This is the first major quantitative study of how teachers at the compulsory school look at the subject of History and its conditions. The article focuses on elements of the survey related to the content of teaching and how teachers perceive the conditions for the intercultural mission of the subject. The historical content in the form of selected time periods and geographic focus forms a clear canon: in grades 1–3 local history and Swedish history, in 4–6 Swedish and Nordic history, and in 7–9 Western European history with global, but mainly Eurocentric, outlooks. In terms of students’ skills to interpret history they encounter the result is to some extent contradictory. Empathy and critical thinking are highly valued but the actual work to develop these abilities is of lesser importance. Instead, storytelling is stressed as the major form of education. Teachers in grades 7–9 emphasize that long lines of development are important in their teaching. History’s orienting function leans more to the future and contemporary perspectives in grades 7–9, while students’ perspective on their own historical background ranked highest in 1–3 and 4–6. Future and contemporary issues are highlighted as a pattern in which racism and xenophobia become more important in higher grades while environmental issues decrease in importance. Multiculturalism and diversity issues occupy an intermediate position in this context but are perceived as important by teachers on all levels. An overall conclusion is that in the tension that exists between the traditions of the subject and an external pressure for change teachers need support to deal with the intercultural perspective.

This is a mainly conceptual and argumentative article which presents a model for enquiry-based teaching (Swedish acronym FDU - frågedrivenundervisning). The purpose is to suggest and discuss how enquiry-based teaching can contribute to organising qualified subject teaching in history, religious education and social studies. This is dealt with through two sections. The first section presents a structure for enquiry-based teaching through tested teaching designs in the three subjects, and the second section discusses certain qualities of enquiry-based teaching that we argue should be maintained. Based on actual teaching and teachers' experiences of designing enquiry-based teaching, the article positions FDU as a subject didactic teaching model. Hordern's (2022) framework for normative knowledge practices forms the theoretical starting point for discussing FDU as a subject didactic model that can help teachers in designing, planning, implementing and evaluating qualified subject teaching.The article argues that FDU can be regarded as a normative knowledge practice that is characterised by the qualities of being enquiry-based, prospective, consistent, assessment-oriented, and continuous. 

This paper will present an ongoing research project in a Swedish national programme for cooperation between schools and universities (www.kau.se/ulf ). The aim is to provide knowledge regarding how teachers plan and prepare lessons (PaP) in different subjects so that those techniques can be modelled. Further, by comparing different subjects, we will also learn more about the way in which disciplinary boundaries affect the planning process. RQ: How does collegial cooperation affect the practice and the quality of teacher planning and preparation? PaP is vital for high-quality in teaching and thus for student learning (Hattie, 2008; Mertens et al., 2010). Nevertheless, the infrastructure to support PaP is often poorly developed. In Sweden, as in many other countries, PaP is mainly the responsibility of individual teachers, disconnected from the local school organisation (Darling-Hammond & Rothman, 2011; Ellegård & Vrotsou, 2013; OECD, 2020). Indications of deficiencies in such infrastructures include fragmentation of time for planning, absence of functional collaborative settings, lack of routines and relevant input of new knowledge (Nordgren et al.,2019). This project bring together the fields of subject didactic (e.g. Hudson, 2016) and school development (e.g. Jarl, Blossing, & Andersson, 2017). We argue that PaP is a key to school development and that subject specific knowledge and skills associated with good PaP should be at the centre of teacher professional development (cf. Carlgren, 1999; Deng, 2018) to meet the challenges having creativity, literacy, and critical thinking as central aspects of teaching.In our presentation we will discuss how possibilities and restrains in the collegial setting affect the subject-oriented planning teams. We draw on data from planning team meetings (audio recordings, planning documents, etc.). Subject specific, as well as generic variation in the planning teams’ activity enhance our knowledge on how such designated communities can support PaP.

This article explores an underlying tension between two understandings of historical consciousness. On one hand, the concept is often perceived as a specific ability to historicize the world and thus appears as a modern cultural achievement. On the other hand, it is also conceptualized as an anthropological universal as the ability to make sense out of time seems to be a basic feature in all human societies. The basic aim here is to analyse both positions as theoretical constructs with implications for educational research and curriculum making. In order to frame how these ontological positions on historical consciousness have consequences at an operational level, the Goertz framework for complex concepts is used. This framework is applied to two previous studies that explored students’ historical consciousness. The methodical assumption is that both the studies serve as exemplary indicators for the two different positions. My analysis of the studies shows how their conceptualization of historical consciousness restricts how they define their research interests. In the concluding part of this article, the analysis is used as a stepping stone to a broad and normative discussion on how historical consciousness could influence history education

This chapter aims to discuss history curricula as educational projects in the Anthropocene epoch. Human activity significantly influences the Earth's climate and ecosystem. A lively discussion has debated how this insight should affect school and teaching, often focusing on sustainable development and interdisciplinary projects. In this article, I discuss the conditions of a history curriculum in the Anthropocene era. As a school subject, history is formed around a specialized body of procedural and conceptual knowledge. Possibly, history teaching could contribute a historical gaze on the Anthropocene—as a predicament that is complex but possible to understand. However, such an educational ambition would challenge the subject's traditional epistemology. A historical outlook from the Anthropocene points toward new temporal divisions and new ways of understanding historical significance. From a curricular perspective, the question of how to story the Anthropocene is related to teaching strategies and historical master narratives.

This article centers on a theoretical discussion of how use of history can be addressed as a distinct concept, analytically and pedagogically. The point of departure is the field of history education research in the Nordic countries where the concept has become a term to denote the space of action between historical consciousness and historical culture. The concept is introduced and the relationship between “history” and “use” is investigated further from a phenomenological perspective. Use of history is conceptualized as how people actively use the historical culture available to them. Through communication, they explain, build, and transform identities and societies. It is also suggested that use of history is a 3rd aim for history education. In addition to supporting students’ content knowledge and abilities to think historically, this article advocates the need to identify and analyze the role and function of history in contemporary life as an aspect of learning histor

In this chapter, I use the metaphor of a 45-degree pedagogical discourse to explore powerful knowledge as a relational concept. I discuss the need for history teaching to interrelate vertical knowledge discourses dynamically and systematically with the horizontal discourses of students’ life-worlds and the political world of public life. This relational understanding is not based on an idea of two equal knowledge systems. As Bernstein (1999) pointed out, these two systems do not fit within a shared hierarchy, because they apply to different dimensions. I would agree with Young and Muller that public education has a specific responsibility to give students access to vertical knowledge discourses, as there are no other institutions where this is done. However, knowledge for its own sake is not an accessible basis for building a curriculum and such a position will inevitably be transmuted into a neoconservative anti-intellectualism. Schools need a principled idea of what constitutes powerful knowledge, but educationalists must also ask the question: ‘powerful for what?’.

This article theorizes on the role of school subjects, especially history, in multicultural and intercultural education, arguing that to ensure intercultural learning there is a need to integrate these curricular intentions in subject teaching. However, the epistemological reorganization that such integration involves will challenge both a traditional structured content knowledge, and the multicultural research focused on deconstructing these traditions. This article investigates Michael Young’s concept of ‘powerful knowledge’ as a way to incorporate knowledge in the discourses of intercultural education. While proponents of the intercultural perspective emphasise educational policies and socialisation, advocates of powerful knowledge tend to dismiss such political interference. In order to use powerful knowledge in this context the concept is reconceptualised by relating it to curriculum theory and Gert Biesta’s conceptual distinction between educational purposes. Finally, this intersection is pursued through the example of history education. When acknowledging that societal needs, policy and disciplinary boundaries are interrelated, the perspective of ‘powerful knowledge’ can bring the potential of subject knowledge to intercultural research, and thus prove useful in identifying the guidelines necessary to develop History as a contemporary relevant subject.

Humanity’s ecological footprint has come to threaten the earth’s planetary system. Exponential population growth, energy consumption and mass production have led to critical tipping points that endanger central ecological systems. Processes already initiated will continue to harm life on earth beyond the foreseeable future. To reduce the human impact on the environment, profound lifestyle alterations are necessary. Thus, crisis awareness must go beyond the present and take root in our historical consciousness; crisis is temporary, but learning to live with the consequences will be long term. Nonetheless, history education continues to be arranged around the same anthropocentric and methodological nationalism that dominated modern historicism

The ongoing discussion about what constitutes historical consciousness is intensifying within the growing international community of history-education researchers. What started as an exploration of how life outside schools affects our historical thinking has become a key concept for structuring formal education. This shift has largely been positive; however, there are reasons for caution. If practical adaption means outlining, classifying, and measuring levels of achieved awareness, it also presents a risk of losing the initial reason for considering the wider influence on our perceptions and orientations. My reflection in this article concerns this paradox and how it can affect a complementary concept, use of history. Using examples from everyday historical representations in public life, namely song lyrics, the BLM, and Sweden’s approach to Covid 19, I demonstrate why history education requires a broad understanding of historical consciousness and a readiness to work with public uses of history.

Föreliggande rapport redovisar resultat från en enkätstudie som riktades till rektorer på grundskola och gymnasium. Undersökningen genomfördes under hösten 2019 inom ramen för ULF (Utbildning, Lärande, Forskning), som är en nationell försöksverksamhet. Målet med försöksverksamheten är att utveckla och pröva hållbara samverkansmodeller mellan akademi och skola vad gäller forskning, skolverksamhet och lärarutbildning.

Enkätstudien syftar till att undersöka om kollegial samverkan runt planering och efterarbete kan utgöra en grund för skolutveckling och forskningssamverkan mellan skola och akademi. Enkäten efterfrågade även hur rektorer ser på forskningens roll i skolan. I rapporten sätts resultat från rektorsenkäten även i relation till en lärarenkät genomförd 2018 (Nordgren et al., 2019).

Våra studier visar att kollegial samplanering runt undervisning skulle kunna vara central för en samverkan om forskning och utveckling. Resultaten påvisar emellertid stora skillnader mellan hur rektorer och lärare uppfattar villkoren för, och organisationen av utvecklingsarbetet runt undervisning.  Ett annat centralt resultat är att rektorer och lärare visar sig intresserade av forskning och samverkan mellan skola och akademi, men båda grupperna ger uttryck för att deras villkor att systematiskt utveckla sin verksamhet är begränsade.

Denna rapport ger ett omfattande och rikt underlag för lärare, rektorer, forskare och skolpolitiker att reflektera över vilka strategier som kan vara långsiktiga och hållbara för att understödja en skola på vetenskaplig grund.

Planning and preparation (PaP) are vital for high-quality teaching and thus for student learning. Nevertheless, the infrastructure to support teachers' PaP is often poorly developed. This project brings together the fields of subject didactic and school development in order to investigate PaP as part of an organised infrastructure and as qualified activity. We focus how infrastructure can be organised to support PaP in sustainable ways for professional development, efficient for transforming knowledge into relevant teaching activities, and is systematic and dialogic in its formative approach. The aim is to develop knowledge about a didactical collegial practice as well as about its role in the local school infrastructure. Our research-based hypothesis is that teachers PaP benefit from a collegial collaboration (Darling-Hammond et al., 2017) and that the implementation of such a designated work needs the local school management's active support (Jarl et al., 2017). We have followed the commencement and implementation of twelve subject-based planning teams (audio recorded meetings; documents). A modified version of the Tyler-model (Tyler, 1950), and tools from legitimation code theory (Maton, 2014) frames the analysis. The contribution to the fields of subject didactics bridge the knowledge gap about PaP qualities and competencies. It is likewise important for school improvement, as there is a parallel gap about leading PaP as a strategy for improvement. This knowledge is vital for improving school-reform programs, and teacher education. 

This paper outlines a conceptual framework in order to systematically discuss themeaning of intercultural learning in history education and how it could be advanced. Wedo so by bringing together theories of historical consciousness, intercultural competenceand postcolonial thinking. By combining these theories into one framework, we identifysome specific and critical aspects of historical learning that are relevant for today. Wehave constructed a matrix with three rows of narrative abilities intersecting with threecolumns of intercultural dimensions. This generates a matrix that consists of nine cells.By formulating a set of questions and answers for each cell, we outline learning applica-tions and demonstrate how the historical and intercultural concepts are mutually enrich-ing. The framework addresses two issues: firstly, the intercultural historical competencethat may result; and secondly, how it can be developed. This can be used by researchersto analyse the intercultural elements of historical learning, in schools and in society, andby educators to construct relevant learning activities.

This study explores how teachers perceive the working conditions for planning and preparing their lessons, focusing on collegial collaboration and systematic and formative teaching. The data were collected through a survey (n = 2285) on infrastructure for teaching development and time for planning and preparation. The results show a systematic correlation between a supportive, collegial structure for planning and preparation and teachers' validation of their teaching and working conditions. However, our findings also indicate that collaborative work is insufficient to support efficient formative teaching and that there are general shortfalls in the infrastructural settings around teachers' planning and preparation. (C) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

I denna rapport beskrivs de huvudsakliga resultaten från en enkätstudie om hur lärare i svensk skola uppfattar sina förutsättningar att planeraoch efterarbeta sina lektioner. Studien visar för det första att de flesta lärare inte har organiserad tid för kollegialt samarbete runt planering och efterarbete av lektioner. För det andra visar studien att när det finns organiserat samarbete så är lärarna betydligt mer positiva till sin arbetsmiljö och sina möjligheter att planera och efterarbeta sina lektioner. För det tredje visar studien att skolor i liten utsträckning arbetar med formativ undervisning. Detta även på skolor med tid för organiserat samarbete. Sammantaget tyder resultaten på att vissa grundläggande förutsättningar för en skola på vetenskaplig grund saknas.

Betygsättning är en stor och omdiskuterad del av läraryrket. I den här boken ges en stabil teoretisk grund för blivande och verksamma lärare. Med hjälp av praktiska och ämnesspecifika exempel omsätts teorin i vardagsnära resonemang kring hur lärare sätter betyg.

This paper reports on a project aiming to develop empirical and theoretical knowledge about teachers' planning and preparations (PaP) of lessons as a didactical collegial practice and how this shapes and is shaped by the local school organization. One goal is to explore and theoretically describe PaP as a collegial practice by contrasting different subjects over time. Another is to analytically explore how these settings affect and enable teachers' ability to make strategic decisions for students' learning. Finally, the aim is to examine local school improvement efforts. The project is based on longitudinal case studies wherein teachers of different school subjects had time to plan and prepare lessons. The collegial setting was organized to facilitate teachers' focus on student learning, primarily subject-oriented and sometimes cross-curricular, but always oriented to a learning object. This design allowed us to study teachers' transformational competence over time and between subjects by following their decisions about content, learning goals and objects, sequencing, and adjusting to students' needs and interests. This design opened up for comparative analyses to better understand similarities and differences between and across subjects. Further, the schools have different management cultures, one more individual and one more collegial. How PaP is implemented and refigured in regard to the local school organization is also examined in the project. We will be asking three research questions: 

• RQ1: How do teachers' PaP appear as a transformational competence when scheduled as collegial collaboration? 
• RQ2: How does the collegial teaching setting affect teachers' ability to make strategic decisions in relation to students' learning? 
• RQ3: How is school leading prefigured in the implementation process of scheduled collegial PaP at participating schools, and what are the implications for the local school organizations? 

What motivates this focus on PaP? In short, we know little about how collegial planning affects teachers' transformational competence and how this may be context-bound to different subjects, nor about its infrastructural function in the local school organization (Hirsh, & Lindberg, 2015; Yuan, & Zhang, 2016). Such evidence-informed knowledge is needed as PaP involves complex strategic decisions that have been shown to benefit from adequate collegial cooperation (Nordgren et al., 2019; 2022). As teachers can make a difference in student learning beyond socio-economic restraints (Hattie, 2008), school authorities and research communities alike have invested in enhancing teachers' professionalism both through collegial and individual strategies (Chetty et al., 2014; Lefstein et al., 2020). Consequently, it is a paradox that planning is largely overlooked as a fundamental activity for generating qualitative teaching. Boeskens and Nusche (2021) note that student learning does not correlate with lesson time as such, but with 'the time students spend engaged with tasks that are of adequate difficulty' (p. 12). To improve teaching quality, teachers have to canalize their knowledge through their PaP. If PaP is compromised due to organizational or ability restrictions, teaching quality will also be compromised. Yet, the role of teachers' planning is seldom distinguished in political reforms nor as a salient practice in school improvement research. In subject-didactical research, the planning–teaching–reflecting cycle is acknowledged as core to teachers' professionalism (Carlson & Daehler, 2019), yet it is seldom targeted for study (Boeskens & Nusche, 2021). Evidence indicates that whether the school improvement efforts target collegial cooperation or teacher leadership, a necessary condition for enduring improvements is teachers' ability to think strategically and autonomously about students’ learning processes (Kennedy, 2016). 

Methodology

Selection: The project was carried out in cooperation with one upper secondary school and one lower secondary school in Sweden. Voluntary schools were selected based on interest and size. In addition, the school leaders had to participate actively, and the teachers had to be allotted joint weekly planning time. The upper secondary school is in a mid-sized city. There are six planning teams organized based on teaching content: history, mathematics (three on three levels), technology, and physics. Each team consists of two to four participants. The whole management team (two directors and six principals) is participating in the project. The lower secondary school is in a municipality. The teachers are divided into six planning teams in one subject, Swedish, each with two teachers. One principal represents the lower secondary school. In total, the project monitors around 25 teachers, nine school leaders, and 600 students. Implementation: Planning teams (PTs) were set up to meet weekly at a scheduled time. Each PT plans and prepares teaching sequences. Each PT had one contact in the research group with subject-didactical expertise. A specific focus was on to what extent the collegial setting supports teachers' formative strategies. School leaders were actively involved in implementing the project. The school leaders met regularly to discuss the project's implications with experts in school development research.

Data: Audio-recorded PT group meetings, audio-recorded interviews with school leaders, and additional planning documents. Analysis procedure: Audio recordings from the PTs has been analyzed thematically. We have developed a framework for categorizing the data. Categories developed a priori (previous research and theory) were combined with categories a posteriori (deductive and inductive steps in the analytical procedure) (e.g. Österholm et al., 2016). The framework makes it possible to navigate the extensive data and analyze singular themes (e.g. teachers' choice of activity), correlation (choice of activity and formative teaching), or the whole iterative process of how teachers transform content plays out over time and in different subjects. Legitimation Code Theory (LCT) and particularly the dimension of Specialization is used to analyze teachers’ transformational competence as they take strategic decisions on students' learning (Maton, 2014). The NVivo coding enables us to search the extensive data to make comparative analyses overtime on what themes different PTs decide to focus. The coded PT meetings are also influential in searching for and unpacking the collegial setting and the complexity of strategic decisions. 

Conclusion

As already mentioned, we have comprehensive data. Our analytical results are preliminary and most of the material has not yet been analyzed. The initial findings can briefly be summarised: Collegial PaP as practice: After a negotiating period, a collegial PaP practice was developed. The teams started targeting specific areas that they wanted to explore. After a while, teachers began to implement research-based models to develop their teaching. PaP as transformation: Teachers do have formative ambitions but struggle to find effective and functional methods. A comparative perspective: Planning teams approach the PaP process differently, which seems to be related to subject-specific causes. For example, the planning team in History spent 36% on specifying objectives and knowledge whereas the planning team in Mathematics spent 5% on that theme. In a closer analysis of the teachers’ interactions, different beliefs about knowledge and knowers appeared where a hierarchical knowledge structure and a horizontal knower structure were identified in Mathematics and a horizontal knowledge structure and a hierarchical knower structure were identified in History (Jakobsson et al., 2022). PaP Implementation: It seems to take a rather limited amount of time for teachers to take PaP ownership. The local management culture seems to be of importance but in a complex way. The results show how methods that support dialogue, intersubjectivity, and unforced consensus enable the progress of an equivalent collaboration (Forssten Seiser, & Portfelt, 2022). In addition, the results reveal how a lack of shared agreements regarding the purpose of collaboration constraints, or even prevents, co-ownership. Hence, PaP is a complex and strategic decision; schools need to consider how to organize this activity adequately. We suggest that this calls for a balance between teachers' time for individual planning and marking and time with colleagues as a supportive setting for joint planning and strategic decisions. 

References

Boeskens, L., & Nusche, D. (2021). "Not enough hours in the day: Policies that shape teachers' use of time". OECD Education Working Papers, No. 245, OECD Publishing.

Carlson, J., & Daehler, K. R. (2019). The refined consensus model of pedagogical content knowledge in science education. In: Hume A., Cooper R., Borowski A. (Eds.), Repositioning pedagogical content knowledge in teachers' knowledge for teaching science (pp. 77-92). Springer.

Chetty, R., Friedman, J. N., & Rockoff, J. E. (2014). Measuring the impacts of teachers I: Evaluating bias in teacher value-added estimates. American Economic Review, 104(9), 2593-2632.

Forssten Seiser, A., & Portfelt, I. (2022). Critical aspects to consider when establishing collaboration between school leaders and researchers: two cases from Sweden. Educational action research, 1-16.

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Hirsh, Å., & Lindberg, V. (2015). Formativ bedömning på 2000-talet–en översikt av svensk och internationell forskning. Vetenskapsrådet

Jakobsson, M., Randahl, A. C., & Nordgren, K. (2022). Planification et préparation collégiale des cours en Suède. Revue internationale d’éducation de Sèvres, (90), 127-137.

Kennedy, M. (2016), "How does professional development improve teaching?", Review of Educational Research, Vol. 86/4, pp. 945-980

Lefstein, A., Vedder-Weiss, D., & Segal, A. (2020). Relocating research on teacher learning: Toward pedagogically productive talk. Educational researcher, 49, 0013189X2092299.

Maton, K. (2014). Building powerful knowledge: The significance of semantic waves. In: B. Barrett & E. Rata (Eds.), Knowledge and the future of the curriculum (pp 181-197). Palgrave studies in excellence and equity in global education. Palgrave Macmillan

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Nordgren, K., Bergh, D., Duek, S., Liljekvist, Y., & Jakobsson, M. (2022). Rektorers uppfattningar om undervisningens villkor och en skola på vetenskaplig grund: En uppföljande enkätstudie till undersökningen Lärares planering och efterarbete av lektioner: Infrastrukturer för kollegialt samarbete och forskningssamverkan. Karlstads universitet.

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This special issue contributes to a growing international dialogue on historical consciousness and its manifold implications for research and pedagogy in the area of history education. It questions general mind-sets that exert influence in the field and seeks to expand the boundaries of what scholars are currently doing. Holding the promise to build on historical consciousness’ general appeal, the aim is to find ways to tap into its full potential and to capture its workings as a social phenomenon that is basic to everyday human needs. Most scholars would agree that people’s understandings of the past, or rather of history’s workings, strongly impact individuals’ ability to navigate the world and to orient themselves temporally. Yet when it comes to being more precise in defining and operationalising historical consciousness, its elusive nature becomes apparent, making the whole process all the more challenging. Sometimes, a reliance on standard interpretations for conceptualizing historical consciousness contributes to such difficulties. Other times, it is a conflation of historical consciousness’ relevance and workings with other important concepts, such as historical thinking, without recognizing and questioning differences and tensions between them, that does so. Add to this the complexity of translating all that emerges into something pedagogically workable and of relevance to learners’ overall interests, then you have an entanglement that is hard to redress and that risks taking historical consciousness’ workings for granted