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  • 1.
    Ali, Nour
    et al.
    Brunel University, London, UK.
    Baker, Sean
    University of Limerick, Ireland.
    O’Crowley, Ross
    Red Orkid Limited, Dublin, Ireland.
    Herold, Sebastian
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Mathematics and Computer Science (from 2013).
    Buckley, Jim
    University of Limerick, Ireland.
    Architecture consistency: State of the practice, challenges and requirements2018In: Empirical Software Engineering, ISSN 1382-3256, E-ISSN 1573-7616, Vol. 23, no 1, p. 224-258Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Architecture Consistency (AC) aims to align implemented systems with their intended architectures. Several AC approaches and tools have been proposed and empirically evaluated, suggesting favourable results. In this paper, we empirically examine the state of practice with respect to Architecture Consistency, through interviews with nineteen experienced software engineers. Our goal is to identify 1) any practises that the companies these architects work for, currently undertake to achieve AC; 2) any barriers to undertaking explicit AC approaches in these companies; 3) software development situations where practitioners perceive AC approaches would be useful, and 4) AC tool needs, as perceived by practitioners. We also assess current commercial AC tool offerings in terms of these perceived needs. The study reveals that many practitioners apply informal AC approaches as there are barriers for adopting more formal and explicit approaches. These barriers are: 1) Difficulty in quantifying architectural inconsistency effects, and thus justifying the allocation of resources to fix them to senior management, 2) The near invisibility of architectural inconsistency to customers, 3) Practitioners’ reluctance towards fixing architectural inconsistencies, and 4) Practitioners perception that huge effort is required to map the system to the architecture when using more formal AC approaches and tools. Practitioners still believe that AC would be useful in supporting several of the software development activities such as auditing, evolution and ensuring quality attributes. After reviewing several commercial tools, we posit that AC tool vendors need to work on their ability to support analysis of systems made up of different technologies, that AC tools need to enhance their capabilities with respect to artefacts such as services and meta-data, and to focus more on non-maintainability architectural concerns.

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  • 2.
    Ali, Nour
    et al.
    Brunel University, London, UK.
    Baker, Sean
    University of Limerick, Ireland.
    O'Crowley, Ross
    Red Orkid Limited, Dublin, Ireland.
    Herold, Sebastian
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Mathematics and Computer Science (from 2013).
    Buckley, Jim
    University of Limerick, Ireland.
    Architecture consistency: State of the practice, challenges and requirements (vol 23, pg 224, 2018)2018In: Empirical Software Engineering, ISSN 1382-3256, E-ISSN 1573-7616, Vol. 23, no 3, p. 1868-1869Article in journal (Refereed)
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  • 3. Appel, André
    et al.
    Herold, Sebastian
    Clausthal University of Technology.
    Klus, Holger
    Rausch, Andreas
    Modelling the CoCoME with DisCComp2008In: The Common Component Modeling Example: Comparing Software Component Models, Springer, 2008, p. 267-296Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 4. Bartelt, Christian
    et al.
    Herold, Sebastian
    TU Kaiserslautern.
    Modellorientiertes Variantenmanagement2006In: Lecture Notes in Informatics: Modellierung 2006, 22.-24. März 2006, Innsbruck, Tirol, Austria / [ed] Heinrich C. Mayr, Ruth Breu, Gesellschaft für Informatik , 2006, Vol. P-82, p. 173-182Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 5. Becker, Simon M.
    et al.
    Herold, Sebastian
    RWTH Aachen University of Technology.
    Lohmann, Sebastian
    Westfechtel, Bernhard
    A graph-based algorithm for consistency maintenance in incremental and interactive integration tools2007In: Software and Systems Modeling, ISSN 1619-1366, E-ISSN 1619-1374, Vol. 6, no 3, p. 287-315Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 6.
    Buckley, Jim
    et al.
    Ireland.
    Ali, Nour
    UK.
    English, Michael
    Ireland.
    Rosik, Jacek
    Ireland.
    Herold, Sebastian
    Lero - The Irish Software Research Centre, Ireland.
    Real-Time Reflexion Modelling in architecture reconciliation: A multi case study2015In: Information and Software Technology, ISSN 0950-5849, E-ISSN 1873-6025, Vol. 61, p. 107-123Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Reflexion Modelling is considered one of the more successful approaches to architecture reconciliation. Empirical studies strongly suggest that professional developers involved in real-life industrial projects find the information provided by variants of this approach useful and insightful, but the degree to which it resolves architecture conformance issues is still unclear.

    Objective

    This paper aims to assess the level of architecture conformance achieved by professional architects using Reflexion Modelling, and to determine how the approach could be extended to improve its suitability for this task.

  • 7.
    Buckley, Jim
    et al.
    Univ Limerick, Lero CSIS, Limerick, Ireland.
    Herold, Sebastian
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Mathematics and Computer Science (from 2013).
    Pruijt, Leo
    HU Univ Appl Sci, Dept ICT, NL-3513 EX Utrecht, Netherlands.
    The 4th Workshop on Software Architecture Erosion and Architectural Consistency (SAEroCon 2017)2017In: PROCEEDINGS 11TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE (ECSA 2017) - COMPANION VOLUME / [ed] Book Group Author(s):ACM, Broadway, New York: Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), 2017Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 8. Buckley, Jim
    et al.
    Herold, Sebastian
    Clausthal University of Technology.
    Rausch, Andreas
    Foreword to the First Workshop on Software Architecture Erosion and Architectural Consistency2014Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 9.
    Buckley, Jim
    et al.
    University of Limerick / Lero, Ireland.
    Rosik, Jacek
    University of Limerick / Lero, Ireland.
    Herold, Sebastian
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Mathematics and Computer Science (from 2013).
    Wasala, Asanka
    University of Limerick / Lero, Ireland.
    Botterweck, Götz
    University of Limerick / Lero, Ireland.
    Exton, Chris
    University of Limerick / Lero, Ireland.
    FLINTS: A Tool for Architectural-level Modeling of Features in Software Systems2016In: ECSAW 2016 Proceedings of the 2016 European Conference on Software Architecture Conference Workshops, Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), 2016Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 10. Bösl, Alexander
    et al.
    Ebell, Jan
    Herold, Sebastian
    Clausthal University of Technology.
    Linsmeier, Christian
    Peters, Detlef
    Rausch, Andreas
    Modellbasierte Softwareentwicklung von Informationssystemen: Vom Geschäftsprozess zum Service-basierten Entwurf2007In: OBJEKTspektrum : die Computer-Zeitschrift fuer Objektorientierung und Componentware, ISSN 0945-0491, Vol. 04/07, p. 46-54Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 11. Bösl, Alexander
    et al.
    Ebell, Jan
    Herold, Sebastian
    Clausthal University of Technology.
    Linsmeier, Christian
    Peters, Detlef
    Rausch, Andreas
    Modellbasierte Softwareentwicklung von Informationssystemen: Vom Service-basierten Entwurf zur EJB-3.0-basierten Lösung2007In: OBJEKTspektrum : die Computer-Zeitschrift fuer Objektorientierung und Componentware, ISSN 0945-0491, Vol. 05/07, p. 42-46Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 12.
    Colesky, Michael
    et al.
    Radboud University, NLD.
    Demetzou, Katerina
    Radboud University, NLD.
    Fritsch, Lothar
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Mathematics and Computer Science (from 2013).
    Herold, Sebastian
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Mathematics and Computer Science (from 2013).
    Helping Software Architects Familiarize with the General Data Protection Regulation2019In: 2019 IEEE International Conference on Software Architecture Companion (ICSA-C), IEEE , 2019, p. 226-229Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Abstract—The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)impacts any information systems that process personal datain or from the European Union. Yet its enforcement is stillrecent. Organizations under its effect are slow to adopt itsprinciples. One particular difficulty is the low familiarity withthe regulation among software architects and designers. Thedifficulty to interpret the content of the legal regulation ata technical level adds to that. This results in problems inunderstanding the impact and consequences that the regulationmay have in detail for a particular system or project context.In this paper we present some early work and emergingresults related to supporting software architects in this situation.Specifically, we target those who need to understand how theGDPR might impact their design decisions. In the spirit ofarchitectural tactics and patterns, we systematically identifiedand categorized 155 forces in the regulation. These results formthe conceptual base for a first prototypical tool. It enablessoftware architects to identify the relevant forces by guidingthem through an online questionnaire. This leads them to relevantfragments of the GDPR and potentially relevant privacy patterns.We argue that this approach may help software professionals,in particular architects, familiarize with the GDPR and outlinepotential paths for evaluation.

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  • 13. Counsell, S.
    et al.
    Liu, X.
    Swift, S.
    Buckley, J.
    English, M.
    Herold, Sebastian
    Lero - The Irish Software Research Centre.
    Eldh, S.
    Ermedahl, A.
    An exploration of the ’introduce explaining variable’ refactoring2015In: XP '15 workshops Scientific Workshop Proceedings of the XP2015, Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), 2015Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 14. Deiters, Constanze
    et al.
    Dohrmann, Patrick
    Herold, Sebastian
    Clausthal University of Technology.
    Rausch, Andreas
    Rule-Based Architectural Compliance Checks for Enterprise Architecture Management2009In: IEEE International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference, 2009. EDOC '09., IEEE conference proceedings, 2009, p. 183-192Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 15. Deiters, Constanze
    et al.
    Herold, Sebastian
    Clausthal University of Technology.
    Konformität zwischen Code und Architektur: logikbasierte Überprüfung von Architekturregeln2009In: OBJEKTspektrum: die Computer-Zeitschrift fuer Objektorientierung und Componentware, Vol. 04⁄09, p. 54-59Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 16.
    Dobell, Elaine
    et al.
    Saolta University Health Care Group, Ireland & University of Limerick, Ireland.
    Herold, Sebastian
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Mathematics and Computer Science (from 2013).
    Buckley, Jim
    University of Limerick, Ireland.
    Spreadsheet Error Types and Their Prevalence in a Healthcare Context2018In: Journal of Organizational and End User Computing, ISSN 1546-2234, E-ISSN 1546-5012, Vol. 30, no 2, p. 20-42Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Spreadsheets are commonly used to inform decision making across many business sectors, despite the fact that research performed in the financial sector has shown that they are quite error-prone. However, few studies have investigated spreadsheet errors and their impact in other domains, like the healthcare sector. This article derives a lifecycle-stage classification scheme of spreadsheet error types based on an aggregation of, and extension of, existing classifications. Based on these classifications, a case study is then presented, performed to investigate the prevalence of these spreadsheet error types in an Irish healthcare setting. Results reveal that more than 90% of the spreadsheets studied contained ` bottom-line' errors and the average cell-error rate was 13%. There was also a correlation between increased perceived impact of the spreadsheets and the number of errors identified. Recommendations from this research include providing spreadsheet training and guidelines for developers and users, and systematically managing and auditing spreadsheet development and use.

  • 17. Dohrmann, Patrick
    et al.
    Herold, Sebastian
    Clausthal University of Technology.
    Designing and Applying a Framework for Logic-Based Model Querying2010In: 2010 36th EUROMICRO Conference on Software Engineering and Advanced Applications, IEEE conference proceedings, 2010, p. 164-171Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 18.
    Fischer-Hübner, Simone
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Mathematics and Computer Science (from 2013).
    Martucci, Leonardo
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Mathematics and Computer Science (from 2013).
    Fritsch, Lothar
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Mathematics and Computer Science (from 2013).
    Pulls, Tobias
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Mathematics and Computer Science (from 2013).
    Herold, Sebastian
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Mathematics and Computer Science (from 2013).
    Iwaya, Leonardo H
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Mathematics and Computer Science (from 2013).
    Alfredsson, Stefan
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Mathematics and Computer Science (from 2013).
    Albin, Zuccato
    ATEA Sverige AB, Stockholm, Sweden.
    A MOOC on Privacy by Design and the GDPR2018In: Information Security Education: Towards a Cybersecure Society / [ed] Lynette Drevin, Marianthi Theocharidou, Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2018, p. 95-107Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper we describe how we designed a massive open online course (mooc) on Privacy by Design with a focus on how to achieve compliance with the eu gdpr principles and requirements in it engineering and management. This mooc aims at educating both professionals and undergraduate students, i.e., target groups with distinct educational needs and requirements, within a single course structure. We discuss why developing and publishing such a course is a timely decision and fulfills the current needs of the professional and undergraduate education. The mooc is organized in five modules, each of them with its own learning outcomes and activities. The modules focus on different aspects of the gdpr that data protection officers have to be knowledgeable about, ranging from the legal basics, to data protection impact assessment methods, and privacy-enhancing technologies. The modules were delivered using hypertext, digital content and three video production styles: slides with voice-over, talking heads and interviews. The main contribution of this work is the roadmap on how to design a highly relevant mooc on privacy by design and the gdpr aimed at an heterogeneous audience.

  • 19.
    Florean, Alexander
    et al.
    Karlstad University.
    Jalal, Laoa
    Karlstad University.
    Sinkala, Zipani Tom
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Mathematics and Computer Science (from 2013).
    Herold, Sebastian
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Mathematics and Computer Science (from 2013).
    A Comparison of Machine Learning-Based Text Classifiers for Mapping Source Code to Architectural Modules2021In: Companion Proceedings of the 15th European Conference on Software Architecture, CEUR-WS , 2021, Vol. 2978Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A mapping between a system's implementation and its software architecture is mandatory in many architecture consistency checking techniques. Creating such a mapping manually is a non-trivial task for most complex software systems. Machine learning-based text classification may be an highly effective tool for automating this task. How to make use of this tool most effectively has not been thoroughly investigated yet.

    This article presents a comparative analysis of three classifiers applied to map the implementations of five open-source systems to their architectures. The performance of the classifiers is evaluated for different extraction and preprocessing settings as well as different training set sizes.

    The results suggest that Logical Regression and Support Vector Machines both outperform Naive Bayes unless information about coarse-grained implementation structures cannot be exploited. Moreover, initial manual mappings of more than 15% of all source code files, or 10 files per module, do not seem to lead to a significantly better classification.

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  • 20.
    Herold, Sebastian
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Mathematics and Computer Science (from 2013).
    An initial study on the association between architectural smells and degradation2020In: Software Architecture. ECSA 2020. / [ed] Jansen A., Malavolta I., Muccini H., Ozkaya I., Zimmermann O., Springer, 2020, p. 193-201Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    It is generally assumed that architectural smells are associated with software architectural degradation. Treating smells could hence help treating degradation. This article investigates the association between three types of architectural smells and the existence of architecture-violating dependencies as manifestation of architectural degradation in software.

    We gathered data about architectural smells and violations from a single system with a validated prescriptive architecture. The data was analysed to identify and characterise associations between architectural smells and violations. Statistically relevant associations were identified for two of three smells, namely cyclic dependencies and unstable dependencies. Effect sizes were small for both though.

    These results provide evidence for cyclic and unstable dependencies having a larger risk of including architectural violations. The small effect sizes indicate that the presence of architectural smells cannot explain architectural degradation alone. This shows that complementing methods and techniques are required for exhaustive treatment of both phenomena.

  • 21.
    Herold, Sebastian
    Clausthal University of Technology.
    Architectural Compliance in Component-Based Systems: Foundations, Specification, and Checking of Architectural Rules2011Doctoral thesis, monograph (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The intended software architecture of a software system manifests the earliest and most fundamental design decisions. To ensure that the final software product is consistent with those design decisions and the requirements realized that way, the software architecture has to be refined correctly. This means that the artefacts of detailed design and implementation have to comply with the intended software architecture.

    A basic task to ensure architectural compliance is the checking of architectural rules. These rules are constraints resulting from the application of architectural principles, like patterns, reference architectures or guidelines, and restricting the way an architecture can be refined. However, checking those rules is difficult. Manual checks are in general not possible due to the size and complexity of modern software systems. But realizing powerful tool support is challenging, since compliance checking tools have to be very flexible regarding the great variety of architectural rules and the number of artefact types requiring compliance checking.

    This thesis develops an approach to flexible architecture compliance checking in model-based development approaches for component-based systems.It describes a conceptual framework, in which models are interpreted as first-order logic statements about component-based systems; architectural rules as fundamental parts of architectural models, are logical statements, too. Compliance between models can be expressed this way as semantically-founded relation between logical formulae.

    The developed concepts are evaluated by a case study system following several different architectural principles. Architectural rules are developed for those principles and are checked for compliance. Furthermore, a prototypical compliance checking tool basing upon a logic-based knowledge representation and reasoning system is realized.

    Both, the conceptual framework as well as the prototypical implementation, allow very flexible architectural compliance checking. Due to the developed formalization, a broad range of architectural rules can be specified, largely meta model-independently. Aside from the significant improvement of tool support compared with the state of the art, the approach fosters furthermore a new understanding of the role of software architecture; as blue-print for design and implementation, the need for explicitly modelled architectural rules is emphasized.

  • 22.
    Herold, Sebastian
    Clausthal University of Technology.
    Checking architectural compliance in component-based systems2010In: SAC '10 Proceedings of the 2010 ACM Symposium on Applied Computing, ACM Digital Library, 2010, p. 2244-2251Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 23.
    Herold, Sebastian
    Clausthal University of Technology.
    Compliance between architecture and design models of component-based systems2011In: Electronic Communications of the EASST, E-ISSN 1863-2122, Vol. 42, p. 12-Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 24.
    Herold, Sebastian
    Clausthal University of Technology.
    Towards Checking Architectural Rules in Component-Based Design2008In: On the Move to Meaningful Internet Systems: OTM 2008 Workshops: OTM Confederated International Workshops and Posters, ADI, AWeSoMe, COMBEK, EI2N, IWSSA, MONET, OnToContent + QSI, ORM, PerSys, RDDS, SEMELS, and SWWS 2008, Monterrey, Mexico, November 9-14, 2008. Proceedings, Springer , 2008, p. 473-478Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 25.
    Herold, Sebastian
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Mathematics and Computer Science (from 2013).
    Blom, Martin
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Mathematics and Computer Science (from 2013).
    Buckley, Jim
    University of Limerick / Lero, Ireland.
    Evidence in Architecture Degradation and Consistency Checking Research: Preliminary Results from a Literature Review2016In: Proceeding ECSAW '16 Proccedings of the 10th European Conference on Software Architecture Workshops, Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), 2016Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 26.
    Herold, Sebastian
    et al.
    Lero - The Irish Software Research Centre.
    Buckley, Jim
    Feature-Oriented Reflexion Modelling2015In: ECSAW '15 Proceedings of the 2015 European Conference on Software Architecture Workshops, Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), 2015Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 27.
    Herold, Sebastian
    et al.
    Lero - The Irish Software Research Centre.
    Buckley, Jim
    Rausch, Andreas
    Second Workshop on Software Architecture Erosion and Architectural Consistency (SAEroCon 2015)2015In: ECSAW '15 Proceedings of the 2015 European Conference on Software Architecture Workshops, Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), 2015Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 28.
    Herold, Sebastian
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Mathematics and Computer Science (from 2013).
    Buckley, Jim
    University of Limerick, Ireland.
    van der Werf, Jan Martijn
    Utrecht University, Netherlands.
    Preface of the 8th Workshop on Software Architecture Erosion and Architectural Consistency (SAEroCon)2021In: CEUR Workshop Proceedings, CEUR-WS , 2021Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The more complex a software system is and the longer a software system evolves, the more difficult it is to avoid effects like software architecture erosion or architectural drifts. These effects can lead to systems where the realization of the system diverges from the intended architecture with resultant negative impacts on quality attributes associated with the intended architecture. As studies have shown, untreated divergence can lead to systems which are impossible to maintain in the long run. SAEroCon is dedicated to research related to these phenomena.

  • 29.
    Herold, Sebastian
    et al.
    Lero - The Irish Software Research Centre.
    English, Michael
    Buckley, Jim
    Counsell, Steve
    Cinneide, Mel O
    Detection of violation causes in reflexion models2015In: 2015 IEEE 22nd International Conference on Software Analysis, Evolution, and Reengineering (SANER) / [ed] Gueheneuc, YG; Adams, B; Serebrenik, A, IEEE, 2015, p. 565-569Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 30.
    Herold, Sebastian
    et al.
    Clausthal University of Technology.
    Klus, Holger
    Niebuhr, Dirk
    Rausch, Andreas
    Engineering of IT ecosystems: design of ultra-large-scale software-intensive systems2008In: ULSSIS '08 Proceedings of the 2nd international workshop on Ultra-large-scale software-intensive systems, 2008, p. 49-52Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 31.
    Herold, Sebastian
    et al.
    Clausthal University of Technology.
    Klus, Holger
    Welsch, Yannick
    Deiters, Constanze
    Rausch, Andreas
    Reussner, Ralf
    Krogmann, Klaus
    Koziolek, Heiko
    Mirandola, Raffaela
    Hummel, Benjamin
    Meisinger, Michael
    Pfaller, Christian
    CoCoME - The Common Component Modeling Example2008In: The Common Component Modeling Example: Comparing Software Component Models, Springer, 2008, p. 16-53Chapter in book (Other academic)
  • 32.
    Herold, Sebastian
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Mathematics and Computer Science (from 2013).
    Knieke, Christoph
    Clausthal University of Technology, DEU.
    Schindler, Mirco
    Clausthal University of Technology, DEU.
    Rausch, Andreas
    Clausthal University of Technology, DEU.
    Towards Improving Software Architecture Degradation Mitigation by Machine Learning2020Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Mitigating software architecture degradation is a task in evolving large and complex software-intensive systems that is as important as it is challenging. One aspect adding to the complexity of the task is the amount of information in the implementations of most real-world systems to be digested in order to detect, analyse, and remedy degradation. In domains with similar challenges, machine learning techniques have been applied in recent years and partially delivered exciting results. Hence the question arises whether, and to which degree, machine learning can be successfully applied to tackle software architecture degradation. In this paper, we propose a novel combination of existing techniques for different phases of the task of mitigating software architecture degradation from detecting it to repairing it. We outline how these techniques could be complemented by machine learning to increase their accuracy and efficiency over time

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  • 33.
    Herold, Sebastian
    et al.
    University of Limerick, Ireland.
    Mair, Matthias
    Clausthal University of Technology, Germany.
    Recommending Refactorings to Re-establish Architectural Consistency2014In: Software Architecture: 8th European Conference, ECSA 2014, Vienna, Austria, August 25-29, 2014. Proceedings / [ed] P. Avgeriou & U. Zdun, Springer, 2014, p. 390-397Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Keeping the software architecture of a system and its implementation consistent can be tough. The larger and more complex a software system is, the more likely software architecture erosion occurs. This effect can lead to a decrease of quality with respect to adaptability, maintainability, or reusability.Refactorings can help to reverse software architecture erosion through systematically applying them to resolve architecture violations. However, it can be difficult in complex systems to manually resolve all violations in an efficient way due to the complex interdependencies between them.In this paper, we propose a new approach to the automatic recommendation of refactorings to resolve architecture violations based on a meta-heuristic search for an efficient set of refactorings. The approach is applied to resolve architectural dependency violations using the "move class" refactoring.

  • 34.
    Herold, Sebastian
    et al.
    Clausthal University of Technology.
    Mair, Matthias
    Rausch, Andreas
    Schindler, Ingrid
    Checking Conformance with Reference Architectures: A Case Study2013In: 2013 17th IEEE International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference (EDOC), IEEE, 2013, p. 71-80Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 35.
    Herold, Sebastian
    et al.
    Clausthal University of Technology.
    Metzger, Andreas
    Rausch, Andreas
    Stallbaum, Heiko
    Towards Bridging the Gap between Goal-Oriented Requirements Engineering and Compositional Architecture Development2007In: Second Workshop on Sharing and Reusing Architectural Knowledge - Architecture, Rationale, and Design Intent, 2007. SHARK/ADI '07: ICSE Workshops 2007, IEEE conference proceedings, 2007Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 36.
    Herold, Sebastian
    et al.
    Clausthal University of Technology.
    Rausch, Andreas
    A Rule-Based Approach to Architecture Conformance Checking as a Quality Management Measure2014In: Relating System Quality and Software Architecture / [ed] Ivan Mistrik, Rami Bahsoon, Peter Eeles, Roshanak Roshandel and Michael Stal, Elsevier, 2014, p. 181-207Chapter in book (Other academic)
  • 37.
    Herold, Sebastian
    et al.
    Clausthal University of Technology.
    Rausch, Andreas
    Complementing model-driven development for the detection of software architecture erosion2013In: Modeling in Software Engineering (MiSE), 2013 5th International Workshop on, IEEE, 2013, p. 24-30Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 38.
    Herold, Sebastian
    et al.
    Clausthal University of Technology.
    Rausch, Andreas
    Bösl, Alexander
    Ebell, Jan
    Linsmeier, Christian
    Peters, Detlef
    A Seamless Modeling Approach for Service-Oriented Information Systems2008In: Information Technology: New Generations, 2008. ITNG 2008. Fifth International Conference on, IEEE conference proceedings, 2008, p. 438-446Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 39.
    Herold, Sebastian
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Mathematics and Computer Science (from 2013).
    Sinkala, Zipani Tom
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Mathematics and Computer Science (from 2013).
    Using Automatically Recommended Seed Mappings for Machine Learning-Based Code-to-Architecture Mappers2023In: Proceedings of the 38th ACM/SIGAPP Symposium on Applied Computing, Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), 2023, p. 1432-1439Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Software architecture consistency checking (SACC) is a popular method to detect architecture degradation. Most SACC techniques require software engineers to manually map a subset of entities of a system’s implementation onto elements of its intended software architecture. Manually creating such a "seed mapping"for complex systems is a time-consuming activity.The objective of this paper is to investigate if creating seed mappings semi-automatically based on mapping recommendations for training automatic, machine learning-based mappers can reduce the effort for this task.To this end, we applied InMap, a highly accurate, interactive code-to-architecture mapping approach, to create seed mappings for five open source system with known architectures and mappings. Three different machine learning-based mappers were trained with these seed mappings and analysed regarding their predictive performance. We then compared the manual effort involved in using the combination of InMap and the most accurate automatic mapper and the manual effort of mapping the systems solely with InMap.The results suggest that InMap, with a minor adaption, can be used to seed an accurate mapper based on Naive Bayes. A full mapping with only InMap though turns out to involve slightly less manual effort on average; this is, however, not consistent across all systems. These results give reason to assume that more advanced ways of combining automatic mappers with InMap may further reduce that effort. 

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  • 40. Jordan, Howell
    et al.
    Rosik, Jacek
    Herold, Sebastian
    Clausthal University of Technology.
    Botterweck, Goetz
    Buckley, Jim
    Manually Locating Features in Industrial Source Code: The Search Actions of Software Nomads2015In: 2015 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Program Comprehension, IEEE, 2015Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 41.
    Knodel, Jens
    et al.
    Fraunhofer IESE, Germany.
    Buckley, Jim
    Lero, University of Limerick, Ireland.
    Herold, Sebastian
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Mathematics and Computer Science (from 2013).
    The need for an open corpus of software architecture descriptions2017In: 19. Workshop Software-Reengineering und -Evolution: 8. Workshop "Design for Future", Bad-Honnef: Gesellschaft für Informatik, 2017, p. 25-26Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Software architectures are the conceptual tool to share information about key aspects of a software system and to enable reasoning about the principal, most fundamental, and often most difficult-to-change design decisions of the system. Studies of failed software systems give evidence that architecture drift, erosion or degradation is a prevalent problem in industrial practice. But a recent systematic literature review [9] indicates that research currently investigates compliance checking or inconsistency detection only. To advance research we need an open and grounded corpus of software architecture description – serving as a basis for more sophisticated studies beyond detection only. Such a corpus could enable (1) to evaluate new approaches, (2) to provide means for fixing degradation (when it occurs or a-posteriori), (3) to compare and benchmark approaches and, ultimately, (4) enable longitudinal studies in the field.

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  • 42. Körner, Marco
    et al.
    Herold, Sebastian
    Clausthal University of Technology.
    Rausch, Andreas
    Composition of applications based on software product lines using architecture fragments and component sets2014In: WICSA '14 Companion Proceedings of the WICSA 2014: Companion Volume, Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), 2014Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 43. Körtgen, A. -T
    et al.
    Becker, S. M.
    Herold, Sebastian
    Clausthal University of Technology.
    A graph-based framework for rapid construction of document integration tools2007In: Journal of Integrated Design & Process Science, ISSN 1092-0617, E-ISSN 1875-8959, Vol. 11, no 4, p. 19-39Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 44. Körtgen, Anne-Thérèse
    et al.
    Becker, Simon M.
    Herold, Sebastian
    Clausthal University of Technology.
    A Graph-Based Framework For Rapid Construction Of Document Integration Tools2007In: Journal of Integrated Design & Process Science, ISSN 1092-0617, E-ISSN 1875-8959, Vol. 11, no 4, p. 19-39Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 45.
    Lenhard, Jörg
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Mathematics and Computer Science (from 2013).
    Blom, Martin
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Mathematics and Computer Science (from 2013).
    Herold, Sebastian
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Mathematics and Computer Science (from 2013).
    Exploring the suitability of source code metrics for indicating architectural inconsistencies2018In: Software quality journal, ISSN 0963-9314, E-ISSN 1573-1367Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Software architecture degradation is a phenomenon that frequently occurs during software evolution. Source code anomalies are one of the several aspects that potentially contribute to software architecture degradation. Many techniques for automating the detection of such anomalies are based on source code metrics. It is, however, unclear how accurate these techniques are in identifying the architecturally relevant anomalies in a system. The objective of this paper is to shed light on the extent to which source code metrics on their own can be used to characterize classes contributing to software architecture degradation. We performed a multi-case study on three open-source systems for each of which we gathered the intended architecture and data for 49 different source code metrics taken from seven different code quality tools. This data was analyzed to explore the links between architectural inconsistencies, as detected by applying reflexion modeling, and metric values indicating potential design problems at the implementation level. The results show that there does not seem to be a direct correlation between metrics and architectural inconsistencies. For many metrics, however, classes more problematic as indicated by their metric value seem significantly more likely to contribute to inconsistencies than less problematic classes. In particular, the fan-in, a classes’ public API, and method counts seem to be suitable indicators. The fan-in metric seems to be a particularly interesting indicator, as class size does not seem to have a confounding effect on this metric. This finding may be useful for focusing code restructuring efforts on architecturally relevant metrics in case the intended architecture is not explicitly specified and to further improve architecture recovery and consistency checking tool support.

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  • 46.
    Lenhard, Jörg
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Mathematics and Computer Science (from 2013).
    Fritsch, Lothar
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Mathematics and Computer Science (from 2013).
    Herold, Sebastian
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Mathematics and Computer Science (from 2013).
    A Literature Study on Privacy Patterns Research2017In: SEAA 2017 - 43rd Euromicro Conference Series on Software Engineering and Advanced Applications, IEEE, 2017, p. 194-200Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Context: Facing the implementation of the EU General Data Protection Regulation in May 2018, many commercial software providers will soon need to adapt their products to new privacy-related constraints. Privacy patterns defined for different aspects of the software engineering process promise to be a useful concept for this task. In this situation, it seems valuable to characterize the state of the research related to privacy patterns.Objective: To identify, characterize and classify the contributions made by published research results related to patterns in the context of considering privacy concerns in engineering software. Method: A literature review in form of a mapping study of scientific articles was performed. The resulting map structures the relevant body of work into multiple dimensions, illustrating research focuses and gaps.Results: Results show that empirical evidence in this field is scarce and that holistic approaches to engineering privacy into software based on patterns are lacking. This potentially hinders industrial adoption.Conclusion: Based on these results, we recommend to empirically validate existing privacy patterns, to consolidate them in pattern catalogues and languages, and to move towards seamless approaches from engineering privacy requirements to implementation.

  • 47.
    Lenhard, Jörg
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Mathematics and Computer Science (from 2013). Karlstad University.
    Hassan, Mohammad Mahdi
    Blom, Martin
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Mathematics and Computer Science (from 2013). Karlstad University, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Communication and IT, Department of Computer Science.
    Herold, Sebastian
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Mathematics and Computer Science (from 2013).
    Are Code Smell Detection Tools Suitable For Detecting Architecture Degradation?2017In: ECSA '17 Proceedings of the 11th European Conference on Software Architecture: Companion Proceedings, Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), 2017, p. 138-144Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Context: Several studies suggest that there is a relation between code smells and architecture degradation. They claim that classes, which have degraded architecture-wise, can be detected on the basis of code smells, at least if these are manually identiÿed in the source code.

    Objective: To evaluate the suitability of contemporary code smell detection tools by combining different smell categories for ÿnding classes that show symptoms of architecture degradation.

    Method: A case study is performed in which architectural in-consistencies in an open source system are detected via reflexion modeling and code smell metrics are collected through several tools. Using data mining techniques, we investigate if it is possible to auto-matically and accurately classify classes connected to architectural inconsistencies based on the gathered code smell data.

    Results: Results suggest that existing code smell detection techniques, as implemented in contemporary tools, are not sufficiently accurate for classifying whether a class contains architectural in-consistencies, even when combining categories of code smells.

    Conclusion: It seems that current automated code smell detection techniques require ÿne-tuning for a speciÿc system if they are to be used for ÿnding classes with architectural inconsistencies. More research on architecture violation causes is needed to build more accurate detection techniques that work out-of-the-box.

  • 48. Mair, Matthias
    et al.
    Herold, Sebastian
    Clausthal University of Technology.
    Towards Extensive Software Architecture Erosion Repairs2013In: Software Architecture: 7th European Conference, ECSA 2013, Montpellier, France, July 1-5, 2013. Proceedings / [ed] Drira, Khalil, Springer , 2013, p. 299-306Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 49. Mair, Matthias
    et al.
    Herold, Sebastian
    Clausthal University of Technology.
    Rausch, Andreas
    Towards flexible automated software architecture erosion diagnosis and treatment2014In: WICSA '14 Companion Proceedings of the WICSA 2014: Companion Volume, Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), 2014Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 50.
    Maqbool, Bilal
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Mathematics and Computer Science (from 2013).
    Herold, Sebastian
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Mathematics and Computer Science (from 2013).
    Challenges in Developing Software for the Swedish Healthcare Sector2021In: Proceedings of the 14th International Joint Conference on Biomedical Engineering Systems and Technologies - Volume 5 HEALTHINF, Austria, February 11-13, 2021, Portugal: SciTePress, 2021, Vol. 5, p. 175-187Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Context: High-quality software is essential to the progressing digitalisation of the Swedish healthcare sector. Developing software with the desired high quality is far from trivial due to the sophisticated requirements of the domain.

    Problem: Studies on healthcare digitalisation challenges in Sweden and other countries, however, largely focus on the perceptions of healthcare professionals and patients and less on opinions of IT professionals.

    Method: In this exploratory study, we conducted semi-structured interviews with nine IT professionals about observed challenges in developing software for the Swedish healthcare sector. A qualitative analysis was performed to identify common themes.

    Results: We identified the prevalent challenges to be related to data integrity, privacy and security, rules and regulations, engineering usability, and software testing.

    Conclusion: The results suggest that further research is required regarding agile methods, efficient requirement engineering, and testing in eHealth as well as in privacy and usability engineering. 

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