrient use by plants in a subarctic environment: Effects of habitat, life-form and species1997In: Oikos, ISSN 0030-1299, E-ISSN 1600-0706, Vol. 79, no 2, p. 311-324Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 19.
    Eckstein, Rolf Lutz
    et al.
    Uppsala University.
    Karlsson, P S
    Uppsala University.
    Recycling of nitrogen among segments of Hylocomium splendens as compared with Polytrichum commune: Implications for clonal integration in an ectohydric bryophyte1999In: OIKOS, Vol. 86, no 1, p. 87-96Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Physiological integration in clonal plants, which can be assumed to be dependent on vascular connections among ramets, is associated with several potential benefits, especially in nutrient-poor environments. However, some experimental evidence indicates that ectohydric bryophytes, i.e. species lacking specialised tissues for internal water conduction, also have physiologically integrated ramets. We tested this hypothesis by analysing nitrogen dynamics and tracing movements of a 15 N label among interconnected ramets of the ectohydric Hylocomium splendens over one season. The observed patterns were compared with translocation patterns in Polytrichum commune, an endohydric species that is known to show a high degree of clonal integration. Our aims were (1) to evaluate the degree of physiological integration among segments in H. splendens and (2) to study whether the pattern of 15 N movement obtained matched those depicted by changes in total nitrogen pool size. Current-year segments (G0) of both species were identified as strong sinks for nitrogen owing to their considerable increase in the 15 N pool during the season. In P. commune all other segments types showed a net loss of 15 N from June to September, which was probably due to autumn resorption of nitrogen to subterranean structures. In H. splendens one-year-old segments (G1) increased their 15 N pool, while older green segments (G2+) lost 50% of their initially absorbed 15 N. All the label lost from these source segments could be recovered in G0 and G1 segments. We suppose that most of the recycled nitrogen is provided by degeneration of three-year-old segments, which turn brown in parallel with the reallocation of nitrogen during the season. The high degree of physiological integration in H. splendens is discussed with respect to its life history and ecosystem nitrogen cycling.

  • 20.
    Eckstein, Rolf Lutz
    et al.
    Uppsala University.
    Karlsson, P S
    Uppsala University.
    Variation in nitrogen-use efficiency among and within subarctic graminoids and herbs2001In: New Phytologist, ISSN 0028-646X, E-ISSN 1469-8137, Vol. 150, no 3, p. 641-651Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 21.
    Eckstein, Rolf Lutz
    et al.
    Uppsala University.
    Karlsson, P S
    Uppsala University.
    Weih, M
    Uppsala University.
    Leaf life span and nutrient resorption as determinants of plant nutrient conservation in temperate-arctic regions1999In: New phytologist, Vol. 143, no 1, p. 177-189Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 22.
    Eckstein, Rolf Lutz
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Environmental and Life Sciences. Uppsala University.
    Karlsson, P S
    Uppsala University.
    Weih, M
    Uppsala University.
    The significance of resorption of leaf resources for shoot growth in evergreen and deciduous woody plants from a subarctic environment1998In: Oikos, ISSN 0030-1299, E-ISSN 1600-0706, Vol. 81, no 3, p. 567-575Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 23.
    Eckstein, Rolf Lutz
    et al.
    Uppsala University.
    Karlsson, P. Staffan
    Abisko Scientific Research Station.
    The effect of reproduction on nitrogen use-efficiency of three species of the carnivorous genus Pinguicula2001In: Journal of Ecology, ISSN 0022-0477, E-ISSN 1365-2745, Vol. 89, no 5, p. 798-806Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Life history theory predicts that reproduction incurs costs in terms of future growth and survival. In infertile environments reproductive events may accelerate nutrient turnover such that losses of limiting nutrients cannot be replenished by uptake from the soil. 

    We compared the effect of reproduction on nitrogen (N) turnover and N use-efficiency, i.e. the annual dry matter produced per unit N lost, of three carnivorous species of the genus Pinguicula on an infertile subarctic heath. We hypothesized that reproduction should increase N turnover, unless a larger N pool or improved N resorption can compensate for the losses associated with reproduction.

    These carnivorous herbs showed a nitrogen use strategy similar to that of non-carnivorous plants (herbs and grasses) with a relatively low mean residence time (MRT) of N and a large dry matter productivity per unit N in the plant (annual N productivity). N pool size and the efficiency of N resorption from senescent leaves were similar in reproductive and non-reproductive individuals. Reproductive individuals had significantly larger annual N losses and thus a lower average MRT (0.8 vs. 1.8 years), with values < 1 indicating that the annual N losses are greater than the annual average N pool. Unless plants can enhance their nutrient acquisition, flowering may therefore impact on future growth and survival.

    This study presents evidence for a direct link between reproduction, reflected in a higher relative allocation to inflorescences, turnover and N use-efficiency; the latter being reduced because of increased N turnover. The ranking of species in terms of reproductive allocation was the reverse of their ranking in terms of their N use-efficiency.

  • 24.
    Eckstein, Rolf Lutz
    et al.
    Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany.
    O'Neill, R. A.
    Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany.
    Danihelka, J.
    Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany.
    Otte, A.
    Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany.
    Koehler, W.
    Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany.
    Genetic structure among and within peripheral and central populations of three endangered floodplain violets2006In: Molecular Ecology, ISSN 0962-1083, E-ISSN 1365-294X, Vol. 15, no 9, p. 2367-2379Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Understanding the partitioning of genetic variance in peripheral and central populations may shed more light on the effects of genetic drift and gene flow on population genetic structure and, thereby, improve attempts to conserve genetic diversity. We analysed genetic structure of peripheral and central populations of three insect-pollinated violets (Viola elatior, Viola pumila, Viola stagnina) to evaluate to what extent these patterns can be explained by gene flow and genetic drift. Amplified fragment length polymorphism was used to analyse 930 individuals of 50 populations. Consistent with theoretical predictions, peripheral populations were smaller and more isolated, differentiation was stronger, and genetic diversity and gene flow lower in peripheral populations of V. pumila and V. stagnina. In V. elatior, probably historic fragmentation effects linked to its specific habitat type were superimposed on the plant geographic (peripheral-central) patterns, resulting in lower relative importance of gene flow in central populations. Genetic variation between regions (3-6%), among (30-37%) and within populations (60-64%) was significant. Peripheral populations lacked markers that were rare and localized in central populations. Loss of widespread markers in peripheral V. stagnina populations indicated genetic erosion. Autocorrelation within populations was statistically significant up to a distance of 10-20 m. Higher average genetic similarity in peripheral populations than in central ones indicated higher local gene flow, probably owing to management practices. Peripheral populations contributed significantly to genetic variation and contained unique markers, which made them valuable for the conservation of genetic diversity.

  • 25.
    Eckstein, Rolf Lutz
    et al.
    Justus-Liebig-University Giessen.
    Otte, A
    Justus-Liebig-University Giessen.
    Effects of cleistogamy and pollen source on seed production and offspring performance in three endangered violets2005In: Basic and Applied Ecology, ISSN 1439-1791, E-ISSN 1618-0089, Vol. 6, no 4, p. 339-350Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In rare plants that often occur in small or isolated populations the probability of selfing between close relatives is increased as a consequence of demographic stochasticity. The mode of pollination (selfing, outcrossing) may have considerable effects on seed traits and offspring performance and hence potential viability. Since current efforts aiming at the restoration of floodplain grasslands through the transfer of plant material from species-rich source stands may lead to the establishment of initially small populations consisting of founders from different populations, the present paper experimentally investigated the effects of pollen source and floral types (i.e. chasmogamous (CH) and cleistogamous (CL) flowers) on seed traits and offspring performance in three highly endangered violet species (Viola elatior, V. pumila, V. stagnina) of these grasslands. We estimated inbreeding depression and tested the performance of selfed and outcrossed offspring in two microbial environments, i.e. in soil inoculated with (i) non-sterile substrate from the same species ('home'-conditions) and (ii) sterilised substrate. Plants produced more CL capsules than CH flowers. Pollinator exclusion had only small effects on CH seed production. CL seeds had a significantly lower mass per seed than CH seeds. This may be related to constraints in allocation or environmental conditions. Seedling growth was reduced in plants grown under 'home'-conditions as compared to control soils. Under 'home'-conditions, relative fitness of selfed seedlings of V. stagnina was significantly higher than that of crossed progeny. Our results suggest that high genetic differentiation among populations as a consequence of isolation may result in outbreeding depression, e.g., through biochemical or physiological incompatibilities between genes or the breaking of coadapted gene complexes. In V. stagnina, offspring fitness differed considerably between environments, but in general we found no indications for inbreeding depression in these rare species. (c) 2005 Gesellschaft fur Okologie. Published by Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

  • 26.
    Eckstein, Rolf Lutz
    et al.
    Justus-Liebig-University Giessen.
    Otte, Annette
    Justus-Liebig-University Giessen.
    Evidence for consistent trait-habitat relations in two closely related violets of contiguous habitat types from a fertilisation experiment2004In: Flora: Morphologie, Geobotanik, Oekophysiologie, ISSN 0367-2530, E-ISSN 1618-0585, Vol. 199, no 3, p. 234-246Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Most studies on the adaptive significance of plant traits compared species that differed in inherent growth rate or species of habitats at the extremes of environmental gradients. In the present paper, we compared the response of Viola elatior and V. pumila, two closely related and morphologically similar violets to the experimental variation of nitrogen availability. The species occur in adjacent habitat types, viz. alluvial forest fringes (V. elatior) and floodplain meadows (V. pumila), that differ in resource availability and disturbance across a relatively small gradient. We tested the hypotheses that, according to their typical habitat, V. elatior should show more traits of a stress tolerant competitive plant, while V. pumila should exhibit more ruderal traits. We carried out a two-year common garden experiment with two levels of fertiliser addition (N5, 5 g N m(-2) yr(-1); N20, 20 g N m(-2) yr(-1)), and analysed a number of traits related to relative growth rate (RGR), allocation, and nutrient use. We further did an experiment with seeds from the experimental plants to study variation in germination rate. We found considerable ontogenetic drift in the species during two years of growth. In the first year, both species showed similar mass and growth rate but these were achieved through different trait combinations. In the second year, V. elatior had a higher RGR, produced more biomass per unit nutrient and developed more leaf area per unit plant mass than V. pumila, while the latter produced thinner leaves. V. pumila had a higher capacity for nutrient acquisition, but a large proportion of the captured nutrients were used for reproduction. Germination rate was higher in V. pumila than in V. elatior, independent of the nutrient status of the mother plant, while seeds of V. elatior from N20 plants had a significantly higher germination rate (67%) than seeds from N5 plants (35%). Our data suggested that many of the analysed trait differences seem to be consistent with the requirements of the different habitat types.

  • 27.
    Eckstein, Rolf Lutz
    et al.
    Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany.
    Pereira, Eva
    Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
    Milbau, Ann
    Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
    Graae, Bente Jessen
    Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
    Predicted changes in vegetation structure affect the susceptibility to invasion of bryophyte-dominated subarctic heath2011In: Annals of Botany, ISSN 0305-7364, E-ISSN 1095-8290, Vol. 108, no 1, p. 177-183Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background and Aims A meta-analysis of global change experiments in arctic tundra sites suggests that plant productivity and the cover of shrubs, grasses and dead plant material (i.e. litter) will increase and the cover of bryophytes will decrease in response to higher air temperatures. However, little is known about which effects these changes in vegetation structure will have on seedling recruitment of species and invasibility of arctic ecosystems. Methods A field experiment was done in a bryophyte-dominated, species-rich subarctic heath by manipulating the cover of bryophytes and litter in a factorial design. Three phases of seedling recruitment (seedling emergence, summer seedling survival, first-year recruitment) of the grass Anthoxanthum alpinum and the shrub Betula nana were analysed after they were sown into the experimental plots. Key Results Bryophyte and litter removal significantly increased seedling emergence of both species but the effects of manipulations of vegetation structure varied strongly for the later phases of recruitment. Summer survival and first-year recruitment were significantly higher in Anthoxanthum. Although bryophyte removal generally increased summer survival and recruitment, seedlings of Betula showed high mortality in early August on plots where bryophytes had been removed. Conclusions Large species-specific variation and significant effects of experimental manipulations on seedling recruitment suggest that changes in vegetation structure as a consequence of global warming will affect the abundance of grasses and shrubs, the species composition and the susceptibility to invasion of subarctic heath vegetation.

  • 28.
    Eckstein, Rolf Lutz
    et al.
    Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany.
    Ruch, Diana
    Otte, Annette
    Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
    Donath, Tobias W.
    Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
    Invasibility of a Nutrient-Poor Pasture through Resident and Non-Resident Herbs Is Controlled by Litter, Gap Size and Propagule Pressure2012In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 7, no 7, article id e41887Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Since inference concerning the relative effects of propagule pressure, biotic interactions, site conditions and species traits on the invasibility of plant communities is limited, we carried out a field experiment to study the role of these factors for absolute and relative seedling emergence in three resident and three non-resident confamilial herb species on a nutrient-poor temperate pasture. We set up a factorial field experiment with two levels each of the factors litter cover (0 and 400 g m(-2)), gap size (0.01 and 0.1 m(2)) and propagule pressure (5 and 50 seeds) and documented soil temperature, soil water content and relative light availability. Recruitment was recorded in spring and autumn 2010 and in spring 2011 to cover initial seedling emergence, establishment after summer drought and final establishment after the first winter. Litter alleviated temperature and moisture conditions and had positive effects on proportional and absolute seedling emergence during all phases of recruitment. Large gaps presented competition-free space with high light availability but showed higher temperature amplitudes and lower soil moisture. Proportional and absolute seedling recruitment was significantly higher in large than in small gaps. In contrast, propagule pressure facilitated absolute seedling emergence but had no effects on proportional emergence or the chance for successful colonisation. Despite significantly higher initial seedling emergence of resident than non-resident species, seed mass and other species-specific traits may be better predictors for idiosyncratic variation in seedling establishment than status. Our data support the fluctuating resource hypothesis and demonstrate that the reserve effect of seeds may facilitate seedling emergence. The direct comparison of propagule pressure with other environmental factors showed that propagule pressure affects absolute seedling abundance, which may be crucial for species that depend on other individuals for sexual reproduction. However, propagule batch size did not significantly affect the chance for successful colonisation of disturbed plots.

  • 29.
    Eckstein, Rolf Lutz
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Environmental and Life Sciences (from 2013).
    Welk, Erik
    Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany .
    Klinger, Yves P.
    Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany.
    Lennartsson, Tommy
    Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU).
    Wissman, Jörgen
    Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU).
    Ludewig, Kristin
    University of Hamburg, Germany.
    Hansen, Wiebke
    Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany.
    Ramula, Satu
    University of Turku, Finland.
    Biological flora of Central Europe– Lupinus polyphyllus Lindley2023In: Perspectives in plant ecology, evolution and systematics, ISSN 1433-8319, E-ISSN 1618-0437, Vol. 58, article id 125715Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The invasive herb Lupinus polyphyllus has been focus of a number of fact sheets worldwide but a comprehensive summary of the species’ taxonomy and morphology, distribution, habitat requirements, and biology has been lacking. This paper gives a thorough account of the species’ systematic position and taxonomy, highlighting the difficulties to delimit taxa, which is related to interbreeding among members of this genus. However, L. polyphyllus var. polyphyllus is apparently the taxon that has naturalized and is regionally invasive in temperate-humid climates worldwide. We also present an updated distribution map of L. polyphyllus in the native and invaded ranges, which highlights seven regions in the world where the species has been established. We show that the climatic niche of L. polyphyllus in the invaded range shifts towards higher summer precipitation and lower isothermality, probably because the invaded range includes subcontinental regions of eastern Europe and western Siberia. The habitats of L. polyphyllus range from rather dry to wet, have moderately acidic to strongly acidic soils, and the species’ indicator values across Europe suggest that it occurs along a gradient from very nutrient poor sites to intermediate to rich sites from northern to southern Europe. The species shows high resistance to both drought and frost. In Central Europe, the species has a stronghold in alpic mountain hay meadows, abandoned meadows and pastures, low and medium altitude hay meadows, anthropogenic herb stands and temperate thickets and scrubs. In northern Europe, the species occurs in anthropogenic herb stands along roads and railroads as well as in abandoned pastures and fields. We also found some doubtful information about L. polyphyllus in the literature. This refers to its description as “rhizomatous perennial” although it lacks rhizomes; an apparently very high longevity of its seeds, which may only be true under artificial conditions in an ex situ seed repository; and a very deep rooting depth, which may not represent the average rooting depth but rather an extreme value. Knowledge about the interrelationships between the species’ future population dynamics and spread and ongoing climate warming is lacking. Finally, our review points out that there is currently no evidence-based strategy for a cost-efficient management of L. polyphyllus although it is among the most problematic non-native plant species in Europe due to its environmental and socio-economic impacts. 

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  • 30.
    Eskandari, Samieh
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences (from 2013).
    Mohammadi, Ali
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences (from 2013).
    Sandberg, Maria
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences (from 2013).
    Eckstein, Rolf Lutz
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Environmental and Life Sciences (from 2013).
    Hedberg, Kjell
    Ulf Ahlden Ingenjörsfirma, Upplands Väsby.
    Granström, Karin
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences (from 2013).
    Hydrochar-Amended Substrates for Production of Containerized Pine Tree Seedlings under Different Fertilization Regimes2019In: Agronomy, E-ISSN 2073-4395, Vol. 9, no 7, p. 1-17Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    There is a growing body of research that recognizes the potentials of biochar application in agricultural production systems. However, little is known about the effects of biochar, especially hydrochar, on production of containerized seedlings under nursery conditions. This study aimed to test the effects of hydrochar application on growth, quality, nutrient and heavy metal contents, and mycorrhizal association of containerized pine seedlings. The hydrochar used in this study was produced through hydrothermal carbonization of paper mill biosludge at 200 °C. Two forms of hydrochar (powder and pellet) were mixed with peat at ratios of 10% and 20% (v/v) under three levels of applied commercial fertilizer (nil, half and full rates). Application of hydrochar had positive or neutral effects on shoot biomass and stem diameter compared with control seedlings (without hydrochar) under tested fertilizer levels. Analysis of the natural logarithmic response ratios (LnRR) of quality index and nutrient and heavy metal uptake revealed that application of 20% (v/v) hydrochar powder or pellet with 50% fertilizer resulted in same quality pine seedlings with similar heavy metal (Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn and Cr) and nutrient (P, K, Ca and Mg) contents as untreated seedlings supplied with 100% fertilizer. Colonization percentage by ectomycorrhizae significantly increased when either forms of hydrochar were applied at a rate of 20% under unfertilized condition. The results of this study implied that application of proper rates of hydrochar from biosludge with adjusted levels of liquid fertilizer may reduce fertilizer requirements in pine nurseries.

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    Eskandari 2019
  • 31.
    Gattringer, Johannes P.
    et al.
    Justus Liebig Univ Giessen, Res Ctr Biosyst Land Use & Nutr IFZ, Div Landscape Ecol & Landscape Planning, Giessen, Germany..
    Donath, Tobias W.
    Univ Kiel, Inst Nat Resource Conservat, Dept Landscape Ecol, Kiel, Germany..
    Eckstein, Rolf Lutz
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Environmental and Life Sciences (from 2013).
    Ludewig, Kristin
    Justus Liebig Univ Giessen, Res Ctr Biosyst Land Use & Nutr IFZ, Div Landscape Ecol & Landscape Planning, Giessen, Germany..
    Otte, Annette
    Justus Liebig Univ Giessen, Res Ctr Biosyst Land Use & Nutr IFZ, Div Landscape Ecol & Landscape Planning, Giessen, Germany..
    Harvolk-Schoening, Sarah
    Justus Liebig Univ Giessen, Res Ctr Biosyst Land Use & Nutr IFZ, Div Landscape Ecol & Landscape Planning, Giessen, Germany..
    Flooding tolerance of four floodplain meadow species depends on age2017In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 12, no 5, article id e0176869Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Numerous restoration campaigns focused on re-establishing species-rich floodplain meadows of Central Europe, whose species composition is essentially controlled by regular flooding. Climate change predictions expect strong alterations on the discharge regime of Europe's large rivers with little-known consequences on floodplain meadow plants. In this study, we aim to determine the effects of flooding on seedlings of different ages of four typical flood meadow species. To this end, we flooded seedlings of two familial pairs of flood meadow species of wetter and dryer microhabitats for 2 weeks each, starting 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks after seedling germination, respectively. We show that a 2-week-flooding treatment had a negative effect on performance of seedlings younger than 6 weeks. Summer floods with high floodwater temperatures may have especially detrimental effects on seedlings, which is corroborated by previous findings. As expected, the plants from wet floodplain meadow microhabitats coped better with the flooding treatment than those from dryer microhabitats. In conclusion, our results suggest that restoration measures may perform more successfully if seedlings of restored species are older than the critical age of about 6 weeks before a spring flooding begins. Seasonal flow patterns may influence vegetation dynamics of floodplain meadows and should, therefore, be taken into account when timing future restoration campaigns.

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  • 32.
    Hansen, Wiebke
    et al.
    University of Duisburg Essen, Germany.
    Klinger, Yves P.
    Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany.
    Otte, Annette
    Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany.
    Eckstein, Rolf Lutz
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Environmental and Life Sciences (from 2013).
    Ludewig, Kristin
    University of Hamburg, Germany.
    Constraints in the restoration of mountain meadows invaded by the legume Lupinus polyphyllus2022In: Restoration Ecology, ISSN 1061-2971, E-ISSN 1526-100X, article id e13682Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Semi-natural grasslands invaded by the legume Lupinus polyphyllus need the introduction of target species in order to promote highly endangered native target plant communities. However, which techniques are best suited to achieve both invader control and the introduction of target species at the same time? Few studies have investigated restoration techniques that support native plant communities in mountain meadows and control the invader simultaneously. We employed the restoration techniques seed bank activation and green hay transfer in combination with manual removal of the invasive L. polyphyllus on three types of grassland (Nardus grassland, mesic and wet mountain hay meadows) in the low mountain ranges of the Rhon UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in central Germany. Vegetation reacted differently to specific measures depending on the type of grassland. L. polyphyllus cover could be effectively reduced by L. polyphyllus removal in Nardus grassland and mesic hay meadow sites, but not in wet meadows. In Nardus grassland, the cover of target species was lowered by the application of green hay. The target species cover of wet mountain hay meadows declined in response to seed bank activation. When restoring mountain meadows, restoration practitioners should thus first consider the specific vegetation types. As our study indicates that target mountain meadow species may react negatively to restoration measures in the short term, the long-term effects of the application of green hay should be studied.

  • 33.
    Hansen, Wiebke
    et al.
    Justus Liebig University Giessen, DEU.
    Wollny, Julia
    Justus Liebig University Giessen, DEU.
    Otte, Annette
    Justus Liebig University Giessen, DEU.
    Eckstein, Rolf Lutz
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Environmental and Life Sciences (from 2013).
    Ludewig, Kristin
    Justus Liebig University Giessen, DEU.
    Invasive legume affects species and functional composition of mountain meadow plant communities2021In: Biological Invasions, ISSN 1387-3547, E-ISSN 1573-1464, Vol. 23, no 1, p. 281-296Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Plant invasions are among the key drivers of global biodiversity and ecosystem change. They often cause reductions in native species richness and overall biodiversity. Nitrogen-fixing plants are problematic as they affect soil nutrient availability and outcompete species of nutrient-poor sites. Here we assessed the impacts of the legumeLupinus polyphylluson species and functional diversity of mountain meadow communities in the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve Rhon. We compared species diversity (richness, evenness and effective species number), functional diversity (functional richness, evenness, divergence and dispersion) and similarity of plots in three characteristic vegetation types (Nardusgrassland, mesic and wet mountain hay meadows) between different lupine cover classes. We calculated community weighted means (CWMs) of single plant traits and plotted them against lupine cover classes. The invasion ofL. polyphyllushomogenizes vegetation composition since the similarity among plots of the different vegetation types increased with increasing lupine cover. It significantly affected species diversity in terms of richness and effective species number and the functional divergence of the vegetation. The trait set of species occurring together with lupine was shifted towards more competitive trait values. We demonstrate strongly negative impacts ofL. polyphylluson different mountain meadow vegetation types sinceL. polyphyllus, fosters the growth of competitive species and leads to overall more productive plant communities.

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  • 34.
    Hattermann, D.
    et al.
    Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
    Bernhardt-Römermann, M.
    University Jena, Jena, Germany.
    Otte, A.
    Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
    Eckstein, Rolf Lutz
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Environmental and Life Sciences (from 2013).
    Geese are overlooked dispersal vectors for vascular plants in archipelago environments2019In: Journal of Vegetation Science, ISSN 1100-9233, E-ISSN 1654-1103, Vol. 30, no 3, p. 533-541Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Question: We addressed the importance of gut-mediated dispersal by greylag geese for vascular plants in archipelago environments and asked: (a) What proportion of the local species pool is dispersed by geese? (b) Which plant traits characterize species dispersed by geese? (c) Which plant communities are likely to benefit from endozoochory by geese?. Location: Three Swedish Baltic archipelagos. Methods: Goose droppings were collected on 45 islands. Plants germinating from the droppings represent the endozoochorous species pool (ESP). On 108 islands, the presence of vascular plants was recorded in each habitat. These species represent the island species pool (ISP). Differences in functional traits between ESP and ISP were expressed as effect sizes and tested using meta-regressions. Using indicator species analyses and indicator species for managed semi-natural grasslands, we identified the primary habitats of the ESP. Results: Geese dispersed viable diaspores of 97 plant species, which represents 22% of the ISP. Most ESP species were typical for small islands. Geese dispersed a higher proportion of graminoids and less woody plants, higher proportions of chamaephytes and therophytes and less phanerophytes; annuals and bi-annuals were significantly overrepresented. On average, seed volume of the ESP was 95% smaller than that of the ISP. About 51% of all ESP species were dispersed in at least two archipelagos. Geese showed a bias towards species of rocky shore habitats. Conclusion: Geese potentially disperse large amounts of diaspores of many terrestrial island plant species. Through their feeding behaviour, geese select species with certain suites of traits from the regional species pool. Plant dispersal by geese may benefit plants species of rocky shores, but species of formerly managed semi-natural grasslands may also find refuge sites on epilittoral shores after goose-mediated dispersal. The relative importance of geese as dispersal vectors may increase under on-going land-use changes and cessation of grazing networks.

  • 35.
    Hattermann, Dirk
    et al.
    Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
    Bernhardt-Römermann, Markus
    Friedrich Schiller University , Jena, Germany.
    Otte, Annette
    Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
    Eckstein, Rolf Lutz
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Environmental and Life Sciences (from 2013).
    New insights into island vegetation composition and species diversity: Consistent and conditional responses across contrasting insular habitats at the plot-scale2018In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 13, no 7, article id e0200191Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Most island-ecology studies focus on the properties of entire island communities, thus neglecting species-environment relationships operating at the habitat-level. Habitat-specific variation in the strength and sign of these relationships will conceal patterns observed on the island scale and may preclude a mechanistic interpretation of patterns and processes. Habitat-specific species-environment relationships may also depend on the descriptor of ecological communities. This paper presents a comprehensive plot-based analysis of local vegetation composition and species diversity (species richness and species evenness) of (i) rocky shore, (ii) semi-natural grassland and (iii) coniferous forest habitats in three Baltic archipelagos in Sweden. To identify differences and consistencies between habitats and descriptors, we assessed the relative contributions of the variable-sets “region”, “topography”, “soil morphology”, “soil fertility”, “soil water”, “light availability”, “distance” and “island configuration” on local vegetation composition, species richness and species evenness. We quantified the impact of “management history” on the descriptors of local grassland communities by a newly introduced grazing history index (GHI). Unlike species diversity, changes in vegetation composition were related to most of the variable-sets. The relative contributions of the variable-sets were mostly habitat-specific and strongly contingent on the descriptor involved. Within each habitat, richness and evenness were only partly affected by the same variable-sets, and if so, their relative contribution varied between diversity proxies. Across all habitats, soil variable-sets showed highly consistent effects on vegetation composition and species diversity and contributed most to the variance explained. GHI was a powerful predictor, explaining high proportions of variation in all three descriptors of grassland species communities. The proportion of unexplained variance was habitat-specific, possibly reflecting a community maturity gradient. Our results reveal that species richness alone is an incomplete representation of local species diversity. Finally, we stress the need of including habitat-based approaches when analyzing complex species-environment relationships on islands.

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  • 36.
    Hattermann, Dirk
    et al.
    Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Germany.
    Eckstein, Rolf Lutz
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Environmental and Life Sciences (from 2013).
    Elstner, Christina
    Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Germany.
    Bernhardt-Roemermann, Markus
    Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Germany.
    The contribution of different habitat types to species diversity of Baltic uplift islands2019In: Basic and Applied Ecology, ISSN 1439-1791, E-ISSN 1618-0089, Vol. 41, p. 22-32Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Islands are vulnerable ecosystems worldwide, increasingly exposed to human pressure, global climate change and invasive species. Thus, understanding island species diversity is key for nature conservation. Recent studies on insular plant communities indicated that habitat-specific species composition and richness might largely affect diversity patterns observed at the island scale. In consequence, habitat-based approaches are needed to (i) estimate how environmental changes at the habitat scale may affect island diversity, and to (ii) estimate the contribution of different patches of the same habitat to island diversity with respect to habitat-specific environmental constraints. In the present study, we tested these habitat-to-island diversity relationships for shoreline habitats (brackish reeds, salt marsh, rocky shore, tall herbs) and island interior habitats (rocks, semi-natural grassland, pioneer forest, coniferous forest, mixed forest) using 108 islands of three Baltic archipelagos in Sweden. These islands differed in terms of island-scale variables describing effects of island configuration and distance, and habitat-scale variables representing the effects of habitat area, abiotic environment and land-use. The studied habitats differed in their contribution to island species diversity, called habitat specificity. Shoreline habitats shared many common specialist species adapted to extreme conditions like sea salt or bird grazing, while habitats of the island interior harbored mainly species adapted to the specific conditions of a single habitat. We found high variability in habitat specificity as a consequence of habitat-specific environmental factors. Variability was highest for grasslands, where it was related to abandonment and soil fertility, stressing the importance of grassland management for maintaining island biodiversity. Habitats with high habitat specificity through either high species richness or many habitat-specific specialists should be the primary targets for biodiversity management. (C) 2019 Gesellschaft fur Okologie. Published by Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

  • 37.
    Hensgen, Frank
    et al.
    Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
    Albrecht, Christian
    Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
    Donath, Tobias W.
    Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany.
    Otte, Annette
    Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany.
    Eckstein, Rolf Lutz
    Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany.
    Distribution of gastropods in floodplain compartments and feeding preferences for river corridor plant species: Is there an effect of gastropod herbivory on the distribution of river corridor plants?2011In: Flora: Morphologie, Geobotanik, Oekophysiologie, ISSN 0367-2530, E-ISSN 1618-0585, Vol. 206, no 6, p. 534-543Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Herbivory through gastropods has among others been proposed as a potential factor responsible for the river corridor distribution of plant species, which is a well known but poorly understood ecological pattern. Since floodplains are characterised by seasonally changing abiotic conditions, viz, floods during winter and spring and severe summer drought that are unsuitable for gastropods they may present safe habitats for highly palatable plant species. In the present study we compared species composition of gastropods and vegetation of twelve grassland sites situated within three floodplain compartments along the Upper Rhine. Additionally, we studied the palatability of 7 days and 25 days old seedlings of five typical floodplain plant species and five mesic grassland species to the slug Deroceras reticulatum in laboratory experiments. Our results showed that both vegetation and gastropod community composition but not gastropod diversity and abundance differed between floodplain compartments. Owing to omnivory of most gastropods the similarity structure of sites based on plants and gastropods was not significantly correlated. In general, slug herbivory significantly reduced survival and biomass of 7 days old seedlings, but responses were species-specific. In contrast, with the exception of Arabis nemorensis, Viola pumila and Taraxacum sect. Ruderalia biomass of 25 days old seedlings was not significantly affected by slug herbivory. Although the response of floodplain plant species as a group to slug herbivory did not differ from common grassland species, our results suggest that gastropods may potentially influence the distribution pattern of the highly palatable river corridor species Arabis nemorensis and Viola pumila. However, further research is needed to estimate the damage to river corridor plants through gastropod herbivory and its effect on competitive relationships under natural conditions.

  • 38.
    Hoppenreijs, Jacqueline
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Environmental and Life Sciences (from 2013).
    Eckstein, Rolf Lutz
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Environmental and Life Sciences (from 2013).
    Lind, Lovisa
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Environmental and Life Sciences (from 2013).
    Pressures on Boreal Riparian Vegetation: A Literature Review2022In: Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, E-ISSN 2296-701X, Vol. 9, article id 806130Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Riparian zones are species-rich and functionally important ecotones that sustain physical, chemical and ecological balance of ecosystems. While scientific, governmental and public attention for riparian zones has increased over the past decades, knowledge on the effects of the majority of anthropogenic disturbances is still lacking. Given the increasing expansion and intensity of these disturbances, the need to understand simultaneously occurring pressures grows. We have conducted a literature review on the potential effects of anthropogenic pressures on boreal riparian zones and the main processes that shape their vegetation composition. We visualised the observed and potential consequences of flow regulation for hydropower generation, flow regulation through channelisation, the climate crisis, forestry, land use change and non-native species in a conceptual model. The model shows how these pressures change different aspects of the flow regime and plant habitats, and we describe how these changes affect the extent of the riparian zone and dispersal, germination, growth and competition of plants. Main consequences of the pressures we studied are the decrease of the extent of the riparian zone and a poorer state of the area that remains. This already results in a loss of riparian plant species and riparian functionality, and thus also threatens aquatic systems and the organisms that depend on them. We also found that the impact of a pressure does not linearly reflect its degree of ubiquity and the scale on which it operates. Hydropower and the climate crisis stand out as major threats to boreal riparian zones and will continue to be so if no appropriate measures are taken. Other pressures, such as forestry and different types of land uses, can have severe effects but have more local and regional consequences. Many pressures, such as non-native species and the climate crisis, interact with each other and can limit or, more often, amplify each other's effects. However, we found that there are very few studies that describe the effects of simultaneously occurring and, thus, potentially interacting pressures. While our model shows where they may interact, the extent of the interactions thus remains largely unknown.

  • 39.
    Julia Piovan, Maria
    et al.
    Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Argentina.; Justus Liebig Univ Giessen, Germany..
    Pratolongo, Paula
    Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Argentina.; Univ Nacl Sur, Argentina.
    Donath, Tobias W.
    Univ Kiel, Germany.
    Loydi, Alejandro
    Univ Nacl Sur, Argentina.; Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Argentina.
    Eckstein, Rolf Lutz
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Environmental and Life Sciences (from 2013).
    Germination Response to Osmotic Potential, Osmotic Agents, and Temperature of Five Halophytes Occurring along a Salinity Gradient2019In: International journal of plant sciences, ISSN 1058-5893, E-ISSN 1537-5315, Vol. 180, no 4, p. 345-355Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Premise of research. Halophyte species grow where salt concentrations are high. Still, their germination may be affected by salts, either by creating an osmotic potential that prevents water uptake or by dissociating in ions that can cause different grades of toxicity. With the increase of salinized areas, it becomes important to understand the behavior of these species. Methodology. We studied how the germination of five halophyte species that occur along a salinity gradient in the Bahia Blanca coastal zone, Atriplex undulata, Cyclolepis genistoides, Allenrolfea patagonica, Sarcocornia perennis, and Heterostachys ritteriana, responds to variations in osmotic agents, osmotic potential, and temperature. Seeds were exposed to different osmotic potentials using NaCl (neutral salt), Na2CO3 (alkaline salt), and mannitol solutions in a germination chamber experiment. Germination was recorded during 42 d. Germination percentage, mean germination time, and synchrony were calculated. Pivotal results. Our experimental results showed that for the five halophyte species under study, germination was mostly driven by osmotic potentials and osmotic agents. At high osmotic potential, the germination response did not differ significantly from controls, except for Allenrolfea and Cyclolepis, which showed lower germination when treated with Na2CO3. Low osmotic potentials and Na2CO3 were detrimental to germination, reflected by lower germination percentages, higher mean germination times, and lower synchrony. Conclusions. In general, the response to the alkaline salt was more negative than that to the neutral salt or mannitol, regardless of the species. Each species showed a different response to the salts under study, and this response matched well with the distribution of species along the salinity gradient observed in the field.

  • 40.
    Jung, L. S.
    et al.
    Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
    Eckstein, Rolf Lutz
    Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany.
    Otte, A.
    Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
    Donath, T. W.
    Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
    Above- and below-ground nutrient and alkaloid dynamics in Colchicum autumnale: optimal mowing dates for population control or low hay toxicity2012In: Weed research (Print), ISSN 0043-1737, E-ISSN 1365-3180, Vol. 52, no 4, p. 348-357Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Jung LS, Eckstein RL, Otte A & Donath TW (2012). Above- and below-ground nutrient and alkaloid dynamics in Colchicum autumnale: indications for optimal mowing dates for population control or low hay toxicity. Weed Research52, 348-357. Summary In some Central European regions, the conservation of seminatural grasslands is jeopardised by management intensification or abandonment, caused by high densities of the toxic weed Colchicum autumnale. We investigated two possibilities to deal with C. autumnale: (i) reducing population densities by mowing when nutrient contents are high in leaves and capsules and low in the storage organs, that is, when the ratio between both is highest, or (ii) reducing alkaloid content in hay by mowing when alkaloid content of leaves and capsules of C. autumnale is low. To identify the optimal mowing point, we analysed the dynamics of nutrients, starch and alkaloids of naturally grown plants in two biogeographical regions. In the colder region, the maximum nutrient ratio between above-ground and storage organs, as well as alkaloid content in leaves and capsules, occurred significantly later. Compared with the common first mowing date (15 June), alkaloid content decreased significantly until 5 July in both regions. On both dates, it was on average 1.8 times higher in the colder region. Our results suggest the following time for the two management options: (i) mowing at about 25 cm plant height (late April/early May) to reduce C. autumnale densities or (ii) delayed mowing in late June/early July when the plant has turned brown and dry and alkaloid content has declined.

  • 41.
    Jung, Linda S.
    et al.
    Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
    Winter, Silvia
    University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
    Eckstein, Rolf Lutz
    Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany.
    Kriechbaum, Monika
    University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
    Karrer, Gerhard
    Welk, Erik
    Martin-Luther-University, Halle, Germany.
    Elsaesser, Martin
    Education and Knowledge Centre Aulendorf-Livestock Farming, Germany.
    Donath, Tobias W.
    Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany.
    Otte, Annette
    Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany.
    Colchicum autumnale L.2011In: Perspectives in plant ecology, evolution and systematics, ISSN 1433-8319, E-ISSN 1618-0437, Vol. 13, no 3, p. 227-244Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Colchicum autumnale is a perennial hysteranthous geophyte, which is native to Europe. It is characteristic of periodically wet to moderately moist grasslands but also occurs in alluvial forests. This article gives an overview of the taxonomy, distribution, life cycle, and population biology of C. autumnale and puts special emphasis on its morphology, germination and its response to competition and management.

  • 42.
    Karlsson, P S
    et al.
    Uppsala University.
    Eckstein, Rolf Lutz
    Uppsala University.
    Weih, M
    Uppsala University.
    Seasonal variation in N-15 natural abundance in subarctic plants of different life-forms2000In: Ecoscience, ISSN 1195-6860, Vol. 7, no 3, p. 365-369Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 43.
    Kattge, Jens
    et al.
    Max Planck Inst; Germany; DEU.
    Boenisch, Gerhard
    Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, DEU.
    Diaz, Sandra
    Univ Nacl Cordoba, Argentina; ARG.
    Lavorel, Sandra
    Univ Savoie Mt Blanc; France; FRA.
    Prentice, Iain Colin
    Imperial Coll, England; GBR.
    Leadley, Paul
    Univ Paris Saclay, Univ Paris Sud, France; FRA.
    Tautenhahn, Susanne
    Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, Germany, DEU.
    Werner, Gijsbert D. A.
    Univ Oxford; GBR.
    Aakala, Tuomas
    Univ Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, FIN.
    Abedi, Mehdi
    Tarbiat Modares Univ, Dept Range Management, Fac Nat Resources & Marine Sci, Noor, IRN.
    Acosta, Alicia T. R.
    Univ Roma Tre, Rome, Italy, ITA.
    Adamidis, George C.
    Univ Aegean, Dept Environm, Biodivers Conservat Lab, Mitilini; GRC; Univ Bern, Inst Ecol & Evolut, Bern; CHE.
    Adamson, Kairi
    Univ Tartu, Tartu Observ, Tartumaa, EST.
    Aiba, Masahiro
    Tohoku Univ, Grad Sch Life Sci, Sendai, Miyagi, JPN.
    Albert, Cecile H.
    ; FRA.
    Alcantara, Julio M.
    Univ Jaen, Jaen, Spain..
    Alcazar, Carolina C.
    Inst Alexander Von Humboldt, Bogota, Colombia..
    Aleixo, Izabela
    Natl Inst Amazonian Res INPA, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil..
    Ali, Hamada
    Suez Canal Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Bot, Ismailia, Egypt..
    Amiaud, Bernard
    Univ Lorraine, Lorraine, France..
    Ammer, Christian
    Univ Gottingen, Forest Sci, Gottingen, Germany.;Univ Gottingen, Ctr Biodivers & Sustainable Land Use, Gottingen, Germany..
    Amoroso, Mariano M.
    Univ Nacl Rio Negro, Inst Invest Recursos Nat Agroecol & Desarrollo Ru, El Bolson, Argentina.;Conicet Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina..
    Anand, Madhur
    Univ Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada..
    Anderson, Carolyn
    Pacific Northwest Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA.;Univ Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 USA..
    Anten, Niels
    Wageningen Univ, Ctr Crop Syst Anal, Wageningen, Netherlands..
    Antos, Joseph
    Univ Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada..
    Apgaua, Deborah Mattos Guimaraes
    James Cook Univ, Coll Sci & Engn, Smithfield, Qld, Australia..
    Ashman, Tia-Lynn
    Univ Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA..
    Asmara, Degi Harja
    Univ Laval, Inst Integrat Syst Biol, Ctr Forest Res, Quebec City, PQ, Canada..
    Asner, Gregory P.
    Arizona State Univ, Tempe, AZ USA..
    Aspinwall, Michael
    Univ North Florida, Dept Biol, Jacksonville, FL USA..
    Atkin, Owen
    Australian Natl Univ, ARC Ctr Excellence Plant Energy Biol, Acton, ACT, Australia..
    Aubin, Isabelle
    Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Serv, Great Lakes Forestry Ctr, Sault Ste Marie, ON, Canada..
    Baastrup-Spohr, Lars
    Univ Copenhagen, Dept Biol, Copenhagen, Denmark..
    Bahalkeh, Khadijeh
    Tarbiat Modares Univ, Dept Range Management, Fac Nat Resources & Marine Sci, Noor, Iran..
    Bahn, Michael
    Univ Innsbruck, Dept Ecol, Innsbruck, Austria..
    Baker, Timothy
    Univ Leeds, Sch Geog, Leeds, W Yorkshire, England..
    Baker, William J.
    Royal Bot Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey, England..
    Bakker, Jan P.
    Univ Groningen, Groningen Inst Evolutionary Life Sci GELIFES, Conservat Ecol, Groningen, Netherlands..
    Baldocchi, Dennis
    Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA..
    Baltzer, Jennifer
    Wilfrid Laurier Univ, Dept Biol, Waterloo, ON, Canada..
    Banerjee, Arindam
    Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, St Paul, MN USA..
    Baranger, Anne
    AgroParisTech, Paris, France..
    Barlow, Jos
    Univ Lancaster, Lancaster Environm Ctr, Lancaster, England..
    Barneche, Diego R.
    Univ Exeter, Coll Life & Environm Sci, Penryn, England..
    Baruch, Zdravko
    Univ Adelaide, Sch Biol Sci, Adelaide, SA, Australia..
    Bastianelli, Denis
    CIRAD, UMR SELMET, Montpellier, France.;Univ Montpellier, INRA, CIRAD, SELMET, Montpellier Supagro, France..
    Battles, John
    Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA..
    Bauerle, William
    Colorado State Univ, Dept Hort & Landscape Architecture, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA..
    Bauters, Marijn
    Univ Ghent, Dept Green Chem & Technol, Ghent, Belgium.;Univ Ghent, Dept Environm, Ghent, Belgium..
    Bazzato, Erika
    Univ Cagliari, Bot Div, Dept Life & Environm Sci, Cagliari, Italy..
    Beckmann, Michael
    UFZ Helmholtz Ctr Environm Res, Leipzig, Germany..
    Beeckman, Hans
    Royal Museum Cent Africa, Tervuren, Belgium..
    Beierkuhnlein, Carl
    Univ Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany..
    Bekker, Renee
    Univ Groningen, GIA, Groningen, Netherlands..
    Belfry, Gavin
    Univ Tennessee, Dept Biol Sci, Knoxville, TN USA.;Rocky Mt Biol Labs, Crested Butte, CO USA..
    Belluau, Michael
    Univ Quebec, Dept Sci, Montreal, PQ, Canada..
    Beloiu, Mirela
    Univ Bayreuth, Dept Biogeog, Bayreuth, Germany..
    Benavides, Raquel
    CSIC, Museo Nacl Ciencias Nat, Madrid, Spain..
    Benomar, Lahcen
    Univ Laval, Quebec City, PQ, Canada..
    Berdugo-Lattke, Mary Lee
    Univ Nacl Colombia, Inst Ciencias Nat, Bogota, Colombia.;Fdn Nat, Bogota, Colombia..
    Berenguer, Erika
    Univ Oxford, Environm Change Inst, Oxford, England..
    Bergamin, Rodrigo
    Univ Fed Rio Grande do Sul, Programa Posgrad Bot, Lab Estudos Vegetacao Campestre LEVCamp, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil..
    Bergmann, Joana
    Free Univ Berlin, Inst Biol, Berlin, Germany.;Berlin Brandenburg Inst Adv Biodivers Res BBIB, Berlin, Germany..
    Carlucci, Marcos Bergmann
    Univ Fed Parana, Dept Bot, Lab Ecol Func Comunidades LABEF, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil..
    Berner, Logan
    No Arizona Univ, Sch Informat Comp & Cyber Syst, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA..
    Bernhardt-Roemermann, Markus
    Friedrich Schiller Univ Jena, Inst Ecol & Evolut, Jena, Germany..
    Bigler, Christof
    Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Zurich, Switzerland..
    Bjorkman, Anne D.
    Univ Gothenburg, Dept Biol & Environm Sci, Gothenburg, Sweden..
    Blackman, Chris
    Univ Clermont Auvergne, INRA, PIAF, Clermont Ferrand, France..
    Blanco, Carolina
    Univ Fed Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil..
    Blonder, Benjamin
    Rocky Mt Biol Labs, Crested Butte, CO USA.;Arizona State Univ, Sch Life Sci, Tempe, AZ USA..
    Blumenthal, Dana
    USDA ARS, Rangeland Resources & Syst Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA..
    Bocanegra-Gonzalez, Kelly T.
    Univ Tolima, Grp Invest Biodiversidad & Dinam Ecosistemas Trop, Ibague, Colombia..
    Boeckx, Pascal
    Univ Ghent, Isotope Biosci Lab ISOFYS, Ghent, Belgium..
    Bohlman, Stephanie
    Univ Florida, Sch Forest Resources & Conservat, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA..
    Boehning-Gaese, Katrin
    Senckenberg Biodivers & Climate Res Ctr, Frankfurt, Germany.;Goethe Univ Frankfurt, Dept Biol Sci, Frankfurt, Germany..
    Boisvert-Marsh, Laura
    Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Serv, Great Lakes Forestry Ctr, Sault Ste Marie, ON, Canada..
    Bond, William
    Univ Cape Town, Dept Biol Sci, Cape Town, South Africa.;SAEON Fynbos Node, Claremont, South Africa..
    Bond-Lamberty, Ben
    Pacific Northwest Natl Lab, College Pk, MD USA..
    Boom, Arnoud
    Univ Leicester, Sch Geog Geol & Environm, Leicester, Leics, England..
    Boonman, Coline C. F.
    Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Inst Water & Wetland Res, Dept Environm Sci, Nijmegen, Netherlands..
    Bordin, Kauane
    Univ Fed Rio Grande do Sul, Programa Posgrad Ecol, Lab Ecol Vegetal LEVEG, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil..
    Boughton, Elizabeth H.
    Archbold Biol Stn Buck Isl Ranch, Lake Placid, NY USA..
    Boukili, Vanessa
    Univ Connecticut, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Storrs, CT USA..
    Bowman, David M. J. S.
    Univ Tasmania, Hobart, Tas, Australia..
    Bravo, Sandra
    Univ Nacl Santiago del Estero, Fac Ciencias Forestales, Santiago Del Estero, Argentina..
    Brendel, Marco Richard
    Univ Hohenheim, Inst Landscape & Plant Ecol, Stuttgart, Germany..
    Broadley, Martin R.
    Univ Nottingham, Sch Geog, Nottingham, England..
    Brown, Kerry A.
    Kingston Univ, Dept Geog & Geol, Kingston Upon Thames, Surrey, England..
    Bruelheide, Helge
    German Ctr Integrat Biodivers Res iDiv, Leipzig, Germany.;Martin Luther Univ Halle Wittenberg, Inst Biol Geobot & Bot Garden, Halle, Germany..
    Brumnich, Federico
    Conicet Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina.;Univ Nacl Litoral FICH UNL, Fac Ingn & Ciencias Hidr, Santa Fe, Argentina..
    Bruun, Hans Henrik
    Univ Copenhagen, Dept Biol, Copenhagen, Denmark..
    Bruy, David
    Univ Montpellier, INRA, CNRS, AMAP,CIRAD,IRD, Montpellier, France.;Herbier Nouvelle Caledonie, IRD, AMAP, Noumea, New Caledonia..
    Buchanan, Serra W.
    Univ Toronto, Scarborough, ON, Canada..
    Bucher, Solveig Franziska
    Friedrich Schiller Univ Jena, Jena, Germany..
    Buchmann, Nina
    Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Zurich, Switzerland..
    Buitenwerf, Robert
    Aarhus Univ, Dept Biosci, Sect Ecoinformat & Biodivers, Aarhus, Denmark.;Aarhus Univ, Dept Biosci, Ctr Biodivers Dynam Changing World BIOCHANGE, Aarhus, Denmark..
    Bunker, Daniel E.
    New Jersey Inst Technol, Newark, NJ 07102 USA..
    Buerger, Jana
    Univ Rostock, Fac Agr & Environm Sci, Rostock, Germany..
    Burrascano, Sabina
    Sapienza Univ Rome, Rome, Italy..
    Burslem, David F. R. P.
    Univ Aberdeen, Sch Biol Sci, Aberdeen, Scotland..
    Butterfield, Bradley J.
    No Arizona Univ, Ctr Ecosyst Sci & Soc, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA..
    Byun, Chaeho
    Yonsei Univ, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, Seoul, South Korea..
    Marques, Marcia
    UFPR Fed Univ Parana, Dept Bot, SCB, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil..
    Scalon, Marina C.
    Univ Fed Parana, Ctr Politecn, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil..
    Caccianiga, Marco
    Univ Milan, Dipartimento Biosci, Milan, Italy..
    Cadotte, Marc
    Univ Toronto, Scarborough, ON, Canada..
    Cailleret, Maxime
    Aix Marseille Univ, IRSTEA Aix En Provence, UMR RECOVER, Aix En Provence, France.;Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Dept Environm Syst Sci, Zurich, Switzerland.;Swiss Fed Inst Forest Snow & Landscape Res WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland..
    Camac, James
    Univ Melbourne, Ctr Excellence Bioscur Risk Anal, Melbourne, Vic, Australia..
    Julio Camarero, Jesus
    CSIC, IPE, Zaragoza, Spain..
    Campany, Courtney
    Colgate Univ, Hamilton, NY 13346 USA..
    Campetella, Giandiego
    Univ Camerino, Sch Biosci & Vet Med, Plant Div & Ecosyst Management Unit, Camerino, Italy..
    Campos, Juan Antonio
    Univ Basque Country, UPV EHU, Dept Plant Biol & Ecol, Bilbao, Spain..
    Cano-Arboleda, Laura
    Fdn Nat, Bogota, Colombia.;Univ Nacl Colombia, Dept Geociencias & Medio Ambiente, Medellin, Colombia..
    Canullo, Roberto
    Univ Camerino, Sch Biosci & Vet Med, Plant Div & Ecosyst Management Unit, Camerino, Italy..
    Carbognani, Michele
    Univ Parma, Dept Chem Life Sci & Environm Sustainabil, Parma, Italy..
    Carvalho, Fabio
    Univ Lancaster, Lancaster Environm Ctr, Lancaster, England..
    Casanoves, Fernando
    CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica..
    Castagneyrol, Bastien
    Univ Bordeaux, BIOGECO, INRAE, Cestas, France..
    Catford, Jane A.
    Kings Coll London, Dept Geog, London, England..
    Cavender-Bares, Jeannine
    Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA..
    Cerabolini, Bruno E. L.
    Univ Insubria, Dept Biotechnol & Life Sci, Varese, Italy..
    Cervellini, Marco
    Univ Camerino, Sch Biosci & Vet Med, Plant Div & Ecosyst Management Unit, Camerino, Italy.;Univ Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum, Dept Biol Geol & Environm Sci, BIGEA, Bologna, Italy..
    Chacon-Madrigal, Eduardo
    Univ Costa Rica, Escuela Biol, San Jose, Costa Rica..
    Chapin, Kenneth
    Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA..
    Chapin, F. Stuart
    Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK USA..
    Chelli, Stefano
    Univ Camerino, Sch Biosci & Vet Med, Plant Div & Ecosyst Management Unit, Camerino, Italy..
    Chen, Si-Chong
    Royal Bot Gardens, Richmond, W Sussex, England..
    Chen, Anping
    Colorado State Univ, Dept Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA..
    Cherubini, Paolo
    WSL Swiss Fed Res Inst, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.;Univ British Columbia, Fac Forestry, Vancouver, BC, Canada..
    Chianucci, Francesco
    CREA Res Ctr Forestry & Wood, Arezzo, Italy..
    Choat, Brendan
    Western Sydney Univ, Hawkesbury Inst Environm, Sydney, NSW, Australia..
    Chung, Kyong-Sook
    Jungwon Univ, Goesan, Chungbuk, South Korea..
    Chytry, Milan
    Masaryk Univ, Dept Bot & Zool, Brno, Czech Republic..
    Ciccarelli, Daniela
    Univ Pisa, Dept Biol, Pisa, Italy..
    Coll, Lluis
    Univ Lleida, Dept Agr & Forest Engn EAGROF, Lleida, Spain.;CTFC AGROTECNIO, Joint Res Unit, Solsona, Spain..
    Collins, Courtney G.
    Univ Calif Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521 USA..
    Conti, Luisa
    Univ Life Sci Prague, Fac Environm Sci, Prague, Czech Republic.;Czech Acad Sci, Inst Bot, Trebon, Czech Republic..
    Coomes, David
    Univ Cambridge, Dept Plant Sci, Cambridge, England..
    Cornelissen, Johannes H. C.
    Vrije Univ, Dept Ecol Sci, Syst Ecol, Amsterdam, Netherlands..
    Cornwell, William K.
    UNSW Sydney, Sch Biol Earth & Environm Sci, Sydney, NSW, Australia..
    Corona, Piermaria
    CREA Res Ctr Forestry & Wood, Arezzo, Italy..
    Coyea, Marie
    Univ Laval, Fac Foresterie Geog & Geomat, Quebec City, PQ, Canada..
    Craine, Joseph
    Jonah Ventures, Boulder, CO USA..
    Craven, Dylan
    Univ Mayor, Ctr Modelac & Monitoreo Ecosistemas, Santiago, Chile..
    Cromsigt, Joris P. G. M.
    Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Wildlife Fish & Environm Studies, Umea, Sweden.;Nelson Mandela Univ, Dept Zool, Ctr African Conservat Ecol, Port Elizabeth, South Africa..
    Csecserits, Aniko
    MTA Ctr Ecol Res, Tihany, Hungary..
    Cufar, Katarina
    Univ Ljubljana, Biotech Fac, Ljubljana, Slovenia..
    Cuntz, Matthias
    Univ Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR Silva, Nancy, France..
    da Silva, Ana Carolina
    Santa Catarina State Univ, Lages, SC, Brazil..
    Dahlin, Kyla M.
    Michigan State Univ, Dept Geog Environm & Spatial Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA..
    Dainese, Matteo
    Eurac Res, Inst Alpine Environm, Bozen Bolzano, Italy..
    Dalke, Igor
    Russian Acad Sci, Ural Branch, Komi Sci Ctr, Inst Biol, Syktyvkar, Russia..
    Dalle Fratte, Michele
    Univ Insubria, Dept Biotechnol & Life Sci, Varese, Italy..
    Dang-Le, Anh Tuan
    Danihelka, Jiri
    Masaryk Univ, Dept Bot & Zool, Brno, Czech Republic.;Czech Acad Sci, Inst Bot, Trebon, Czech Republic..
    Dannoura, Masako
    Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Agr, Kyoto, Japan.;Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Global Environm Studies, Kyoto, Japan..
    Dawson, Samantha
    Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Swedish Species Informat Ctr, Uppsala, Sweden..
    de Beer, Arend Jacobus
    Univ Pretoria, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Pretoria, South Africa..
    De Frutos, Angel
    German Ctr Integrat Biodivers Res iDiv, Leipzig, Germany.;UFZ Helmholtz Ctr Environm Res, Leipzig, Germany..
    De Long, Jonathan R.
    Netherlands Inst Ecol, Dept Terr Ecol, Wageningen, Netherlands..
    Dechant, Benjamin
    UFZ Helmholtz Ctr Environm Res, Dept Computat Landscape Ecol, Leipzig, Germany.;UFZ Helmholtz Ctr Environm Res, Dept Computat Hydrosyst, Leipzig, Germany.;Seoul Natl Univ, Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn, Seoul, South Korea..
    Delagrange, Sylvain
    Inst Temperate Forest Sci ISFORT, Ripon, PQ, Canada.;UQO, Dept Nat Sci, Ripon, PQ, Canada..
    Delpierre, Nicolas
    Univ Paris Saclay, Univ Paris Sud, Ecol Systemat Evolut, CNRS,AgroParisTech, Orsay, France..
    Derroire, Geraldine
    Univ Guyane, Univ Antilles, CNRS, INRA,UMR EcoFoG,Agroparistech,Cirad, Kourou, French Guiana..
    Dias, Arildo S.
    Goethe Univ Frankfurt, Inst Phys Geog, Biogeog & Biodivers Lab, Frankfurt, Germany..
    Diaz-Toribio, Milton Hugo
    Univ Florida, Dept Biol, Gainesville, FL USA..
    Dimitrakopoulos, Panayiotis G.
    Univ Aegean, Dept Environm, Biodivers Conservat Lab, Mitilini, Greece..
    Dobrowolski, Mark
    Iluka Resources, Perth, WA, Australia.;Univ Western Australia, Sch Biol Sci, Perth, WA, Australia..
    Doktor, Daniel
    UFZ Helmholtz Ctr Environm Res, Leipzig, Germany..
    Drevojan, Pavel
    Masaryk Univ, Dept Bot & Zool, Brno, Czech Republic..
    Dong, Ning
    Macquarie Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Sydney, NSW, Australia..
    Dransfield, John
    Royal Bot Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey, England..
    Dressler, Stefan
    Senckenberg Res Inst, Dept Bot & Mol Evolut, Frankfurt, Germany.;Nat Hist Museum, Frankfurt, Germany..
    Duarte, Leandro
    Univ Fed Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil..
    Ducouret, Emilie
    Univ Guyane, Univ Antilles, CNRS, INRA,UMR EcoFoG,Agroparistech,Cirad, Kourou, French Guiana..
    Dullinger, Stefan
    Univ Vienna, Dept Bot & Biodivers Res, Vienna, Austria..
    Durka, Walter
    German Ctr Integrat Biodivers Res iDiv, Leipzig, Germany.;UFZ Helmholtz Ctr Environm Res, Halle, Germany..
    Duursma, Remko
    Western Sydney Univ, Hawkesbury Inst Environm, Sydney, NSW, Australia..
    Dymova, Olga
    Russian Acad Sci, Ural Branch, Komi Sci Ctr, Inst Biol, Syktyvkar, Russia..
    E-Vojtko, Anna
    Czech Acad Sci, Inst Bot, Trebon, Czech Republic.;Univ South Bohemia, Fac Sci, Dept Bot, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic..
    Eckstein, Rolf Lutz
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Environmental and Life Sciences (from 2013).
    Ejtehadi, Hamid
    Ferdowsi Univ Mashhad, Fac Sci, Dept Biol, Quantitat Plant Ecol & Biodivers Res Lab, Mashhad, Razavi Khorasan, Iran..
    Elser, James
    Univ Montana, Flathead Lake Biol Stn, Polson, MT 59860 USA.;Arizona State Univ, Sch Sustainabil, Tempe, AZ USA..
    Emilio, Thaise
    Univ Campinas UNICAMP, PNPD, Programa Pos Grad Ecol, Inst Biol, Campinas, SP, Brazil..
    Engemann, Kristine
    Aarhus Univ, Dept Biosci, Sect Ecoinformat & Biodivers, Aarhus, Denmark..
    Erfanian, Mohammad Bagher
    Ferdowsi Univ Mashhad, Fac Sci, Dept Biol, Quantitat Plant Ecol & Biodivers Res Lab, Mashhad, Razavi Khorasan, Iran..
    Erfmeier, Alexandra
    German Ctr Integrat Biodivers Res iDiv, Leipzig, Germany.;Univ Kiel, Inst Ecosyst Res Geobot, Kiel, Germany..
    Esquivel-Muelbert, Adriane
    Univ Leeds, Sch Geog, Leeds, W Yorkshire, England.;Univ Birmingham, Sch Geog Earth & Environm Sci, Birmingham, W Midlands, England..
    Esser, Gerd
    Justus Liebig Univ, Inst Plant Ecol, Giessen, Germany..
    Estiarte, Marc
    CSIC, Spanish Natl Res Council, Catalonia, Spain.;CREAF, Catalonia, Spain..
    Domingues, Tomas F.
    Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Biol FFCLRP, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil..
    Fagan, William F.
    Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA..
    Fagundez, Jaime
    Univ A Coruna, Campus Zapateira, La Coruna, Spain..
    Falster, Daniel S.
    UNSW Sydney, Evolut & Ecol Res Ctr, Sydney, NSW, Australia.;UNSW Sydney, Sch Biol Earth & Environm Sci, Sydney, NSW, Australia..
    Fan, Ying
    Rutgers State Univ, Piscataway, NJ USA..
    Fang, Jingyun
    Peking Univ, Beijing, Peoples R China..
    Farris, Emmanuele
    Univ Sassari, Dept Chem & Pharm, Sassari, Italy..
    Fazlioglu, Fatih
    Ordu Univ, Fac Arts & Sci, Mol Biol & Genet, Ordu, Turkey..
    Feng, Yanhao
    Lanzhou Univ, Coll Pastoral Agr Sci & Technol, State Key Lab Grassland Agroecosyst, Lanzhou, Gansu, Peoples R China..
    Fernandez-Mendez, Fernando
    Univ Tolima, Grp Invest Biodiversidad & Dinam Ecosistemas Trop, Ibague, Colombia.;Univ Tolima, Ctr Forestal Trop Bajo Calima, Buenaventura, Colombia..
    Ferrara, Carlotta
    CREA Res Ctr Forestry & Wood, Arezzo, Italy..
    Ferreira, Joice
    Embrapa Amazonia Oriental, Belem, Para, Brazil..
    Fidelis, Alessandra
    Univ Estadual Paulista UNESP, Lab Vegetat Ecol, Inst Biociencias, Rio Claro, Brazil..
    Finegan, Bryan
    CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica..
    Firn, Jennifer
    Queensland Univ Technol, Brisbane, Qld, Australia..
    Flowers, Timothy J.
    Univ Sussex, Sch Life Sci, Brighton, E Sussex, England..
    Flynn, Dan F. B.
    Harvard Univ, Arnold Arboretum, Boston, MA 02115 USA..
    Fontana, Veronika
    Eurac Res, Inst Alpine Environm, Bozen Bolzano, Italy..
    Forey, Estelle
    Univ Rouen, Normandie Univ, Lab ECODIV URA, IRSTEA EA 1293,UFR ST, Mont St Aignan, France..
    Forgiarini, Cristiane
    Univ Fed Rio Grande do Sul, Dept Bot, Biosci Inst, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil..
    Francois, Louis
    Univ Liege, Unit Res SPHERES, Liege, Belgium..
    Frangipani, Marcelo
    Univ Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.;Univ Fed Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil..
    Frank, Dorothea
    Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, Hans Knoll Str 10, D-07745 Jena, Germany..
    Frenette-Dussault, Cedric
    Geopole Univ Sherbrooke, Quebec City, PQ, Canada..
    Freschet, Gregoire T.
    Paul Sabatier Univ Toulouse, CNRS, Theoret & Expt Ecol Stn, Moulis, France..
    Fry, Ellen L.
    Univ Manchester, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Manchester, Lancs, England..
    Fyllas, Nikolaos M.
    Univ Aegean, Dept Environm, Biodivers Conservat Lab, Mitilini, Greece..
    Mazzochini, Guilherme G.
    Univ Estadual Campinas, Inst Biol, Dept Plant Biol, Campinas, SP, Brazil..
    Gachet, Sophie
    Univ Avignon, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD,IMBE, Marseille, France..
    Gallagher, Rachael
    Macquarie Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Sydney, NSW, Australia..
    Ganade, Gislene
    Univ Fed Rio Grande Norte UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil..
    Ganga, Francesca
    Univ Cagliari, Bot Div, Dept Life & Environm Sci, Cagliari, Italy..
    Garcia-Palacios, Pablo
    Univ Rey Juan Carlos, Dept Biol & Geol, Fis & Quim Inorgan & Analit, Mostoles, Spain..
    Gargaglione, Veronica
    Univ Nacl Patagonia Austral, Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Inst Nacl Tecnol Agropecuaria, Rio Gallegos, Argentina..
    Garnier, Eric
    Univ Montpellier 3, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE,IRD,CEFE,UMR 5175, Montpellier, France..
    Luis Garrido, Jose
    CSIC, Estn Expt Zaidin, Granada, Spain.;CSIC, Estn Biol Donana, Seville, Spain..
    Luis de Gasper, Andre
    Univ Reg Blumenau, Blumenau, SC, Brazil..
    Gea-Izquierdo, Guillermo
    INIA CIFOR, Madrid, Spain..
    Gibson, David
    Southern Illinois Univ, Sch Biol Sci, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA..
    Gillison, Andrew N.
    Ctr Biodivers Management, Yungaburra, Qld, Australia..
    Giroldo, Aelton
    Inst Fed Educ Ciencia & Tecnol ceara, Crateus, Brazil..
    Glasenhardt, Mary-Claire
    Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL USA..
    Gleason, Sean
    ARS, Water Management & Syst Res Unit, USDA, Ft Collins, CO USA..
    Gliesch, Mariana
    Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Integrat Biol, Zurich, Switzerland..
    Goldberg, Emma
    Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, 318 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA..
    Goeldel, Bastian
    Aarhus Univ, Dept Biosci, Sect Ecoinformat & Biodivers, Aarhus, Denmark..
    Gonzalez-Akre, Erika
    Smithsonian Conservat Biol Inst, Front Royal, VA USA..
    Gonzalez-Andujar, Jose L.
    CSIC, IAS, Cordoba, Spain..
    Gonzalez-Melo, Andres
    Univ Rosario, Fac Ciencias Nat & Matemat, Bogota, Colombia..
    Gonzalez-Robles, Ana
    Univ Jaen, Dept Biol Anim Biol Vegetal & Ecol, Jaen, Spain..
    Graae, Bente Jessen
    Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol NTNU, Trondheim, Norway..
    Granda, Elena
    Univ Alcala De Henares, Dept Life Sci, Alcala De Henares, Spain..
    Graves, Sarah
    Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL USA..
    Green, Walton A.
    Harvard Univ, Dept Organism & Evolutionary Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA..
    Gregor, Thomas
    Senckenberg Res Inst, Dept Bot & Mol Evolut, Frankfurt, Germany.;Nat Hist Museum, Frankfurt, Germany..
    Gross, Nicolas
    INRA, UCA, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecosyst Prairial, Clermont Ferrand, France.;Univ Rey Juan Carlos, Escuela Super Ciencias Expt & Tecnol, Dept Biol & Geol, Fis & Quim Inorgan, Mostoles, Spain..
    Guerin, Greg R.
    Univ Adelaide, Sch Biol Sci, Adelaide, SA, Australia..
    Guenther, Angela
    Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, Hans Knoll Str 10, D-07745 Jena, Germany..
    Gutierrez, Alvaro G.
    Univ Chile, Fac Ciencias Agron, Dept Ciencias Ambientales & Recursos Nat Renovabl, Santiago, Chile..
    Haddock, Lillie
    Pacific Northwest Natl Lab, Joint Global Change Res Inst, College Pk, MD USA..
    Haines, Anna
    Univ Manchester, Manchester, Lancs, England..
    Hall, Jefferson
    Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Balboa, Ancon, Panama..
    Hambuckers, Alain
    Univ Liege, Unit Res SPHERES, Liege, Belgium..
    Han, Wenxuan
    China Agr Univ, Coll Resources & Environm Sci, Beijing, Peoples R China.;Chinese Acad Sci, Xinjiang Inst Ecol & Geog, Urumqi, Peoples R China.;Chinese Acad Sci, Res Ctr Ecol & Environm Cent Asia, Urumqi, Peoples R China..
    Harrison, Sandy P.
    Univ Reading, Reading, Berks, England..
    Hattingh, Wesley
    Univ Witwatersrand, Sch Anim Plant & Environm Sci, Johannesburg, South Africa..
    Hawes, Joseph E.
    Anglia Ruskin Univ, Sch Life Sci, Appl Ecol Res Grp, Cambridge, England.;Norwegian Univ Life Sci, Fac Environm Sci & Nat Resource Management, As, Norway..
    He, Tianhua
    Curtin Univ, Sch Mol & Life Sci, Perth, WA, Australia.;Murdoch Univ, Coll Sci Hlth Engn & Educ, Murdoch, WA, Australia..
    He, Pengcheng
    Chinese Acad Sci, South China Bot Garden, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples R China..
    Heberling, Jacob Mason
    Carnegie Museum Nat Hist, Pittsburgh, PA USA..
    Helm, Aveliina
    Univ Tartu, Inst Ecol & Earth Sci, Tartu, Estonia..
    Hempel, Stefan
    Free Univ Berlin, Inst Biol, Berlin, Germany.;Berlin Brandenburg Inst Adv Biodivers Res BBIB, Berlin, Germany..
    Hentschel, Joern
    Friedrich Schiller Univ Jena, Herbarium Haussknecht, Jena, Germany..
    Herault, Bruno
    Univ Montpellier, Cirad, Montpellier, France.;INP HB, Inst Natl Polytehcn Felix Houphouet Boigny, Yamoussoukro, Cote Ivoire..
    Heres, Ana-Maria
    Transilvania Univ Brasov, Dept Forest Sci, Brasov, Romania.;Univ Basque Country, BC3, Sci Campus, Leioa, Spain. Goethe Univ, Dept Phys Geog, Frankfurt, Germany..
    Herz, Katharina
    Martin Luther Univ Halle Wittenberg, Inst Biol Geobot & Bot Garden, Halle, Germany..
    Heuertz, Myriam
    Univ Bordeaux, BIOGECO, INRAE, Cestas, France..
    Hickler, Thomas
    Senckenberg Biodivers & Climate Res Ctr, Frankfurt, Germany.;Univ Jaen, Dept Biol Anim Biol Vegetal & Ecol, Jaen, Spain.;World Agroforestry ICRAF, Nairobi, Kenya..
    Hietz, Peter
    Univ Nat Resources & Life Sci, Inst Bot, Vienna, Austria..
    Higuchi, Pedro
    Santa Catarina State Univ, Lages, SC, Brazil..
    Hipp, Andrew L.
    Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL USA.;Field Museum, Chicago, IL USA..
    Hirons, Andrew
    Univ Ctr Myerscough, Preston, Lancs, England..
    Hock, Maria
    Univ Kiel, Inst Ecosyst Res Geobot, Kiel, Germany..
    Hogan, James Aaron
    Florida Int Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Miami, FL 33199 USA.;US DOE, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN USA..
    Holl, Karen
    Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA..
    Honnay, Olivier
    Katholieke Univ Leuven, Dept Biol, Plant Conservat & Populat Biol, Leuven, Belgium.;Div Ecol Evolut & Biodivers Conservat, Heverlee, Belgium..
    Hornstein, Daniel
    Univ Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany..
    Hou, Enqing
    Chinese Acad Sci, South China Bot Garden, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples R China..
    Hough-Snee, Nate
    Four Peaks Environm Sci & Data Solut, Wenatchee, WA USA..
    Hovstad, Knut Anders
    Norwegian Inst Bioecon Res NIBIO, Dept Landscape & Biodivers, As, Norway..
    Ichie, Tomoaki
    Kochi Univ, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan..
    Igic, Boris
    Univ Illinois, Chicago, IL USA..
    Illa, Estela
    Univ Barcelona, Biodivers Res Inst IRBio, Dept Evolutionary Biol Ecol & Environm Sci, Barcelona, Spain..
    Isaac, Marney
    Univ Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada..
    Ishihara, Masae
    Kyoto Univ, Field Sci Educ & Res Ctr, Ashiu Forest Res Stn, Kyoto, Japan..
    Ivanov, Leonid
    Russian Acad Sci, Ural Branch, Inst Bot Garden, Ekaterinburg, Russia.;Tyumen State Univ, Tyumen, Russia..
    Ivanova, Larissa
    Russian Acad Sci, Ural Branch, Inst Bot Garden, Ekaterinburg, Russia.;Tyumen State Univ, Tyumen, Russia..
    Iversen, Colleen M.
    Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN USA..
    Izquierdo, Jordi
    Univ Politecn Cataluna, Barcelona Sch Agr Engn, Catalonia, Spain..
    Jackson, Robert B.
    Stanford Univ, Earth Syst Sci Dept, Stanford, CA 94305 USA..
    Jackson, Benjamin
    Univ Edinburgh, Global Acad Agr & Food Secur, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland..
    Jactel, Herve
    Univ Bordeaux, BIOGECO, INRAE, Cestas, France..
    Jagodzinski, Andrzej M.
    Polish Acad Sci, Inst Dendrol, Kornik, Poland.;Poznan Univ Life Sci, Fac Forestry, Dept Game Management & Forest Protect, Poznan, Poland..
    Jandt, Ute
    German Ctr Integrat Biodivers Res iDiv, Leipzig, Germany.;Martin Luther Univ Halle Wittenberg, Geobot & Bot Garden, Halle, Germany..
    Jansen, Steven
    Ulm Univ, Inst Systemat Bot & Ecol, Ulm, Germany..
    Jenkins, Thomas
    Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Oxford, England.;Rocky Mt Biol Labs, Crested Butte, CO USA..
    Jentsch, Anke
    Univ Bayreuth, Dept Disturbance Ecol, BayCEER, Bayreuth, Germany..
    Jespersen, Jens Rasmus Plantener
    Univ Copenhagen, Dept Biol, Frederiksberg C, Denmark..
    Jiang, Guo-Feng
    Guangxi Univ, Guangxi Key Lab Forest Ecol & Conservat, Plant Ecophysiol & Evolut Grp, Coll Forestry, Nanning, Guangxi, Peoples R China.;Guangxi Univ, State Key Lab Conservat & Utilizat Subtrop Agrobi, Nanning, Peoples R China..
    Johansen, Jesper Liengaard
    Univ Copenhagen, Dept Biol, Terr Ecol Sect, Copenhagen, Denmark..
    Johnson, David
    Univ Manchester, Manchester, Lancs, England..
    Jokela, Eric J.
    Univ Florida, Sch Forest Resources & Conservat, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA..
    Joly, Carlos Alfredo
    State Univ Campinas UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil..
    Jordan, Gregory J.
    Univ Tasmania, Biol Sci, Hobart, Tas, Australia..
    Joseph, Grant Stuart
    Univ Venda, Sch Math & Nat Sci, Dept Zool, Thohoyandou, South Africa.;Univ Cape Town, Percy Fitzpatrick Inst African Ornithol, DST NRF Ctr Excellence, Dept Biol Sci, Rondebosch, South Africa..
    Junaedi, Decky
    Indonesian Inst Sci LIPI, Cibodas Bot Garden, Cipanas, Indonesia.;Univ Melbourne, Sch Biosci, CEBRA, Parkville, Vic, Australia..
    Junker, Robert R.
    Philipps Univ Marburg, Dept Biol, Evolutionary Ecol Plants, Marburg, Germany.;Univ Salzburg, Dept Biosci, Salzburg, Austria..
    Justes, Eric
    CIRAD, PERSYST Dept, Montpellier 5, France..
    Kabzems, Richard
    BC Minist Forest Lands Nat Resource Operat & Rura, Dawson Creek, BC, Canada..
    Kane, Jeffrey
    Humboldt State Univ, Arcata, CA 95521 USA..
    Kaplan, Zdenek
    Czech Acad Sci, Inst Bot, Pruhonice, Czech Republic.;Charles Univ Prague, Fac Sci, Dept Bot, Prague, Czech Republic..
    Kattenborn, Teja
    Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Inst Geog & Geoecol, Karlsruhe, Germany..
    Kavelenova, Lyudmila
    Samara Natl Res Univ, Samara, Russia..
    Kearsley, Elizabeth
    Univ Ghent, CAVElab Computat & Appl Vegetat Ecol, Ghent, Belgium..
    Kempel, Anne
    Inst Plant Sci, Bern, Switzerland..
    Kenzo, Tanaka
    Forestry & Forest Prod Res Inst, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan..
    Kerkhoff, Andrew
    Kenyon Coll, Gambier, OH 43022 USA..
    Khalil, Mohammed I.
    Univ Garmian, Dept Biol, Kalar, Iraq.;Southern Illinois Univ, Sch Biol Sci, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA.;Southern Illinois Univ, Ctr Ecol, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA..
    Kinlock, Nicole L.
    SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Ecol & Evolut, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA..
    Kissling, Wilm Daniel
    Univ Amsterdam, IBED, Amsterdam, Netherlands..
    Kitajima, Kaoru
    Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Agr, Kyoto, Japan.;Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL USA.;Curtin Univ, Sch Mol & Life Sci, Perth, WA, Australia..
    Kitzberger, Thomas
    Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Inst Invest Biodiversidad & Medioambiente INIBIOM, San Carlos De Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina.;Univ Nacl Comahue, Dept Ecol, San Carlos De Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina..
    Kjoller, Rasmus
    Univ Copenhagen, Dept Biol, Copenhagen, Denmark..
    Klein, Tamir
    Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Plant & Environm Sci, Rehovot, Israel..
    Kleyer, Michael
    Carl von Ossietzky Univ Oldenburg, Inst Biol & Environm Sci, Landscape Ecol Grp, Oldenburg, Germany..
    Klimesova, Jitka
    Czech Acad Sci, Inst Bot, Trebon, Czech Republic.;Charles Univ Prague, Fac Sci, Prague, Czech Republic..
    Klipel, Joice
    Univ Fed Rio Grande do Sul, Lab Ecol Vegetal LEVEG, Programa Posgrad Ecol, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil..
    Kloeppel, Brian
    Western Carolina Univ, Dept Geosci & Nat Resources, Cullowhee, NC 28723 USA..
    Klotz, Stefan
    German Ctr Integrat Biodivers Res iDiv, Leipzig, Germany.;UFZ Helmholtz Ctr Environm Res, Dept Community Ecol, Halle, Saale, Germany..
    Knops, Johannes M. H.
    Xian Jiaotong Liverpool Univ, Hlth & Environm Sci, Suzhou, Jiangsu, Peoples R China..
    Kohyama, Takashi
    Hokkaido Univ, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan..
    Koike, Fumito
    Yokohama Natl Univ, Grad Sch Environm & Informat Sci, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan..
    Kollmann, Johannes
    Tech Univ Munich, Freising Weihenstephan, Germany..
    Komac, Benjamin
    Inst Estudis Andorrans, St Julia De Loria, Andorra..
    Komatsu, Kimberly
    Smithsonian Environm Res Ctr, POB 28, Edgewater, MD 21037 USA..
    Koenig, Christian
    Humboldt Univ, Dept Geog, Berlin, Germany.;Univ Goettingen, Biodivers Macroecol & Biogeog, Gottingen, Germany..
    Kraft, Nathan J. B.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Los Angeles, CA USA..
    Kramer, Koen
    Wageningen Univ & Res, Wageningen, Netherlands.;Land Life Co, Amsterdam, Netherlands..
    Kreft, Holger
    Univ Goettingen, Biodivers Macroecol & Biogeog, Gottingen, Germany.;Univ Goettingen, Ctr Biodivers & Sustainable Land Use CBL, Gottingen, Germany..
    Kuehn, Ingolf
    German Ctr Integrat Biodivers Res iDiv, Leipzig, Germany.;UFZ Helmholtz Ctr Environm Res, Halle, Germany.;Martin Luther Univ Halle Wittenberg, Halle, Germany..
    Kumarathunge, Dushan
    Western Sydney Univ, Hawkesbury Inst Environm, Sydney, NSW, Australia.;Coconut Res Inst Sri Lanka, Plant Physiol Div, Lunuwila, Sri Lanka..
    Kuppler, Jonas
    Ulm Univ, Inst Evolutionary Ecol & Conservat Genom, Ulm, Germany..
    Kurokawa, Hiroko
    Forestry & Forest Prod Res Inst, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan..
    Kurosawa, Yoko
    Yamagata Univ, Yamagata, Japan..
    Kuyah, Shem
    Jomo Kenyatta Univ Agr & Technol JKUAT, Nairobi, Kenya..
    Laclau, Jean-Paul
    UMR Eco&Sols, CIRAD, Montpellier, France.;Univ Montpellier, INRA, CIRAD, IRD,SupAgro,Eco&Sols, Montpellier, France..
    Lafleur, Benoit
    Univ Quebec Abitibi Temiscamingue, Inst Rech Forets, Rouyn Noranda, PQ, Canada..
    Lallai, Erik
    Univ Cagliari, Bot Div, Dept Life & Environm Sci, Cagliari, Italy..
    Lamb, Eric
    Univ Saskatchewan, Dept Plant Sci, Saskatoon, SK, Canada..
    Lamprecht, Andrea
    Univ Nat Resources & Life Sci Vienna, Austrian Acad Sci, Inst Interdisciplinary Mt Res, GLORIA Coordinat, Vienna, Austria.;Univ Nat Resources & Life Sci Vienna, Dept Integrat Biol & Biodivers Res, Vienna, Austria..
    Larkin, Daniel J.
    Univ Minnesota, Dept Fisheries Wildlife & Conservat Biol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA..
    Laughlin, Daniel
    Univ Wyoming, Bot Dept, Laramie, WY 82071 USA..
    Le Bagousse-Pinguet, Yoann
    Univ Avignon, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD,IMBE, Marseille, France..
    le Maire, Guerric
    UMR Eco&Sols, CIRAD, Montpellier, France.;Univ Montpellier, INRA, CIRAD, IRD,SupAgro,Eco&Sols, Montpellier, France..
    le Roux, Peter C.
    Univ Pretoria, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Pretoria, South Africa..
    le Roux, Elizabeth
    Nelson Mandela Univ, Port Elizabeth, South Africa..
    Lee, Tali
    Univ Wisconsin, Eau Claire, WI 54701 USA..
    Lens, Frederic
    Nat Biodivers Ctr, Leiden, Netherlands..
    Lewis, Simon L.
    Univ Leeds, Sch Geog, Leeds, W Yorkshire, England.;UCL, Dept Geog, London, England..
    Lhotsky, Barbara
    Jonah Ventures, Boulder, CO USA..
    Li, Yuanzhi
    Sun Yat Sen Univ, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples R China..
    Li, Xine
    Yangzhou Univ, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, Peoples R China..
    Lichstein, Jeremy W.
    Univ Florida, Dept Biol, Gainesville, FL USA..
    Liebergesell, Mario
    Univ Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany..
    Lim, Jun Ying
    Univ Amsterdam, IBED, Amsterdam, Netherlands..
    Lin, Yan-Shih
    Macquarie Univ, N Ryde, NSW, Australia..
    Linares, Juan Carlos
    Univ Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain..
    Liu, Chunjiang
    Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, Sch Agr & Biol, Shanghai, Peoples R China.;Natl Forestry & Grassland Adm, Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosyst Res Stn, Shanghai, Peoples R China..
    Liu, Daijun
    Univ Birmingham, Sch Geog Earth & Environm Sci, Birmingham, W Midlands, England..
    Liu, Udayangani
    Royal Bot Gardens, Richmond, W Sussex, England..
    Livingstone, Stuart
    Univ Toronto, Scarborough, ON, Canada..
    Llusia, Joan
    Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain..
    Lohbeck, Madelon
    Wageningen Univ & Res, Forest Ecol & Forest Management Grp, Wageningen, Netherlands.;World Agroforestry ICRAF, Nairobi, Kenya..
    Lopez-Garcia, Alvaro
    Univ Copenhagen, Dept Biol, Copenhagen, Denmark.;Univ Jaen, Dept Anim Biol Plant Biol & Ecol, Jaen, Spain..
    Lopez-Gonzalez, Gabriela
    Univ Leeds, Sch Geog, Water Leeds, Leeds, W Yorkshire, England..
    Lososova, Zdenka
    Masaryk Univ, Dept Bot & Zool, Brno, Czech Republic..
    Louault, Frederique
    INRA, UCA, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecosyst Prairial, Clermont Ferrand, France..
    Lukacs, Balazs A.
    DRI, MTA Ctr Ecol Res, Dept Tisza River Res, Debrecen, Hungary..
    Lukes, Petr
    Global Change Res Inst AR CR, Brno, Czech Republic..
    Luo, Yunjian
    Yangzhou Univ, Sch Hort & Plant Protect, Dept Ecol, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, Peoples R China.;Chinese Acad Sci, Res Ctr Ecoenvironm Sci, State Key Lab Urban & Reg Ecol, Beijing, Peoples R China..
    Lussu, Michele
    Univ Cagliari, Bot Div, Dept Life & Environm Sci, Cagliari, Italy..
    Ma, Siyan
    Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA..
    Pereira, Camilla Maciel Rabelo
    Univ Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. Univ Quebec Trois Rivieres, Trois Rivieres, PQ, Canada..
    Mack, Michelle
    No Arizona Univ, Ctr Ecosyst Sci & Soc, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA..
    Maire, Vincent
    No Arizona Univ, Ctr Ecosyst Sci & Soc, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA..
    Makela, Annikki
    Univ Helsinki, Inst Atmospher & Earth Syst Res INAR, Helsinki, Finland..
    Makinen, Harri
    Nat Resources Inst Finland, Espoo, Finland..
    Mendes Malhado, Ana Claudia
    Univ Fed Alagoas, Maceio, AL, Brazil..
    Mallik, Azim
    Lakehead Univ, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada..
    Manning, Peter
    Senckenberg Biodivers & Climate Res Ctr, Frankfurt, Germany..
    Manzoni, Stefano
    Stockholm Univ, Dept Phys Geog, Stockholm, Sweden.;Bolin Ctr Climate Res, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Marchetti, Zuleica
    Conicet Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina.;Univ Nacl Litoral FICH UNL, Fac Ingn & Ciencias Hidr, Santa Fe, Argentina..
    Marchino, Luca
    CREA Res Ctr Forestry & Wood, Arezzo, Italy..
    Marcilio-Silva, Vinicius
    Univ Fed Parana, Thunder, PR, Brazil..
    Marcon, Eric
    Univ Guyane, Univ Antilles, CNRS, INRA,UMR EcoFoG,Agroparistech,Cirad, Kourou, French Guiana..
    Marignani, Michela
    Univ Cagliari, Bot Div, Dept Life & Environm Sci, Cagliari, Italy..
    Markesteijn, Lars
    Bangor Univ, Sch Nat Sci, Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales..
    Martin, Adam
    Univ Toronto Scarborough, Dept Phys & Environm Sci, Toronto, ON, Canada..
    Martinez-Garza, Cristina
    Univ Autonoma Estado Morelos, Ctr Invest Biodiversidad & Conservac, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico..
    Martinez-Vilalta, Jordi
    CREAF, Catalonia, Spain.;Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain..
    Maskova, Tereza
    Charles Univ Prague, Fac Sci, Prague, Czech Republic..
    Mason, Kelly
    Lancaster Environm Ctr, Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Lancaster, England..
    Mason, Norman
    Manaaki Whenua Landcare Res, Hamilton, New Zealand..
    Massad, Tara Joy
    Gorongosa Natl Pk, Dept Sci Serv, Beira, Sofala Province, Mozambique..
    Masse, Jacynthe
    Inst Rech Biol Vegetale, Montreal, PQ, Canada.;Univ Montreal, Montreal, PQ, Canada..
    Mayrose, Itay
    Tel Aviv Univ, George S Wise Fac Life Sci, Sch Plant Sci & Food Secur, Tel Aviv, Israel..
    McCarthy, James
    Univ Queensland, Sch Biol Sci, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.;CSIRO, Canberra, ACT, Australia.;Manaaki Whenua Landcare Res, Lincoln, New Zealand..
    McCormack, M. Luke
    Morton Arboretum, Ctr Tree Sci, Lisle, IL USA..
    McCulloh, Katherine
    Univ Wisconsin, Dept Bot, Madison, WI USA..
    McFadden, Ian R.
    Univ Milan, Dipartimento Biosci, Milan, Italy.;Swiss Fed Inst Forest Snow & Landscape Res WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.;Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Los Angeles, CA USA..
    McGill, Brian J.
    Univ Maine, Orono, ME USA..
    McPartland, Mara Y.
    Univ Minnesota, Dept Geog Environm & Soc, Minneapolis, MN USA..
    Medeiros, Juliana S.
    Holden Arboretum, Kirtland, OH USA..
    Medlyn, Belinda
    Western Sydney Univ, Hawkesbury Inst Environm, Sydney, NSW, Australia..
    Meerts, Pierre
    Univ Libre Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium..
    Mehrabi, Zia
    Univ British Columbia, Inst Resources Environm & Sustainabil, Vancouver, BC, Canada..
    Meir, Patrick
    Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Biol, Canberra, ACT, Australia.;Univ Edinburgh, Sch Geosci, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland..
    Melo, Felipe P. L.
    Univ Fed Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil..
    Mencuccini, Maurizio
    ICREA, Barcelona, Spain.;CREAF, Barcelona, Spain..
    Meredieu, Celine
    UEFP, INRA, Cestas, France..
    Messier, Julie
    Univ Waterloo, Dept Biol, Waterloo, ON, Canada..
    Meszaros, Ilona
    Univ Debrecen, Fac Sci & Technol, Dept Bot, Debrecen, Hungary..
    Metsaranta, Juha
    Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Serv, Northern Forestry Ctr, Edmonton, AB, Canada..
    Michaletz, Sean T.
    Univ British Columbia, Dept Bot, Vancouver, BC, Canada.;Univ British Columbia, Biodivers Res Ctr, Vancouver, BC, Canada..
    Michelaki, Chrysanthi
    Univ Aegean, Dept Environm, Biodivers Conservat Lab, Mitilini, Greece..
    Migalina, Svetlana
    Russian Acad Sci, Ural Branch, Inst Bot Garden, Ekaterinburg, Russia.;Tyumen State Univ, Tyumen, Russia..
    Milla, Ruben
    Tulipan S-N, Mostoles Madrid, Spain..
    Miller, Jesse E. D.
    Stanford Univ, Dept Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA..
    Minden, Vanessa
    Carl von Ossietzky Univ Oldenburg, Inst Biol & Environm Sci, Oldenburg, Germany.;Vrije Univ Brussel, Dept Biol, Brussels, Belgium..
    Ming, Ray
    Univ Illinois, Urbana, IL USA..
    Mokany, Karel
    CSIRO, Canberra, ACT, Australia..
    Moles, Angela T.
    UNSW Sydney, Evolut & Ecol Res Ctr, Sydney, NSW, Australia.;UNSW Sydney, Sch Biol Earth & Environm Sci, Sydney, NSW, Australia..
    Molnar, Attila, V
    Univ Debrecen, Dept Bot, Debrecen, Hungary..
    Molofsky, Jane
    Univ Vermont, Burlington, VT USA..
    Molz, Martin
    Fundacao Zoobot Rio Grande Sul, Porto, Brazil..
    Montgomery, Rebecca A.
    Univ Minnesota, St Paul, MN USA..
    Monty, Arnaud
    Univ Liege, Gembloux Agrobio Tech Biodivers & Landscape, Liege, Belgium..
    Moravcova, Lenka
    Czech Acad Sci, Inst Bot, Dept Invas Ecol, Pruhonice, Czech Republic..
    Moreno-Martinez, Alvaro
    Univ Montana, Coll Forestry & Conservat, NTSG, Missoula, MT 59812 USA..
    Moretti, Marco
    Swiss Fed Inst Forest Snow & Landscape Res WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland..
    Mori, Akira S.
    Yokohama Natl Univ, Grad Sch Environm & Informat Sci, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan..
    Mori, Shigeta
    Yamagata Univ, Yamagata, Japan..
    Morris, Dave
    Ontario Minist Nat Resources & Forestry, Ctr Northern Forest Ecosyst Res, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada..
    Morrison, Jane
    Univ Politecn Cataluna, Castelldefels, Spain..
    Mucina, Ladislav
    Murdoch Univ, Harry Butler Inst, Perth, WA, Australia.;Stellenbosch Univ, Dept Geog & Environm Studies, Stellenbosch, South Africa..
    Mueller, Sandra
    Univ Freiburg, Fac Biol, Geobot, Freiburg, Germany..
    Muir, Christopher D.
    Univ Hawaii, Dept Bot, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA..
    Mueller, Sandra Cristina
    Univ Fed Rio Grande do Sul, Programa Posgrad Ecol, Dept Ecol, Lab Ecol Vegetal, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil..
    Munoz, Francois
    Univ Grenoble Alpes, Lab Ecol Alpine, Grenoble 9, France..
    Myers-Smith, Isla H.
    Univ Edinburgh, Sch Geosci, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland..
    Myster, Randall W.
    Oklahoma State Univ, Biol Dept, Oklahoma City, OK USA..
    Nagano, Masahiro
    Osaka City Univ, Osaka, Japan..
    Naidu, Shawna
    Univ Illinois, Urbana, IL USA..
    Narayanan, Ayyappan
    French Inst Pondicherry, Dept Ecol, Pondicherry, India..
    Natesan, Balachandran
    French Inst Pondicherry, Dept Ecol, Pondicherry, India..
    Negoita, Luka
    Charles Darwin Fdn, Charles Darwin Res Stn, Galapagos Verde 2050, Galapagos, Ecuador..
    Nelson, Andrew S.
    Univ Idaho, Forest Rangeland & Fire Sci Dept, Moscow, ID 83843 USA..
    Neuschulz, Eike Lena
    Senckenberg Biodivers & Climate Res Ctr, Frankfurt, Germany..
    Ni, Jian
    Zhejiang Normal Univ, Coll Chem & Life Sci, Jinhua, Zhejiang, Peoples R China..
    Niedrist, Georg
    Eurac Res, Inst Alpine Environm, Bozen Bolzano, Italy..
    Nieto, Jhon
    Inst Invest Recursos Biol Alexander von Humboldt, Bogota, Colombia.;Univ Dist Francisco Jose de Caldas, Bogota, Colombia..
    Niinemets, Ulo
    Estonian Univ Life Sci, Tartu, Estonia..
    Nolan, Rachael
    Western Sydney Univ, Hawkesbury Inst Environm, Sydney, NSW, Australia..
    Nottebrock, Henning
    Univ Bayreuth, Plant Ecol, Bayreuth, Germany..
    Nouvellon, Yann
    UMR Eco&Sols, CIRAD, Montpellier, France.;Univ Montpellier, INRA, CIRAD, IRD,SupAgro,Eco&Sols, Montpellier, France..
    Novakovskiy, Alexander
    Russian Acad Sci, Ural Branch, Komi Sci Ctr, Inst Biol, Syktyvkar, Russia..
    Nystuen, Kristin Odden
    NORD Univ, Fac Biosci & Aquaculture, Steinkjer, Norway.;Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol, NTNU, Dept Biol, Trondheim, Norway..
    O'Grady, Anthony
    CSIRO Land & Water, Hobart, Tas, Australia..
    O'Hara, Kevin
    Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA..
    O'Reilly-Nugent, Andrew
    Univ Canberra, Inst Appl Ecol, Canberra, ACT, Australia..
    Oakley, Simon
    Lancaster Environm Ctr, Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Lancaster, England..
    Oberhuber, Walter
    Univ Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria..
    Ohtsuka, Toshiyuki
    Gifu Univ, River Basin Res Ctr, Gifu, Gifu, Japan..
    Oliveira, Ricardo
    Univ Fed Parana, Dept Bot, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil..
    Ollerer, Kinga
    Romanian Acad, Inst Biol Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.;MTA Ctr Ecol Res, Inst Ecol & Bot, Vacratot, Hungary..
    Olson, Mark E.
    Inst Biol, Tercer Circuito S-N,Ciudad Univ, Mexico City, DF, Mexico.;Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Coyoacan, Mexico..
    Onipchenko, Vladimir
    Moscow Lomonosov State Univ, Fac Biol, Dept Ecol & Plant Geog, Moscow, Russia..
    Onoda, Yusuke
    Kyoto Univ, Kyoto, Japan..
    Onstein, Renske E.
    German Ctr Integrat Biodivers Res iDiv, Leipzig, Germany..
    Ordonez, Jenny C.
    Univ Amer, Fac Ingn Agroind, Quito, Ecuador..
    Osada, Noriyuki
    Meijo Univ, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan..
    Ostonen, Ivika
    Univ Tartu, Inst Ecol & Earth Sci, Tartu, Estonia..
    Ottaviani, Gianluigi
    Czech Acad Sci, Inst Bot, Trebon, Czech Republic..
    Otto, Sarah
    Univ British Columbia, Dept Zool, Vancouver, BC, Canada..
    Overbeck, Gerhard E.
    Univ Fed Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil..
    Ozinga, Wim A.
    Wageningen Environm Res, Wageningen, Netherlands..
    Pahl, Anna T.
    Tech Univ Munich, Restorat Ecol, Munich, Germany..
    Paine, C. E. Timothy
    Univers New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia..
    Pakeman, Robin J.
    James Hutton Inst, Aberdeen, Scotland..
    Papageorgiou, Aristotelis C.
    Democritus Univ Thrace, Dept Mol Biol & Genet, Alexandroupolis, Greece..
    Parfionova, Evgeniya
    Samara Natl Res Univ, Samara, Russia..
    Paertel, Meelis
    Univ Tartu, Tartu, Estonia..
    Patacca, Marco
    Wageningen Univ & Res, Wageningen, Netherlands..
    Paula, Susana
    Univ Austral Chile, Inst Ciencias Ambientales & Evolut, Valdivia, Chile..
    Paule, Juraj
    Senckenberg Res Inst, Dept Bot & Mol Evolut, Frankfurt, Germany.;Nat Hist Museum, Frankfurt, Germany..
    Pauli, Harald
    Univ Nat Resources & Life Sci Vienna, Austrian Acad Sci, Inst Interdisciplinary Mt Res, GLORIA Coordinat, Vienna, Austria.;Univ Nat Resources & Life Sci Vienna, Dept Integrat Biol & Biodivers Res, Vienna, Austria..
    Pausas, Juli G.
    CSIC, Desertificat Res Ctr CIDE, Valencia, Spain..
    Peco, Begona
    Univ Autonoma Madrid, CIBC, Dept Ecol, Madrid, Spain..
    Penuelas, Josep
    CREAF, Catalonia, Spain.;Univ Autonoma Barcelona, CSIC, Global Ecol Unit CREAF, Barcelona, Spain..
    Perea, Antonio
    Univ Jaen, Jaen, Spain..
    Luis Peri, Pablo
    INTA, Rio Gallegos, Santa Cruz, Argentina.;UNPA, CONICET, Rio Gallegos, Argentina..
    Petisco-Souza, Ana Carolina
    Univ Fed Parana, Posgrad Ecol & Conservacao, Curitiba, PR, Brazil..
    Petraglia, Alessandro
    Univ Parma, Dept Chem Life Sci & Environm Sustainabil, Parma, Italy..
    Petritan, Any Mary
    Natl Inst Res Dev Forestry, Voluntari, Romania..
    Phillips, Oliver L.
    Univ Leeds, Sch Geog, Leeds, W Yorkshire, England..
    Pierce, Simon
    Univ Milan, Dept Agr & Environm Sci DiSAA, Milan, Italy..
    Pillar, Valerio D.
    Univ Fed Rio Grande do Sul, Dept Ecol, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil..
    Pisek, Jan
    Univ Tartu, Tartu Observ, Tartumaa, Estonia..
    Pomogaybin, Alexandr
    Samara Univ, Samara, Russia..
    Poorter, Hendrik
    Macquarie Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Sydney, NSW, Australia.;Forschungszentrum Julich, Plant Sci IBG2, Julich, Germany..
    Portsmuth, Angelika
    Tallinn Univ, Inst Ecol, Tallinn, Estonia..
    Poschlod, Peter
    Univ Regensburg, Inst Plant Sci, Ecol & Conservat Biol, Regensburg, Germany..
    Potvin, Catherine
    McGill Univ, Montreal, PQ, Canada..
    Pounds, Devon
    Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL USA..
    Powell, A. Shafer
    Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA.;Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Climate Change Sci Inst, Oak Ridge, TN USA..
    Power, Sally A.
    Western Sydney Univ, Hawkesbury Inst Environm, Sydney, NSW, Australia..
    Prinzing, Andreas
    Univ Rennes 1, CNRS, Res Unit ECOBIO Ecosyst, Biodiversite,Evolut, Rennes, France..
    Puglielli, Giacomo
    Estonian Univ Life Sci, Tartu, Estonia..
    Pysek, Petr
    Czech Acad Sci, Inst Bot, Dept Invas Ecol, Pruhonice, Czech Republic.;Charles Univ Prague, Fac Sci, Dept Ecol, Prague, Czech Republic..
    Raevel, Valerie
    Univ Montpellier, INRA, CNRS, AMAP,CIRAD,IRD, Montpellier, France.;French Inst Pondicherry, Pondicherry, India.;Univ Montpellier 3, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, CEFE,EPHE, Montpellier, France..
    Rammig, Anja
    Tech Univ Munich, TUM Sch Life Sci Weihenstephan, Freising Weihenstephan, Germany..
    Ransijn, Johannes
    Univ Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. Univ Quebec Trois Rivieres, Trois Rivieres, PQ, Canada..
    Ray, Courtenay A.
    Rocky Mt Biol Labs, Crested Butte, CO USA.;Arizona State Univ, Sch Life Sci, Tempe, AZ USA..
    Reich, Peter B.
    Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, St Paul, MN USA.;Western Sydney Univ, Hawkesbury Inst Environm, Sydney, NSW, Australia..
    Reichstein, Markus
    Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, Hans Knoll Str 10, D-07745 Jena, Germany..
    Reid, Douglas E. B.
    Ontario Minist Nat Resources & Forestry, Ctr Northern Forest Ecosyst Res, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada..
    Rejou-Mechain, Maxime
    Univ Montpellier, INRA, CNRS, AMAP,CIRAD,IRD, Montpellier, France..
    Resco de Dios, Victor
    Southwest Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Life Sci & Engn, Mianyang, Sichuan, Peoples R China.;Univ Lleida, Dept Crop & Forest Sci, Lleida, Spain.;Univ Lleida, Agrotecnio Ctr, Lleida, Spain..
    Ribeiro, Sabina
    Univ Fed Acre, Rio Branco, AC, Brazil..
    Richardson, Sarah
    Manaaki Whenua Landcare Res, Lincoln, New Zealand..
    Riibak, Kersti
    Univ Tartu, Tartu, Estonia..
    Rillig, Matthias C.
    Berlin Brandenburg Inst Adv Biodivers Res BBIB, Berlin, Germany.;Free Univ Berlin, Berlin, Germany..
    Riviera, Fiamma
    Univ Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia..
    Robert, Elisabeth M. R.
    Ctr Ecol Res & Forestry Applicat CREAF, Cerdanyola Del Valles, Spain.;Vrije Univ Brussel, Ecol & Biodivers, Brussels, Belgium.;RMCA, Lab Wood Biol & Xylarium, Tervuren, Belgium..
    Roberts, Scott
    Mississippi State Univ, Dept Forestry, Starkville, MS USA..
    Robroek, Bjorn
    Univ Southampton, Sch Biol Sci, Southampton, Hants, England.;Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Aquat Ecol & Environm Biol, Nijmegen, Netherlands..
    Roddy, Adam
    Yale Univ, Sch Forestry & Environm Studies, New Haven, CT 06511 USA..
    Rodrigues, Arthur Vinicius
    Univ Fed Rio Grande do Sul, Programa Posgrad Ecol, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil..
    Rogers, Alistair
    Brookhaven Natl Lab, Environm & Climate Sci Dept, Upton, NY 11973 USA..
    Rollinson, Emily
    East Stroudsburg Univ, Dept Biol Sci, East Stroudsburg, PA USA..
    Rolo, Victor
    Univ Extremadura, INDEHESA, Forest Res Grp, Plasencia, Spain..
    Roemermann, Christine
    German Ctr Integrat Biodivers Res iDiv, Leipzig, Germany.;Friedrich Schiller Univ Jena, Inst Ecol & Evolut, Jena, Germany..
    Ronzhina, Dina
    Russian Acad Sci, Ural Branch, Inst Bot Garden, Ekaterinburg, Russia.;Tyumen State Univ, Tyumen, Russia..
    Roscher, Christiane
    German Ctr Integrat Biodivers Res iDiv, Leipzig, Germany.;UFZ Helmholtz Ctr Environm Res, Physiol Divers, Leipzig, Germany..
    Rosell, Julieta A.
    Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Ecol, Lab Nacl Ciencias Sostenibilidad, Ciudad Univ, Mexico City, DF, Mexico..
    Rosenfield, Milena Fermina
    Univ Guelph, Sch Environm Sci, Guelph, ON, Canada..
    Rossi, Christian
    Univ Zurich, Dept Geog, Remote Sensing Labs, Zurich, Switzerland.;Swiss Fed Inst Forest Snow & Landscape Res WSL, Res Unit Community Ecol, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.;Swiss Natl Pk, Dept Res & Geoinformat, Chaste Planta Wildenberg, Zernez, Switzerland..
    Roy, David B.
    CEH, Wallingford, Oxon, England..
    Royer-Tardif, Samuel
    Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Serv, Quebec City, PQ, Canada..
    Rueger, Nadja
    German Ctr Integrat Biodivers Res iDiv, Leipzig, Germany.;Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Balboa, Ancon, Panama..
    Ruiz-Peinado, Ricardo
    CIFOR, INIA, Dept Dinam & Gest Forestal, Madrid, Spain.;Univ Valladolid, INIA, Sustainable Forest Management Res Inst, Madrid, Spain..
    Rumpf, Sabine B.
    Univ Vienna, Dept Bot & Biodivers Res, Vienna, Austria.;Univ Lausanne, Dept Ecol & Evolut, Lausanne, Switzerland..
    Rusch, Graciela M.
    Norwegian Inst Nat Res, Trondheim, Norway..
    Ryo, Masahiro
    Berlin Brandenburg Inst Adv Biodivers Res BBIB, Berlin, Germany.;Free Univ Berlin, Berlin, Germany..
    Sack, Lawren
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Los Angeles, CA USA..
    Saldana, Angela
    Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Coyoacan, Mexico..
    Salgado-Negret, Beatriz
    Univ Nacl Colombia, Dept Biol, Bogota, Colombia..
    Salguero-Gomez, Roberto
    Univ Oxford, Oxford, England..
    Santa-Regina, Ignacio
    CSIC, Inst Recursos Nat & Agrobiol Salamanca IRNASA, Salamanca, Spain..
    Carolina Santacruz-Garcia, Ana
    Conicet Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina.;Univ Nacl Santiago del Estero, Fac Ciencias Forestales, Santiago Del Estero, Argentina..
    Santos, Joaquim
    Univ Coimbra, Dept Ciencias Vida, Ctr Funct Ecol, Coimbra, Portugal..
    Sardans, Jordi
    Univ Autonoma Barcelona, CSIC, Global Ecol Unit CREAF, Barcelona, Spain..
    Schamp, Brandon
    Algoma Univ, Sault Ste Marie, ON, Canada..
    Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael
    Univ Freiburg, Fac Biol, Geobot, Freiburg, Germany..
    Schleuning, Matthias
    Senckenberg Biodivers & Climate Res Ctr, Frankfurt, Germany..
    Schmid, Bernhard
    Univ Zurich, Dept Geog, Zurich, Switzerland..
    Schmidt, Marco
    Senckenberg Biodiversitat & Klima Forschungszentr, Frankfurt, Germany.;Palmengarten Stadt Frankfurt Main, Frankfurt, Germany..
    Schmitt, Sylvain
    Univ Bordeaux, BIOGECO, INRAE, Cestas, France..
    Schneider, Julio V.
    Senckenberg Res Inst, Dept Bot & Mol Evolut, Frankfurt, Germany.;Nat Hist Museum, Frankfurt, Germany.;Senckenberg Res Inst, Entomol 3, Frankfurt, Germany.;Nat Hist Museum, Frankfurt, Germany..
    Schowanek, Simon D.
    Aarhus Univ, Dept Biosci, Sect Ecoinformat & Biodivers, Aarhus, Denmark.;Aarhus Univ, Dept Biosci, Ctr Biodivers Dynam Changing World BIOCHANGE, Aarhus, Denmark..
    Schrader, Julian
    Univ Goettingen, Biodivers Macroecol & Biogeog, Gottingen, Germany..
    Schrodt, Franziska
    Univ Nottingham, Sch Geog, Nottingham, England..
    Schuldt, Bernhard
    Univ Wurzburg, Chair Ecophysiol & Vegetat Ecol, Julius von Sachs Inst Biol Sci, Wurzburg, Germany..
    Schurr, Frank
    Univ Hohenheim, Inst Landscape & Plant Ecol, Stuttgart, Germany..
    Selaya Garvizu, Galia
    Herencia, Santa Cruz, Bolivia..
    Semchenko, Marina
    Univ Manchester, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Manchester, Lancs, England..
    Seymour, Colleen
    South African Natl Biodivers Inst, Pretoria, South Africa..
    Sfair, Julia C.
    Univ Fed Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil..
    Sharpe, Joanne M.
    Sharplex Serv, Edgecomb, ME USA..
    Sheppard, Christine S.
    Univ Hohenheim, Inst Landscape & Plant Ecol, Stuttgart, Germany..
    Sheremetiev, Serge
    RAS, Komarov Bot Inst, St Petersburg, Russia..
    Shiodera, Satomi
    Res Inst Human & Nat, Kyoto, Japan.;Kyoto Univ, Ctr Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto, Japan..
    Shipley, Bill
    Univ Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, PQ, Canada..
    Shovon, Tanvir Ahmed
    Univ Regina, Dept Biol, Regina, SK, Canada..
    Siebenkaes, Alrun
    Tech Univ Ilmenau, Ilmenau, Germany..
    Carlos, Sierra
    Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, Hans Knoll Str 10, D-07745 Jena, Germany..
    Silva, Vasco
    Univ Lisbon, Sch Agr, Ctr Appl Ecol Prof Baeta Neves CEABN, Lisbon, Portugal..
    Silva, Mateus
    Univ Fed Lavras, Dept Biol, Lavras, MG, Brazil..
    Sitzia, Tommaso
    Univ Padua, Dept Land Environm Agr & Forestry, Padua, Italy..
    Sjoman, Henrik
    Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Landscape Architecture Planning & Management, Alnarp, Sweden.;Gothenburg Bot Garden, Gothenburg, Sweden.;Gothenburg Global Biodivers Ctr, Gothenburg, Sweden..
    Slot, Martijn
    Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Balboa, Ancon, Panama..
    Smith, Nicholas G.
    Texas Tech Univ, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA..
    Sodhi, Darwin
    Univ British Columbia, Fac Forestry & Conservat Sci, Forest Sci Ctr, Vancouver, BC, Canada..
    Soltis, Pamela
    Univ Florida, Florida Museum Nat Hist, Gainesville, FL USA..
    Soltis, Douglas
    Univ Florida, Florida Museum Nat Hist, Gainesville, FL USA..
    Somers, Ben
    Katholieke Univ Leuven, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Leuven, Belgium..
    Sonnier, Gregory
    Archbold Biol Stn, Venus, FL USA..
    Sorensen, Mia Vedel
    Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol NTNU, Trondheim, Norway..
    Sosinski, Enio Egon, Jr.
    Embrapa Recursos Genet & Biotecnol, Brasilia, DF, Brazil..
    Soudzilovskaia, Nadejda A.
    Leiden Univ, Inst Environm Sci, Leiden, Netherlands..
    Souza, Alexandre F.
    Univ Fed Rio Grande do Norte, Dept Ecol, Natal, RN, Brazil..
    Spasojevic, Marko
    Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Ecol Evolut & Organismal Biol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA..
    Sperandii, Marta Gaia
    Univ Roma Tre, Rome, Italy..
    Stan, Amanda B.
    No Arizona Univ, Dept Geog Planning & Recreat, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA..
    Stegen, James
    Pacific Northwest Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA..
    Steinbauer, Klaus
    Univ Nat Resources & Life Sci Vienna, Austrian Acad Sci, Inst Interdisciplinary Mt Res, GLORIA Coordinat, Vienna, Austria.;Univ Nat Resources & Life Sci Vienna, Dept Integrat Biol & Biodivers Res, Vienna, Austria..
    Stephan, Jorg G.
    Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Swedish Species Informat Ctr, Uppsala, Sweden.;Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Ecol, Uppsala, Sweden..
    Sterck, Frank
    Wageningen Univ, Forest Ecol & Forest Management Grp, Wageningen, Netherlands..
    Stojanovic, Dejan B.
    Univ Novi Sad, Inst Lowland Forestry & Environm, Novi Sad, Serbia..
    Strydom, Tanya
    Stockholm Univ, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Laura Suarez, Maria
    Univ Nacl Comahue, CONICET, Inst Invest Biodiversidad & Medioambiente, San Carlos De Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina..
    Svenning, Jens-Christian
    Aarhus Univ, Dept Biosci, Sect Ecoinformat & Biodivers, Aarhus, Denmark.;Aarhus Univ, Dept Biosci, Ctr Biodivers Dynam Changing World BIOCHANGE, Aarhus, Denmark..
    Svitkova, Ivana
    Slovak Acad Sci, Plant Sci & Biodivers Ctr, Inst Bot, Bratislava, Slovakia..
    Svitok, Marek
    Tech Univ Zvolen, Fac Ecol & Environm Sci, Dept Ecol & Gen Biol, Zvolen, Slovakia.;Univ South Bohemia, Fac Sci, Dept Ecosyst Biol, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic..
    Svoboda, Miroslav
    Czech Univ Life Sci, Fac Forestry & Wood Sci, Prague, Czech Republic..
    Swaine, Emily
    Univ Aberdeen, Sch Biol Sci, Aberdeen, Scotland..
    Swenson, Nathan
    Univ Maryland, Dept Biol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA..
    Tabarelli, Marcelo
    Univ Fed Pernambuco, Dept Bot, Recife, PE, Brazil..
    Takagi, Kentaro
    Hokkaido Univ, Teshio Expt Forest, Horonobe, Japan..
    Tappeiner, Ulrike
    Univ Innsbruck, Dept Ecol, Innsbruck, Austria.;Eurac Res, Inst Alpine Environm, Bozen Bolzano, Italy..
    Tarifa, Ruben
    CSIC, Estn Expt Zonas Aridas, Dept Ecol Func & Evolut, La Canada De San Urbano, Spain..
    Tauugourdeau, Simon
    Univ Montpellier, INRA, CIRAD, SELMET, Montpellier Supagro, France.;PZZS, SELMET, UMR, CIRAD, Dakar, Senegal..
    Tavsanoglu, Cagatay
    Hacettepe Univ, Dept Biol, Ankara, Turkey..
    te Beest, Mariska
    Univ Utrecht, Copernicus Inst Sustainable Dev, Environm Sci, Utrecht, Netherlands.;Nelson Mandela Univ, Ctr African Conservat Ecol, Port Elizabeth, South Africa..
    Tedersoo, Leho
    Univ Tartu, Inst Ecol & Earth Sci, Tartu, Estonia..
    Thiffault, Nelson
    Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Wood Fibre Ctr, Quebec City, PQ, Canada..
    Thom, Dominik
    Univ Vermont, Rubenstein Sch Environm & Nat Resources, Burlington, VT USA..
    Thomas, Evert
    Biovers Int, Lima, Peru..
    Thompson, Ken
    Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield, S Yorkshire, England..
    Thornton, Peter E.
    Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN USA..
    Thuiller, Wilfried
    Univ Savoie Mt Blanc, Univ Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LECA, Grenoble, France..
    Tichy, Lubomir
    Masaryk Univ, Dept Bot & Zool, Brno, Czech Republic..
    Tissue, David
    Western Sydney Univ, Hawkesbury Inst Environm, Sydney, NSW, Australia..
    Tjoelker, Mark G.
    Western Sydney Univ, Hawkesbury Inst Environm, Sydney, NSW, Australia..
    Tng, David Yue Phin
    Sch Field Studies, Ctr Rainforest Studies, Yungaburra, Qld, Australia..
    Tobias, Joseph
    Imperial Coll London, Dept Life Sci, Silwood Pk, Ascot, Berks, England..
    Torok, Peter
    MTA DE Lendulet Funct & Restorat Ecol Res Grp, Debrecen, Hungary.;Univ Debrecen, Dept Ecol, Debrecen, Hungary..
    Tarin, Tonantzin
    Univ Delaware, Dept Soil & Plant Sci, Newark, DE USA..
    Torres-Ruiz, Jose M.
    Univ Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UMR, PIAF, Clermont Ferrand, France..
    Tothmeresz, Bela
    MTA TKI Biodivers & Ecosyst Serv Res Grp, Debrecen, Hungary..
    Treurnicht, Martina
    SAEON Fynbos Node, Claremont, South Africa.;Stellenbosch Univ, Dept Conservat Ecol & Entomol, Matieland, South Africa..
    Trivellone, Valeria
    Univ Illinois, Prairie Res Inst, Illinois Nat Hist Survey, Champaign, IL 61820 USA..
    Trolliet, Franck
    Univ Liege, SPHERES, Unit Modelling Climate & Biogeochem Cycles, UR, Liege, Belgium..
    Trotsiuk, Volodymyr
    Swiss Fed Inst Forest Snow & Landscape Res WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.;Czech Univ Life Sci, Fac Forestry & Wood Sci, Prague, Czech Republic.;Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Dept Environm Syst Sci, Inst Agr Sci, Zurich, Switzerland..
    Tsakalos, James L.
    Univ Western Australia, Sch Biol Sci, Crawley, WA, Australia..
    Tsiripidis, Ioannis
    Aristotle Univ Thessaloniki, Dept Bot, Sch Biol, Thessaloniki, Greece..
    Tysklind, Niklas
    Univ Guyane, Univ Antilles, INRA, CIRAD,UMR,EcoFoG,Agroparistech,CNRS, Kourou, France..
    Umehara, Toru
    Osaka Nat Hist Ctr, Osaka, Japan..
    Usoltsev, Vladimir
    Ural State Forest Engn Univ, Ekaterinburg, Russia.;Russian Acad Sci, Ural Branch, Ekaterinburg, Russia..
    Vadeboncoeur, Matthew
    Univ New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 USA..
    Vaezi, Jamil
    Ferdowsi Univ Mashhad, Fac Sci, Dept Biol, Mashhad, Razavi Khorasan, Iran..
    Valladares, Fernando
    CSIC, Museo Nacl Ciencias Nat, Madrid, Spain..
    Vamosi, Jana
    Univ Calgary, Dept Biol Sci, Calgary, AB, Canada..
    van Bodegom, Peter M.
    Leiden Univ, Inst Environm Sci, Leiden, Netherlands..
    van Breugel, Michiel
    Yale Univ, Coll Environm Studies, New Haven, CT USA.;Natl Univ Singapore, Dept Biol Sci, Singapore, Singapore.;Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Panama City, Panama..
    Van Cleemput, Elisa
    Katholieke Univ Leuven, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Leuven, Belgium..
    van de Weg, Martine
    Univ Edinburgh, Sch Geosci, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland..
    van der Merwe, Stephni
    Univ Cape Town, Dept Biol Sci, Cape Town, South Africa..
    van der Plas, Fons
    Univ Leipzig, Inst Biol, Systemat Bot & Funct Biodivers, Leipzig, Germany..
    van der Sande, Masha T.
    Univ Amsterdam, IBED, Amsterdam, Netherlands.;Wageningen Univ & Res, Forest Ecol & Forest Management Grp, Wageningen, Netherlands.;Florida Inst Technol, Inst Global Ecol, Melbourne, FL 32901 USA..
    van Kleunen, Mark
    Univ Konstanz, Dept Biol, Constance, Germany.;Taizhou Univ, Zhejiang Prov Key Lab Plant Evolutionary Ecol & C, Taizhou, Peoples R China..
    Van Meerbeek, Koenraad
    Katholieke Univ Leuven, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Leuven, Belgium..
    Vanderwel, Mark
    Univ Regina, Dept Biol, Regina, SK, Canada..
    Vanselow, Kim Andre
    Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, Inst Geog, Erlangen, Germany..
    Varhammar, Angelica
    Western Sydney Univ, Hawkesbury Inst Environm, Sydney, NSW, Australia..
    Varone, Laura
    Sapienza Univ Rome, Dept Environm Biol, Rome, Italy..
    Vasquez Valderrama, Maribel Yesenia
    Univ Dist Francisco Jose de Caldas, Bogota, Colombia.;Univ Concepcion, Lab Invas Biol, Concepcion, Chile..
    Vassilev, Kiril
    Bulgarian Acad Sci, Inst Biodivers & Ecosyst Res, Sofia, Bulgaria..
    Vellend, Mark
    Univ Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, PQ, Canada..
    Veneklaas, Erik J.
    Univ Western Australia, Sch Biol Sci, Crawley, WA, Australia.;Univ Western Australia, Sch Agr & Environm, Crawley, WA, Australia..
    Verbeeck, Hans
    Univ Ghent, CAVElab Computat & Appl Vegetat Ecol, Ghent, Belgium..
    Verheyen, Kris
    Univ Ghent, Forest & Nat Lab, Dept Environm, Gontrode Melle, Belgium..
    Vibrans, Alexander
    Univ Reg Blumenau, Blumenau, SC, Brazil..
    Vieira, Ima
    Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Belem, PA, Brazil..
    Villacis, Jaime
    Univ Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Dept Ciencias Vida, Sangolqui, Ecuador..
    Violle, Cyrille
    Univ Montpellier 3, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE,IRD,CEFE,UMR 5175, Montpellier, France..
    Vivek, Pandi
    Goa Univ, Dept Bot, Taleigao, Goa, India.;Pondicherry Univ, Dept Ecol & Environm Sci, Pondicherry, India..
    Wagner, Katrin
    Carl von Ossietzky Univ Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany..
    Waldram, Matthew
    Univ Leicester, Sch Geog Geol & Environm, Leicester, Leics, England..
    Waldron, Anthony
    Univ Oxford, Edward Grey Inst, Zool Dept, Oxford, England.;Univ Cambridge, Cambridge Conservat Initiat, Dept Zool, Cambridge, England..
    Walker, Anthony P.
    Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA.;Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Climate Change Sci Inst, Oak Ridge, TN USA..
    Waller, Martyn
    Kingston Univ, Dept Geog & Geol, Kingston Upon Thames, Surrey, England..
    Walther, Gabriel
    Friedrich Schiller Univ Jena, Inst Ecol & Evolut, Jena, Germany..
    Wang, Han
    Tsinghua Univ, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Minist Educ, Key Lab Earth Syst Modeling, Beijing, Peoples R China..
    Wang, Feng
    Chinese Acad Forestry, Inst Desertificat Studies, Beijing, Peoples R China..
    Wang, Weiqi
    Fujian Normal Univ, Inst Geog, Fuzhou, Fujian, Peoples R China..
    Watkins, Harry
    Univ Sheffield, Dept Landscape Architecture, Sheffield, S Yorkshire, England..
    Watkins, James
    Colgate Univ, Dept Biol, Hamilton, NY 13346 USA..
    Weber, Ulrich
    Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, Hans Knoll Str 10, D-07745 Jena, Germany..
    Weedon, James T.
    Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Ecol Sci, Amsterdam, Netherlands..
    Wei, Liping
    Univ Quebec Abitibi Temiscamingue, Inst Rech Forets, Rouyn Noranda, PQ, Canada..
    Weigelt, Patrick
    Univ Goettingen, Biodivers Macroecol & Biogeog, Gottingen, Germany..
    Weiher, Evan
    Univ Wisconsin, Eau Claire, WI 54701 USA..
    Wells, Aidan W.
    Rocky Mt Biol Labs, Crested Butte, CO USA.;Maritime & Sci Technol Acad, Miami, FL USA..
    Wellstein, Camilla
    Free Univ Bozen Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy..
    Wenk, Elizabeth
    UNSW Sydney, Evolut & Ecol Res Ctr, Sydney, NSW, Australia.;UNSW Sydney, Sch Biol Earth & Environm Sci, Sydney, NSW, Australia..
    Westoby, Mark
    Macquarie Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Sydney, NSW, Australia..
    Westwood, Alana
    Univ Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada..
    White, Philip John
    James Hutton Inst, Dundee, Scotland.;King Saud Univ, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia..
    Whitten, Mark
    Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL USA..
    Williams, Mathew
    Univ Edinburgh, Sch Geosci, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland..
    Winkler, Daniel E.
    Univ Calif Irvine, Irvine, CA USA.;US Geol Survey, Southwest Biol Sci Ctr, Moab, UT USA..
    Winter, Klaus
    Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Balboa, Ancon, Panama..
    Womack, Chevonne
    Univ Pretoria, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Pretoria, South Africa..
    Wright, Ian J.
    Macquarie Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Sydney, NSW, Australia..
    Wright, S. Joseph
    Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Balboa, Ancon, Panama..
    Wright, Justin
    Duke Univ, Dept Biol, Durham, NC USA..
    Pinho, Bruno X.
    Univ Fed Pernambuco, Dept Bot, Recife, PE, Brazil..
    Ximenes, Fabiano
    NSW Dept Primary Ind, Parramatta, NSW, Australia..
    Yamada, Toshihiro
    Hiroshima Univ, Higashihiroshima, Japan..
    Yamaji, Keiko
    Univ Tsukuba, Grad Sch Life & Environm Sci, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan..
    Yanai, Ruth
    SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA..
    Yankov, Nikolay
    Samara Univ, Samara, Russia..
    Yguel, Benjamin
    Sorbonne Univ, CNRS, Museum Natl Hist Nat, Ctr Ecol & Sci Conservat CESCO, Paris, France..
    Zanini, Katia Janaina
    Lab Ecol Vegetal LEVEG, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil..
    Zanne, Amy E.
    George Washington Univ, Biol Sci, Washington, DC USA..
    Zeleny, David
    Natl Taiwan Univ, Taipei, Taiwan..
    Zhao, Yun-Peng
    Zhejiang Univ, Coll Life Sci, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, Peoples R China..
    Zheng, Jingming
    Beijing Forestry Univ, Forestry Coll, Beijing, Peoples R China..
    Zheng, Ji
    Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, Sch Agr & Biol, Shanghai, Peoples R China.;Natl Forestry & Grassland Adm, Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosyst Res Stn, Shanghai, Peoples R China..
    Zieminska, Kasia
    Imperial Coll, London, England..
    Zirbel, Chad R.
    Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA..
    Zizka, Georg
    Goethe Univ Frankfurt, Dept Biol Sci, Frankfurt, Germany.;Senckenberg Res Inst, Dept Bot & Mol Evolut, Frankfurt, Germany.;Nat Hist Museum, Frankfurt, Germany..
    Zo-Bi, Irie Casimir
    Inst Natl Polytech Felix Houphouet Boigny INP HB, Yamoussoukro, Cote Ivoire..
    Zotz, Gerhard
    Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Balboa, Ancon, Panama.;Carl von Ossietzky Univ Oldenburg, Inst Biol & Environm Sci, Oldenburg, Germany..
    Wirth, Christian
    Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, Hans Knoll Str 10, D-07745 Jena, Germany.;German Ctr Integrat Biodivers Res iDiv, Leipzig, Germany.;Univ Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany..
    TRY plant trait database - enhanced coverage and open access2020In: Global Change Biology, ISSN 1354-1013, E-ISSN 1365-2486, Vol. 26, no 1, p. 119-188Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Plant traits-the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants-determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, and influence ecosystem properties and their benefits and detriments to people. Plant trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area of research spanning from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology, to biodiversity conservation, ecosystem and landscape management, restoration, biogeography and earth system modelling. Since its foundation in 2007, the TRY database of plant traits has grown continuously. It now provides unprecedented data coverage under an open access data policy and is the main plant trait database used by the research community worldwide. Increasingly, the TRY database also supports new frontiers of trait-based plant research, including the identification of data gaps and the subsequent mobilization or measurement of new data. To support this development, in this article we evaluate the extent of the trait data compiled in TRY and analyse emerging patterns of data coverage and representativeness. Best species coverage is achieved for categorical traits-almost complete coverage for 'plant growth form'. However, most traits relevant for ecology and vegetation modelling are characterized by continuous intraspecific variation and trait-environmental relationships. These traits have to be measured on individual plants in their respective environment. Despite unprecedented data coverage, we observe a humbling lack of completeness and representativeness of these continuous traits in many aspects. We, therefore, conclude that reducing data gaps and biases in the TRY database remains a key challenge and requires a coordinated approach to data mobilization and trait measurements. This can only be achieved in collaboration with other initiatives.

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  • 44.
    Klinger, Yves P.
    et al.
    Justus Liebig University Giessen, DEU.
    Eckstein, Rolf Lutz
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Environmental and Life Sciences (from 2013).
    Hansen, Wiebke
    Justus Liebig University Giessen, DEU.
    Kleinebecker, Till
    Justus Liebig University Giessen, DEU.
    Otte, Annette
    Justus Liebig University Giessen, DEU.
    Ludewig, Kristin
    Justus Liebig University Giessen, DEU.
    Mowing machinery and migratory sheep herds are complementary dispersal vectors for grassland species2021In: Applied Vegetation Science, ISSN 1402-2001, E-ISSN 1654-109X, Vol. 24, no 2, article id e12579Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aim We assessed the role of mowing machinery and endozoochory by migratory sheep as dispersal vectors in semi-natural grasslands by comparing the species compositions and traits of species found in the vectors to the regional above-ground vegetation and soil seed bank. Furthermore, we discuss how their interplay may affect the conservation of semi-natural grasslands. Location Rhon Mountains, central Europe. Methods Plant material from mowers (n = 12 from one date) and dung samples from migratory sheep (n = 39 from 13 dates) were collected and the dispersed plant species were determined using the emergence method. We compared the species compositions to the regional above-ground vegetation and seed bank using non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and indicator species analysis. Furthermore, we compared functional traits of the dispersed species to traits of non-dispersed species of the regional species pools by calculating log-response ratios and performing metaregressions. Results While 43 species were shared between the vectors, the vegetation compositions differed from each other. Mower samples were more similar to the above-ground vegetation whereas dung samples were more similar to the seed bank. Mowers and sheep endozoochory favoured the dispersal of species with different traits and phenologies. Species with small seed sizes were prevalent in both vectors. Mowers were less selective concerning most traits, but favoured high-growing grasses such as Alopecurus pratensis and Trisetum flavescens. Sheep dung samples contained less grasses and more palatable species, such as Urtica dioica. Mowers were most selective concerning phenology, whereas endozoochory by migratory sheep also included late-flowering species. Conclusion Sheep endozoochory and mowing machinery are complementary dispersal vectors favouring species with differing functional traits. Sheep endozoochory enables dispersal of species that have unfavourable traits (e.g. low releasing heights) or phenologies for dispersal by mowing machinery. To ensure the dispersal of a high number of plant species in semi-natural grasslands, the interplay of different vectors should be considered.

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  • 45.
    Klinger, Yves P.
    et al.
    Justus Liebig University Giessen, DEU.
    Eckstein, Rolf Lutz
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Environmental and Life Sciences (from 2013). Karlstad Univ, Dept Environm & Life Sci, SE-65188 Karlstad, Sweden..
    Horlemann, David
    Justus Liebig University Giessen, DEU.
    Otte, Annette
    Justus Liebig University Giessen, DEU.
    Ludewig, Kristin
    Justus Liebig University Giessen, DEU.
    Germination of the invasive legume Lupinus polyphyllus depends on cutting date and seed morphology2020In: NeoBiota, ISSN 1619-0033, E-ISSN 1314-2488, no 60, p. 79-95Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In semi-natural grasslands, mowing leads to the dispersal of species that have viable seeds at the right time. For invasive plant species in grasslands, dispersal by mowing should be avoided, and information on the effect of cutting date on the germination of invasive specks is needed. We investigated the germination of seeds of the invasive legume Lupinus polyphyllus Lind!. depending on the cutting date. We measured seed traits associated with successful germination that can be assessed by managers for an improved timing of control measures. To this end, we sampled seeds of L polyphyllus on six cutting dates and analyzed the germination of these seeds in climate chambers and under ambient weather conditions. We collected information on seed morphology (color/size/hardseededness) for each cutting date to identify seed traits associated with successful germination. Observed germination patterns were highly asynchronous and differed between seeds cut at different dates. Seeds cut early, being green and soft, tended to germinate in autumn. Seeds cut late, being dark and hard, were more prone to germinate the following spring, after winter stratification. This allows the species to utilize germination niches throughout the year, thus indicating a bet-hedging strategy. Seed color and the percentage of hard seeds were good predictors of germination percentage, but not of mean germination time and synchrony. Managers should prevent the species producing black and hard seeds, while cutting plants carrying green and soft seeds is less problematic. Furthermore, germination patterns differed between climate chambers and the common garden, mainly because germination of dormant seeds was lower in climate chambers. More germination experiments under ambient weather conditions should be carried out, as they can give information on the germination dynamics of invasive species.

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  • 46.
    Klinger, Yves P.
    et al.
    Justus Liebig University Gießen, Germany.
    Eckstein, Rolf Lutz
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Environmental and Life Sciences (from 2013).
    Kleinebecker, Till
    Justus Liebig University Gießen, Germany.
    iPhenology: Using open-access citizen science photos to track phenology at continental scale2023In: Methods in Ecology and Evolution, E-ISSN 2041-210X, Vol. 14, no 6, p. 1424-1431Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Photo observations are a highly valuable but rarely used source of citizen science (CS) data. Recently, the number of publicly available photo observations has increased strongly, for example, due to the use of smartphone applications for species identification. This has enabled the raising of ecological insights in poorly studied subjects. One of the fields with the highest potential to benefit from the use of photo observations is phenology. We propose a workflow for iPhenology, the use of publicly available photo observations to track phenological events at large scales. The workflow comprises data acquisition, cleaning of observations, phenological classification and modelling spatiotemporal patterns of phenology. We explore the suitability of iPhenology to observe key phenological stages in the plant reproductive cycle of a model species and discuss limitations and future prospects of the approach using the example of an invasive species in Europe. We show that iPhenology is suitable to track key phenological events of widespread species. However, the number and quality of available observations may differ among species and phenological stages. Overall, publicly available CS photo observations are suitable to track key phenological events and can thus significantly advance the knowledge on the timing and drivers of plant phenology. In future, integrating the workflow with automated image processing and analysis may enable real-time tracking of plant phenology.

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  • 47.
    Klinger, Yves P.
    et al.
    Liebig University Giessen, Germany.
    Harvolk-Schöning, Sarah
    Liebig University Giessen, Germany.
    Eckstein, Rolf Lutz
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Environmental and Life Sciences (from 2013).
    Hansen, Wiebke
    Liebig University Giessen, Germany.
    Otte, Annette
    Liebig University Giessen, Germany.
    Ludewig, Kristin
    Liebig University Giessen, Germany.
    Applying landscape structure analysis to assess the spatio-temporal distribution of an invasive legume in the Rhön UNESCO Biosphere Reserve2019In: Biological Invasions, ISSN 1387-3547, E-ISSN 1573-1464, Vol. 21, no 8, p. 2735-2749Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Landscape composition and structure may strongly affect the spread of invasive species in landscapes. Landscape analysis provides a powerful toolset for assessing invasive species invasions over time and for planning control measures. We applied a combination of aerial mapping and landscape analysis to assess the invasion of the legume, Lupinus polyphyllus, in the Rhön UNESCO Biosphere Reserve. The Biosphere Reserve contains different types of large and well-connected grasslands threatened by lupine invasion. We assessed the changes in lupine distribution between 1998 and 2016 in a strictly protected part of the Biosphere Reserve by means of landscape structure analysis. The area invaded by L. polyphyllus doubled from 1998 to 2016. While the number of lupine stands decreased by 25%, stand size on average increased by 300%; stands also became less compact during that period. Furthermore, the degree of invasion of different grassland types changed. In 1998, all investigated grassland types were invaded to equal extents, whereas in 2016, large and well-connected mesic grasslands located close to roads were more heavily invaded than small and remote wet grasslands. Our results show that landscape composition plays an important role for the spread of lupine. Specifically, invasive stand characteristics, such as stand size, form, and connectivity, are crucial for driving the invasion of lupine. Therefore, in addition to landscape composition, invasive stand characteristics should be included in the planning of conservation measures. Overall, aerial mapping combined with landscape analysis provides a cost-effective and practical tool for landscape managers to prioritize invasive control measures.

  • 48.
    Lafage, Denis
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Environmental and Life Sciences (from 2013).
    Bergman, Eva
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Environmental and Life Sciences (from 2013).
    Eckstein, Rolf Lutz
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Environmental and Life Sciences (from 2013).
    Österling, Martin
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Environmental and Life Sciences (from 2013).
    Sadler, J. P.
    University of Birmingham.
    Piccolo, John
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Environmental and Life Sciences (from 2013).
    Local and landscape drivers of aquatic-to-terrestrial subsidies in riparian ecosystems: A worldwide meta-analysis2019In: Ecosphere, ISSN 2150-8925, E-ISSN 2150-8925, Vol. 10, no 4, p. 1-12, article id e02697Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Cross-boundary fluxes of organisms and matter, termed “subsidies,” are now recognized to be reciprocal and of roughly equal importance for both aquatic and terrestrial systems, even if terrestrial input to aquatic ecosystems has received most attention. The magnitude of aquatic-to-terrestrial subsidies is well documented, but the drivers behind these subsidies and their utilization by terrestrial consumers are characteristically local-scale studies, limiting the inferences that can be drawn for broader geographic scales. We therefore built and analyzed a database of stable isotope data extracted from 21 studies worldwide, to identify both landscape-scale (catchment) and local-scale (100-m riparian zone) variables that may affect the diet of terrestrial predators in riparian ecosystems. Our meta-analysis revealed a greater magnitude of aquatic-to-terrestrial subsidies (>50%) than previously reported, albeit with large geographic and inter-annual variations. Moreover, we demonstrated a large effect of landscape-scale factors on aquatic-to-terrestrial subsidies, particularly anthropogenic land use and tree cover. Local human population was the only relevant factor at the local scale. We also found that studies on landscape-scale and anthropogenic land use effects on aquatic-to-terrestrial subsidies are strongly under-represented in the ecological literature, which limits the general inferences that can currently be drawn about landscape effects. We suggest that landscape-scale studies could improve our understanding of how land use and environmental change might influence future patterns of biodiversity and ecosystem function.

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  • 49.
    Lind, Lovisa
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Environmental and Life Sciences (from 2013).
    Eckstein, R. Lutz
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Environmental and Life Sciences (from 2013).
    Relyea, Rick A.
    Darrin Fresh Water Institute, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, USA.
    Direct and indirect effects of climate change on distribution and community composition of macrophytes in lentic systems2022In: Biological Reviews, ISSN 1464-7931, E-ISSN 1469-185X, Vol. 97, no 4, p. 1677-1690Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Macrophytes are an important part of freshwater ecosystems and they have direct and indirect roles in keeping the water clear and providing structure and habitats for other aquatic organisms. Currently, climate change is posing a major threat to macrophyte communities by altering the many drivers that determine macrophyte abundance and composition. We synthesise current literature to examine the direct effects of climate change (i.e. changes in CO2, temperature, and precipitation patterns) on aquatic macrophytes in lakes as well as indirect effects via invasive species and nutrient dynamics. The combined effects of climate change are likely to lead to an increased abundance and distribution of emergent and floating species, and a decreased abundance and distribution of submerged macrophytes. In small shallow lakes, these processes are likely to be faster than in deep temperate lakes; with lower light levels, water level fluctuations and increases in temperature, the systems will become dominated by algae. In general, specialized macrophyte species in high-latitude and high-altitude areas will decrease in number while more competitive invasive species are likely to outcompete native species. Given that the majority of endemic species reside in tropical lakes, climate change, together with other anthropogenic pressures, might cause the extinction of a large number of endemic species. Lakes at higher altitudes in tropical areas could therefore potentially be a hotspot for future conservation efforts for protecting endemic macrophyte species. In response to a combination of climate-change induced threats, the macrophyte community might collapse, which will change the status of lakes and may initiate a negative feedback loop that will affect entire lake ecosystems.

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  • 50.
    Lind, Lovisa
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Environmental and Life Sciences (from 2013).
    Harbicht, Andrew
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Environmental and Life Sciences (from 2013). Gulf Fisheries Ctr, Canada; Bedford Inst Oceanog,Canada.
    Bergman, Eva
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Environmental and Life Sciences (from 2013).
    Edwartz, Johannes
    Karlstad Univ, Dept Environm & Life Sci Biol, Karlstad, Sweden..
    Eckstein, Rolf Lutz
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Environmental and Life Sciences (from 2013).
    Effects of initial leaching for estimates of mass loss and microbial decomposition-Call for an increased nuance2022In: Ecology and Evolution, E-ISSN 2045-7758, Vol. 12, no 8, p. 1-10, article id e9118Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Decomposition is essential to carbon, nutrient, and energy cycling among and within ecosystems. Several methods have been proposed for studying litter decomposition by using a standardized and commercially available substrate. One of these methods is the Tea Bag Index (TBI) which uses tea bags (green and rooibos tea) incubated for similar to 90 days. The TBI is now applied all over the globe, but despite its usefulness and wide application, the TBI (as well as other methods) does not explicitly account for the differences in potential loss of litter mass due to initial leaching in habitats with large differences in moisture. We, therefore, studied the short-term mass losses (3-4 h) due to initial leaching under field and laboratory conditions for green and rooibos tea using the TBI and contextualized our findings using existing long-term mass loss (90 days) in the field for both aquatic and terrestrial environments. For both tea litter types, we found a fast initial leaching rate, which could be mistaken for decomposition through microbial activity. This initial leaching was higher than the hydrolyzable fraction given in the description of the TBI. We also found that leaching increased with increasing temperature and that leaching in terrestrial environments with high soil moisture (> 90%) is almost as large as in aquatic environments. When comparing our findings to long-term studies, we found that up to 30-50% of the mass loss of green tea reported as decomposition could be lost through leaching alone in high moisture environments (> 90% soil moisture and submerged). Not accounting for such differences in initial leaching across habitats may lead to a systematic overestimation of the microbial decomposition in wet habitats. Future studies of microbial decomposition should adjust their methods depending on the habitat, and clearly specify the type of decomposition that the study focuses on.

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