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  • 1.
    Bergstrom, Jens
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics.
    Burman, Christer
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics.
    Svensson, Jonas
    Atlas Copco Rock Drills AB, Klerkgatan 21, SE-70225 Orebro, Sweden..
    Jansson, Andreas
    Atlas Copco Rock Drills AB, Klerkgatan 21, SE-70225 Orebro, Sweden..
    Ivansson, Charlotta
    Atlas Copco Rock Drills AB, Klerkgatan 21, SE-70225 Orebro, Sweden..
    Zhou, Jing
    Atlas Copco Rock Drills AB, Klerkgatan 21, SE-70225 Orebro, Sweden..
    Valizadeh, Sima
    Atlas Copco Rock Drills AB, Klerkgatan 21, SE-70225 Orebro, Sweden..
    Very High Cycle Fatigue of Two Ductile Iron Grades2016In: Steel Research International, ISSN 1611-3683, E-ISSN 1869-344X, Vol. 87, no 5, p. 614-621Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Two ductile iron grades, EN-GJS-600-3 a ferritic-pearlitic grade, and EN-GJS-600-10 a silicon strengthened ferritic nodular iron grade, are studied in the very high cycle fatigue range using a 20kHz ultrasonic test equipment. Fatigue strengths and SN-curves are achieved, and fracture surfaces and microstructures are investigated. The ferritic grade with higher ductility displays a lower fatigue strength at 10(8) load cycles than the ferritic-pearlitic grade, 142 and 167MPa, respectively. Examination of fracture surfaces shows that fatigue failures are controlled by micropores in both of the ductile iron grades, while the graphite nodule distributions do not seem to influence the difference in fatigue strengths. Prediction of the fatigue strengths, using a model for ductile iron proposed by Endo and Yanase, indicates a large potential for improvement in particular for the ferritic grade.

  • 2.
    Bergström, Jens
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Materials Science. Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
    Burman, Christer
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Materials Science. Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
    Simulation of Heat Checking in Die Casting1998Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 3.
    Bergström, Jens
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Materials Science. Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
    Burman, Christer
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Materials Science. Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
    Persson, A
    Experimental simulation of heat checking using H13 tool steel2001Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 4.
    Bergström, Jens
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
    Kazymyrovych, Vitaliy
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
    Burman, Christer
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
    Ekengren, Jens
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
    Test specimen geometry, stress calculation and mean stress in 20kHz testing in the very long fatigue life region2011In: VHCF5 5thInternational Conference on Very High Cycle Fatigue / [ed] Christina Berger, Hans-Jurgen Christ, Berlin: Deutcher Verband fur Materialforschung und prufung , 2011, p. 315-320Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 5. Bergström, U.
    et al.
    Burman, Christer
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Materials Science. Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
    Försämrad varmhållfasthet vid långa sintringstider för Si3N4 med Y2O3-tillsats1978Report (Other academic)
  • 6.
    Burman, Christer
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Materials Science. Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
    A study of plasma sprayed FeCrAlY Coatings1984Licentiate thesis, monograph (Other academic)
  • 7.
    Burman, Christer
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Materials Science. Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
    Brottseghets- och Lågcykelutmattningsegenskaper hos PM 12% Cr-stål1991Report (Other academic)
  • 8.
    Burman, Christer
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Materials Science. Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
    Properties of Plasma Sprayed FeCrAlY Coatings on High Temperature Alloys1986Doctoral thesis, monograph (Other academic)
  • 9.
    Burman, Christer
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Materials Science. Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
    Ericsson, T.
    A study of plasma sprayed FeCrAlY coatings after various posttreatments1983Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 10.
    Burman, Christer
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Materials Science. Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
    Ericsson, T.
    Fe-Cr-Al-Y Coatings for High-Temperature Corrosion Protection1986Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 11.
    Burman, Christer
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Materials Science. Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
    Ericsson, T.
    Mechanical properties of plasma sprayed and posttreated FeCrAlY coatings1983Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 12.
    Burman, Christer
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Materials Science. Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
    Ericsson, T.
    Residual Stress Measurement in Advanced Ceramics1989In: S. Denis (ED) Residual Stresses, Elsevier Applied ScienceArticle in journal (Refereed)
  • 13.
    Burman, Christer
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Materials Science. Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
    Ericsson, T.
    Kvernes, I.
    Lindblom, Y.
    A Comparison Between Different Compounds Improving Corrosion Protection of FeCrAlY Coatings on Superalloys1988In: Proc 15th Conf on Metallurgical Coatings, San Diego 1988Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 14.
    Burman, Christer
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Materials Science. Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
    Ericsson, T.
    Kvernes, I.
    Lindblom, Y.
    Coatings with lenticular oxides preventing interdiffusion1987In: Surface and Coatings Technology, 32 (1987)Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 15.
    Chai, Guocai
    et al.
    Linköping University, Sweden.
    Bergström, Jens
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics (from 2013).
    Burman, Christer
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics (from 2013).
    Crack Initiation in Bulk Matrix of Austenitic Stainless Steel during Very High Cycle Fatigue2023In: Materials Performance and Characterization, ISSN 2379-1365, E-ISSN 2165-3992, Vol. 12, no 2Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In the very high cycle fatigue regime, fatigue crack initiation in high-strength steels is usually correlated to a subsurface inclusion with a fine granular area (FGA). Localized stress-strain concentration at the subsurface inclusion is a critical factor. Fatigue crack initiation with an FGA in the bulk matrix without any defect has rarely been reported. In this paper, a fundamental study on the formation of FGAs in the bulk matrix of an austenitic stainless steel has been carried out using a progressive stepwise load-increasing test with a cycle step of about 108 cycles. FGA formation in the subsurface bulk matrix has been observed. The micro structural damage in the fatigue-tested specimens has been studied using the electron channeling contrast imaging electron microscopy technique. Strain localization and grain fragmentation are the main processes for the formation of FGAs. Local plasticity exhaustion leads to crack initiation due to local stress concentrations. This method can also be used to predict the fatigue damage process, especially the damage rate in individual specimens.

  • 16.
    Chai, Guocai
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet; Sandvik Materials Technology, Sweden.
    Bergström, Jens
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics (from 2013).
    Burman, Christer
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics (from 2013).
    Formation of fine granular area in a non-defect matrix of austenitic stainless steel during very high cycle fatigue2023In: Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures, ISSN 8756-758X, E-ISSN 1460-2695, Vol. 46, no 6, p. 2364-2373Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A fine granular area, FGA, is a typical phenomenon observed at the very high cycle fatigue fracture crack origin with a subsurface defect in the material. The FGA has been widely investigated, and different mechanisms have been proposed. In this paper, the formation of FGA in a non-defect matrix of one austenitic steel during very high cycle fatigue was studied using a progressive stepwise load-increasing method and electron scanning microscopy/electron channeling contrast imaging (ECCI) technique. A nano rough surface area or FGA at the fatigue crack origin has been observed in the subsurface matrix without any defect. It is a new phenomenon. A mechanism was proposed using the dislocation plasticity theory. The formation of FGA in a non-defect matrix is a localized plasticity exhausting process by strain localization, grain fragmentation, stress concentration and nano crack initiation and propagation along low-angle grain boundaries. 

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  • 17.
    Ekengren, Jens
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Enineering.
    Kazymyrovych, Vitaliy
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Enineering.
    Burman, Christer
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Enineering.
    Bergström, Jens
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Enineering.
    Relating gigacycle fatigue to other methods in evaluating the inclusion distribution of a H13 tool steel2007In: Fourth International Conference on Very High Cycle Fatigue (VHCF-4) / [ed] John E. Allison, J. Wayne Jones, James M. Larsen & Robert O. Ritchie, TMS (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society) , 2007, p. 45-50Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Inclusions play a crucial role for the fatigue properties of high strength steel, but to find the largest inclusions by microscopy measurements large areas have to be examined.In this study ultrasonic gigacycle staircase fatigue testing has been used to find large inclusions in an H13 tool steel. The inclusions have been examined in SEM and their size distribution modeled using methods from extreme value statistics. The inclusion distribution obtained from the fatigue crack surfaces is compared to distributions acquired by microscopy study of cross sections as well as ultrasound immersion tank measurements and to the corresponding staircase fatigue data via the Murakami √Area model.It is shown that the fatigue method more effectively finds large inclusions than the other methods. It is also shown that the correlation between predictions of inclusion sizes by the √Area model from stress levels and fatigue initiating inclusions is weak forthis material.

  • 18.
    Ekengren, Jens
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Materials Science. Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
    Kazymyrovych, Vitaliy
    Burman, Christer
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Materials Science. Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
    Bergström, Jens
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Materials Science. Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
    RELATING GIGACYCLE FATIGUE TO OTHER METHODS IN EVALUATING THE INCLUSION DISTRIBUTION OF A H13 TOOL STEEL2007Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Inclusions play a crucial role for the fatigue properties of high strength steel, but to find the

    largest inclusions by microscopy measurements large areas have to be examined. In this study ultrasonic gigacycle staircase fatigue testing has been used to find large inclusions in an H13 tool steel. The inclusions have been examined in SEM and their size

    distribution modeled using methods from extreme value statistics. The inclusion distribution obtained from the fatigue crack surfaces is compared to distributions acquired by microscopy study of cross sections as well as ultrasound immersion tank measurements and to the corresponding staircase fatigue data via the Murakami \sqrt{Area} model. It is shown that the fatigue method more effectively finds large inclusions than the other methods. It is also shown that the correlation between predictions of inclusion sizes by the \sqrt{Area} model from stress levels and fatigue initiating inclusions is weak for this material

  • 19.
    Kazymyrovych, Vitaliy
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Enineering.
    Bergström, Jens
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Enineering.
    Burman, Christer
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Enineering.
    The Significance of Crack Initiation Stage in Very High Cycle Fatigue of Steels2010In: Steel Research International, ISSN 1869-344X, Vol. 81, no 4, p. 308-314Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 20. Kazymyrovych, Vitaliy
    et al.
    Ekengren, Jens
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Materials Science. Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
    Bergström, Jens
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Materials Science. Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
    Burman, Christer
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Materials Science. Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
    Evaluation of the Giga-cycle fatigue strength crack initiation and growth in high strength H13 tool steel2007Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 21. Persson, A.
    et al.
    Bergström, Jens
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Materials Science. Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
    Burman, Christer
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Materials Science. Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
    Evaluation of heat checking damage in die casting1999Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 22. Persson, A
    et al.
    Bergström, Jens
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Materials Science. Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
    Burman, Christer
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Materials Science. Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
    Hogmark, S
    Experimental Investigation n thermal fatigue of a surface engineered hot work tool steel2001Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 23. Persson, A
    et al.
    Bergström, Jens
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Materials Science. Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
    Burman, Christer
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Materials Science. Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
    Hogmark, S
    Influence of deposotion temperature and time during PVD coating of CrN on corrosive wear in liquid aluminium2001In: Surface and coatings Technology, 146-147, 2001, 42Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 24.
    Sadek, Mohamed
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics (from 2013).
    Bergström, Jens
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics (from 2013).
    Hallbäck, Nils
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics (from 2013).
    Burman, Christer
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics (from 2013).
    20 kHz 3-point bending fatigue of automotive steels2018In: MATEC Web of Conferences, EDP Sciences, 2018, Vol. 165, p. 1-7, article id 22020Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The 20 kHz load frequency enables fatigue tests for very high cycle fatigue life, 109-1013 cycles, within conveniently short time. In automotive applications, many components are subjected to flexural loading and hence bending fatigue is an important test mode. Ultrasound fatigue test instruments have been used successfully in several assessments of fatigue strength and more commonly in uniaxial loading. Here, a 3-point bending fatigue test rig operating in resonance at 20 kHz load frequency has been designed to test plane specimens at R=0.1 loading. The test rig design and stress calculations are presented. Testing for fatigue strength was conducted using the staircase method with 15 specimens of each steel grade, specimens reaching 108 cycles were considered run-outs giving fatigue strength at 108 cycles. Additional 15 specimens of each grade were tested for S-N curves with the upper limit above 109 cycles. Two different common automotive steels, 38MnSiV5, a micro-alloyed ferritic-pearlitic steel, and 16MnCr5, a carburizing martensitic steel, were tested. The fatigue strengths achieved from the staircase testing are 340 and 419 MPa stress amplitudes for the 38MnSiV5 and 16MnCr5 steels, respectively. The S-N curves of the steels appear to be quite flat in the tested life range 107 - 109.

  • 25.
    Sadek, Mohamed
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics (from 2013).
    Bergström, Jens
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics (from 2013).
    Hallbäck, Nils
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics (from 2013).
    Burman, Christer
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics (from 2013).
    Computation of and testing crack growth at 20 kHz load frequency2016In: 21ST EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON FRACTURE, (ECF21) / [ed] F. Iacoviello, L. Susmel, D. Firrao, G. Ferro,, Elsevier, 2016, p. 1164-1172Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Fatigue properties are evaluated in a large span of fatigue lives ranging from a few load cycles to more than 1013 load cycles. If the interest is focused on fatigue lives above 10(7) load cycles, we speak of the very high cycle fatigue (VHCF) range. For evaluation of properties in the VHCF range one often needs to use higher load frequencies to be able to perform testing within a reasonable time. Therefore, the influence of load frequency on fatigue strength and fatigue crack growth is an important issue, both from testing and design perspectives. Within an EU-RFCS research project on the frequency influence on high strength steel fatigue properties the present study has been conducted on fatigue crack growth testing to determine threshold values and crack growth material parameters. The testing was analyzed by FE-computation to determine geometry factors for AK-determination. The testing was performed in a 20 kHz ultrasound resonance instrument. In such a system the whole load train needs to be designed to run at a resonance frequency of 20 kHz, and it implies that the specimen needs to be designed and computations performed by dynamic computational methods. As the crack grows the dynamic response of the specimen will change, and hence calculation to obtain the geometry factor is made with a progressing crack length. A uniaxial tensile load at 20 kHz frequency is applied to a single edged notched side-grooved flat specimen. The specimen dimensions are calculated in order to have a resonance frequency of 20 kHz, which is the frequency used for the experiments. Dynamic FEM computation, with a 3D-model and a quarter symmetry was used with one of the symmetry planes parallel to and in the crack growth line. To avoid crack surface interpenetration during the simulations a rigid thin sheet was introduced and used as a counter-face to the crack surface. The solution obtained was then combined with the breathing crack model proposed by Chati et. al. (1997) in order to solve for the irregularities observed when crack surface interpenetration occurs. Finally, the whole load train was considered. Thus, also the computed frequencies were very close to frequencies observed in experiments. The computation of stress intensities was made for varying crack lengths in a series of simulations. The geometry factor relation was determined and used in 20 kHz crack growth testing to control the actual stress intensity at the advancing crack tip. Comparison of computations and experimental results were made.

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  • 26.
    Sadek, Mohamed
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics (from 2013).
    Bergström, Jens
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics (from 2013).
    Hallbäck, Nils
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics (from 2013).
    Burman, Christer
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics (from 2013).
    Crack growth rates and mechanisms in 20 kHz FCP testing of automotive steels2019In: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on the Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, 2019, Melbourne: ICM13 conference proceeding , 2019, , p. 10Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    During the past decades, Very High Cycle Fatigue (VHCF) research has developed into an active and prioritized research area. An increased interest in testing up to 107-1010 load cycles, realized within a reasonably short amount of time, has been enabled by the development of 20-30 kHz ultrasonic fatigue testing equipment. Here, a study is presented on fatigue crack propagation at 20 kHz of three different automotive steels tested at R=-1 and R=-0.24 load ratios. However, the high load rates provokes new challenges, as theoretically finding the best practice method to compute the stress intensity factor considering 20 kHz dynamic effects (inertia forces and damping). Calibrating the fatigue load system, monitoring, controlling and performing precise measurements of the growing crack during the tests are some examples of experimental challenges encountered. Here, a best practice method for computing the stress intensity factor is presented together with a complete 20 kHz fatigue crack growth testing procedure.Three different bar steel grades have been tested; a ferritic-pearlitic, a quenched and tempered martensitic and a carburizing steel grade. Crack propagation test results differentiated between the three steel grades and were depending on load ratio R. The obtained test results at 20 kHz were found to agree with results of the same steel grades tested at conventionally used load frequencies. The SEM fractography analysis revealed ductile transgranular crack propagation mechanisms, also this in agreement with the same steel grades tested at lower frequencies.

  • 27.
    Sadek, Mohamed
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics (from 2013).
    Bergström, Jens
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics (from 2013).
    Hallbäck, Nils
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics (from 2013).
    Burman, Christer
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics (from 2013).
    Elvira, Roberto
    SIDENOR, ESP.
    Escauriaza, Borja
    SIDENOR, ESP.
    Fatigue Strength and Fracture Mechanisms in the Very-High-Cycle-Fatigue Regime of Automotive Steels2020In: Steel Research International, ISSN 1611-3683, E-ISSN 1869-344X, Vol. 91, no 8, article id 2000060Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Very-high-cycle-fatigue (VHCF) strength properties are of interest to several technical applications assessed globally at different laboratories with long-life fatigue testing capabilities. Also, VHCF failure mechanisms are a scientific topic with remaining open research questions. Herein, three automotive bar grade steels are studied with respect to VHCF strength and initiation mechanisms. A microalloyed ferritic-pearlitic steel (38MnSiV5, 870 MPa tensile strength), a quenched and tempered martensitic steel (50CrV4, 1410 MPa tensile strength), and a carburizing steel (16MnCr5, 1180 MPa core structure tensile strength) are studied to reveal characteristics regarding initiation and VHCF failure mechanisms. A 20 kHz ultrasonic fatigue testing instrument is used to obtain fatigue lives up to and above 10(9) load cycles in uniaxial loading. Hour-glass specimens, smooth or notched, are tested at R = -1 and R = 0.1. Fatigue strength and stress life (SN)-diagram data are achieved, and crack initiation and growth mechanisms are studied using primarily field-emission gun-scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM). Fatigue strengths are explained by a modified life-dependent Murakami-expression, the Haigh diagram, and notch sensitivity. Interior and surface crack initiations by surface defects, triple points, and inclusions are found. The fine granular area (FGA) to fish-eye crack growth transition conditions are explored and schematic descriptions are given.

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  • 28.
    Tofique, Muhammad Waqas
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics (from 2013).
    Bergström, Jens
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics (from 2013).
    Burman, Christer
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics (from 2013).
    Very high cycle fatigue crack initiation mechanisms in different engineering alloys2016In: 21ST EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON FRACTURE, (ECF21) / [ed] F. Iacoviello, L. Susmel, D. Firrao, G. Ferro,, Elsevier, 2016, p. 1181-1190Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The fatigue crack initiation mechanisms prevalent in high strength martensitic steel grades, hot rolled plate duplex stainless steels, cold rolled strip duplex stainless steel and a super alloy grade were compared. The fatigue testing of all the grades was conducted in the VHCF regime using an ultrasonic fatigue testing equipment operating at 20 kHz. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations of the fracture surfaces revealed the presence of a microstructure controlled initial growth of short fatigue cracks in all the tested grades. Fracture surfaces of the failed specimens of a high strength martensitic steel grade revealed the typical fine granular area (FGA) within the fish-eye area around the internal inclusions. Fatigue crack initiation in the cold rolled strip duplex stainless steel grade occurred at surface defects left over by the cold rolling process of this grade. However, the presence of FGA around the surface crack initiating defect was observed similar to the internal crack initiations in the high strength martensitic steels. By mapping the FGA size development during VHCF loading, as obtained from fracture surfaces, FGA growth results were obtained. A similar study on hot rolled plate duplex stainless steel grades, 2304 SRG and LDX 2101, revealed the presence of an initial crystallographic growth region (CGR) in which crack growth direction is changed by microstructural barriers such as phase and grain boundaries. The early plastic fatigue damage accumulation occurred predominantly in one phase or at the austenite-ferrite phase boundaries. On the other hand, an initial transcrystalline fatigue crack growth was observed in the Ni-based super alloy grade Inconel 718.

  • 29.
    Tofique, Muhammad Waqas
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics.
    Bergström, Jens
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering. Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Materials Science.
    Burman, Christer
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics.
    Hallbäck, Nils
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science.
    Gåård, Anders
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Materials Science. Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
    Fatigue strength, crack initiation, and localized plastic fatigue damage in VHCF of duplex stainless steels2016In: Steel Research International, ISSN 1611-3683, E-ISSN 1869-344X, Vol. 87, no 7, p. 899-910Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The fatigue strength of two-duplex stainless steel grades, 2304 SRG and LDX 2101, with austenitic–ferritic microstructure is tested using ultrasonic fatigue testing equipment operating at 20 kHz. The testing is conducted in tension-compression mode with the load ratio R=-1. The fatigue strength is evaluated at 107, 108, and 109 load cycles and the estimates of fatigue strength are higher for the LDX 2101 grade. The fatigue crack initiation mechanisms are analyzed using a scanning electron microscope. The fatigue cracks, in all cases, appear to initiate due to accumulation of plastic fatigue damage at the surface. In the 2304 SRG grade, accumulation of fatigue damage occurs at the external surface of fatigued specimens in the form of extrusions at the grain/phase boundaries and in the form of individual slip lines in the austenite phase. Meanwhile, in the LDX 2101 grade accumulation of plastic fatigue damage in the form of extrusions and intrusions occurs mainly within the ferrite grain. When the crack is microstructurally short, the crack growth appears to be crystallographic in nature and the crack appears to change its direction propagating from one grain into another.

  • 30.
    Tofique, Muhammad Waqas
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics (from 2013).
    Bergström, Jens
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics (from 2013).
    Hallbäck, Nils
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics (from 2013).
    Burman, Christer
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics (from 2013).
    Fatigue initiation and strength of duplex stainless steel strip specimens in the very high cycle fatigue regime2014In: Very high cycle fatigue 6 (VHCF6), 2014Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Fatigue studies of cold-rolled duplex stainless strip steel were performed in the very high cycle fatigue life region. The duplex austenitic-ferritic microstructure gives this grade a combination of high mechanical strength and high corrosion resistance. Fatigue properties of thin steel strips are particular due to cold rolling introducing a very fine microstructure. Crack initiation and fatigue strength are controlled by steel microstructure and alloying. The initiation and growth of the very short initial fatigue crack in very high cycle fatigue are unclear and subject to different descriptions. Fatigue test data of thin strip specimens at very high fatigue lives are scarce due to testing difficulties. For practical reasons testing must be performed at ultrasound test frequencies which involves fixturing problems. A test setup including the load chain ultrasonic horn, fixture and specimen was designed for resonance with a horse-shoe design of a screw fixture. The design of the horse-shoe fixture and the specimens along with FEM calculation of eigenfrequency are presented. Fatigue testing was performed at 20 kHz in R=-1 conditions up to fatigue life of 107 to 5*109 cycles. Fatigue strength was tested and crack initiation was studied on the fracture surface using FEG-SEM at the initiation site.

  • 31.
    Wang, Yu
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Enineering.
    Bergström, Jens
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Materials Science. Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Enineering.
    Burman, Christer
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Materials Science. Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Enineering.
    Thermal fatigue behavior of an iron-based laser sintered material2009In: Materials Science & Engineering: A, ISSN 0921-5093, E-ISSN 1873-4936, Vol. 513-514, no 15 july, p. 64-71Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 32.
    Wang, Yu
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Enineering.
    Bergström, Jens
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Enineering.
    Burman, Christer
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Enineering.
    Thermal fatigue behaviour of an iron-based laser sintered material2009In: Materials Science & Engineering: A, ISSN 0921-5093, E-ISSN 1873-4936, Vol. 513-514, p. 67-71Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Direct metal laser sintering is a rapid manufacturing technique to make intricate and near net-shaped parts. An iron-based laser sintered metal was studied to evaluate its thermal fatigue properties. The test was performed using cylindrical specimens in a high power induction heating system equipped with a laser strain gauge for a contactless surface strain measurement. Initiation of thermal fatigue cracks occurred preferentially at pores and layer interfaces, while propagation of cracks followed along phase boundaries and thin inter-dendritic phases and showed an inter-granular fracture. By using the fundamental Fourier equation for heat conduction, the temperature cycle was modeled and calculated. A thermo elastic ideal plastic model was used to deduce the thermal stress based on surface strain experimentally measured. Finally, the temperature distribution, thermal stresses and mechanical strains were discussed with respect to thermal fatigue damage.

1 - 32 of 32
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