This paper identifies different university spin-off (USO) roles related to resource interaction among business parties. It does so by mapping how USOs become part of business networks in terms of their roles relative to other parties. The theoretical frame of reference focuses on roles and resource interaction based on an industrial network approach to business markets. The empirical research is based onfive cases of USOs representing a variety in terms of technology, degree of newness, sector, and area of application. As a result of the analysis, three different roles are identified: the USO as resource mediator, resource re-combiner and resource renewer. These roles reflect how USOs adapt resources to, or require changes among, business parties' resources. The paper also discusses the main resource interfaces associated with the three roles and related challenges. The paper contributes to previous research through illustrating USOs' roles relative to business parties from a resource interaction point of view, and by pointing to the establishment of new companies in business networks as a way of implementing innovation. Finally, the paper discusses the managerial implications of the research in terms of the USO's need to understand which role to take and how to develop it.

For a firm, customers and suppliers are important stakeholders in their business activities, including such strategic activities as mergers and acquisitions. But how has this been depicted in previous research? In this paper we review articles on mergers and acquisitions to find out in what way customers and suppliers are recognized in the research on mergers and acquisitions. The paper is a review of 1,632 articles. The analysis proposes six categories: customers and suppliers in vertical integration; customers as an aggregated market; customers and suppliers as resources; customers (and suppliers) being affected by changed market conditions; the merger or acquisition following from or leading to power imbalances in relationships to customers/suppliers; and customers and suppliers as actors or reactors.

IMP research is often treated as an empirical perspective describing complexities of repeated business-to-business exchanges and their embeddedness. While building on some common understandings and concepts, this paper asks: How homogeneous is the IMP research? This paper uses cluster analysis to capture the roots and various sub-groups of IMP research as means to depict the question of homogeneity (i.e. a core focus in the research) or heterogeneity (i.e. using references from other fields or specific to sub-fields) of the IMP thought. In this scientific work in progress paper we introduce how we design to use bibliographical methods in order to harvest data from an extensive amount of IMP-related articles written from the 1970’s onwards. In this first attempt to reveal IMP we used overall 294 articles yielded to 10,615 co-citation relationships. A threshold of minimum number of citations of a cited reference was set to five (5) to capture such references that have been cited in multiple publications. We introduce visual mapping of defined subject area clusters and as an example we describe shortly clusters. Perhaps not surprisingly our findings suggest that IMP research is not so homogenous, with at least four clear clusters of IMP-research each utilizing different key references.

The acknowledgement of a research tradition by other disciplines shows its contribution to the development of the broader body of scientific knowledge. This paper investigates the contribution of IMP (Industrial Marketing and Purchasing) research to broader research disciplines by analyzing how researchers within and beyond IMP have cited core IMP articles. First, through quantitative bibliometric analysis, the paper identifies the diffusion to other research disciplines. Thereafter, through qualitative analysis, the impact of the IMP perspective is captured to understand how strong these imprints are. The analyses show that IMP research has been noticed among a range of adjacent research disciplines. However, the use of IMP references has generally been rudimentary, and without a deeper understanding of the IMP ontology, meaning that IMP still has some “weak ties” to the other disciplines. Establishing IMP's contribution through enduring imprints would need further engagement with researchers from other research disciplines and publications in top journals. The paper contributes empirically with how the IMP perspective has spread beyond the IMP Group and theoretically by adding insight into how research ideas travel and transform to other disciplines. 

Increased focus in popular press has been directed at how individuals born at different times differ in their preferences and ways of acting. Generation Z (Gen Z) refers to individuals born in the 1990s that are often described to be self-centred but also entrepreneurial, potentially based on how the abilities to get at permanent position has changed during the last decades. The purpose of this study is to investigate: What does Gen Z consider important organizational innovation factors at a future workplace? Based on a questionnaire directed at individuals as part of Gen Z, we focus our analysis on innovation enablers, to thereby also see how Gen Z’s expectations fit with needs to continuously and increasingly rapidly renew operations. With this study we contribute to a greater academic understanding of a new and in Sweden relatively unexplored Gen Z. The practical implication of the study is to provide employers with guidelines on how to create successful innovation incubation environments at their workplace.

This paper is focused on automotive stamping tools and dies and the impact of 3D metal printing and metals related 3D printing on design and production of such tools and dies. The purpose has been to find out the current industrial potential of 3D printing, as far lead time, costs, shapes, material usage, metal piece size, surface roughness, hardness, strength, and machinability are concerned. The business transformational impact of 3D printing is also addressed in this paper. The obtained results show that the lead time can be halved, the costs are somewhat higher, and the strength, hardness, surface roughness and machinability of the 3D printed metallic tools and dies are as good as those of the conventionally made. The maximum size of a metal piece that can be 3D printed today by Powder Bed Fusion (PBF) is in the best case 500 mm x 500 mm x 500 mm. 3D printing can also be used to make the pattern used to make the mold box in iron and steel casting. It is also possible to eliminate the casting pattern, since the mold box can be 3D printed directly. All this has started to have a large business impact and it is therefore of great significance to outline and execute an action plan almost immediately.

This paper is focused on automotive stamping tools and dies as well as the impact of 3D metal printing and metals related 3D-printing on design and production of such tools and dies. The purpose has been to find out the current industrial potential of 3D-printing as far as lead time, costs, shapes, material usage, metal piece size, surface roughness, hardness, strength, and machinability are concerned. The business transformational impact of 3D-printing is also addressed in this paper. The obtained results show that the lead time can be halved, the costs are somewhat higher, and the strength, hardness, surface roughness, and machinability of the 3D-printed metallic tools and dies are as good as those of the conventionally made. The maximum size of a metal piece that can be 3D-printed today by Powder Bed Fusion (PBF) is, in the best case, 500 mm × 500 mm × 500 mm. 3D-printing can also be used for the pattern to make the mold box in iron and steel casting. It is also possible to eliminate the casting pattern, since the mold box can be 3D-printed directly. All this has started to have a large business impact, and it is therefore of great significance to outline and execute an action plan almost immediately.

This article introduces Industrial Marketing Management's special issue on start-ups and networks. To begin with, we stress the relevance of understanding the context wherein entrepreneurship unfolds – a context filled with social, technical and economic connections to which the start-up needs to relate. We also present and confront three network perspectives which bring different insights to the interplay between start-ups and networks: Social Network (SN) theory, the Industrial Marketing & Purchasing (IMP) view, and Actor-Network Theory (ANT). Next, we introduce the 12 papers of this special issue and place them on a continuum covering a start-up's process of network embedding and including the three periods of establishment, consolidation and stabilization. We conclude with a research agenda suggesting five avenues for further research: (1) tracing start-ups' process of network embedding, (2) mapping the connections between the different networks affecting a start-up, (3) grasping the negative effects of networks on start-ups, (4) making longitudinal case studies on start-ups and networks more comparable via common analytical tools, and (5) investigating how policy influences the complex interplay between start-ups and networks.

The effects of in-store music on consumer behavior have attracted much attention in the marketing literature, but surprisingly few studies have investigated in-store music in relation to employees. Conducting a large-scale field experiment in eight Filippa K fashion stores in Stockholm, Sweden, we investigate whether it is beneficial for store owners to give employees more opportunities to influence the in-store music. The experiment lasted 56 weeks, and the stores were randomly assigned into a treatment group and a control group, with the employees in the treatment stores having the opportunity to influence the in-store music through an app developed by Soundtrack Your Brand (SYB). The results from the experiment show that sales decreased by, on average, 6% in treatment stores when employees had the opportunity to influence the music played in the store. Interviews revealed that employees frequently changed songs, preferred to play high-intensity songs, and had diverse music preferences that were not congruent with the brand values of the company. Our results thus imply that employees choose music that suits their preferences rather than based on what is optimal for the store, suggesting that store owners might want to limit their opportunities to influence the background music in stores.

The effects of in-store music on consumer behavior have attracted much attention in the marketing literature, but surprisingly few studies have investigated in-store music in relation to employees. By conducting a field experiment in eight Filippa K fashion stores in Stockholm, Sweden, we investigate whether it is beneficial for store owners to give employees more opportunities to influence the in-store music. We randomly assigned the stores into a treatment group and a control group, with the employees in the treatment stores having the opportunity to influence the in-store music through an app developed by Soundtrack Your Brand (SYB). The experiment lasted 56 weeks and sales data were also gathered 22 weeks before the experiment, resulting in a total of 4626 observations. Our results show that sales decreased by 6% when the employees had the opportunity to influence the music played in the store, and the effect is driven by a reduction in sales of women's clothing. Interviews with the employees revealed that they had diverse music preferences, frequently changed songs, and preferred to play high-intensity songs. Employees thus seem to make choices regarding the in-store music that reduce sales, implying that store owners might want to limit their opportunities to influence the background music.

This paper investigates how and through what mechanisms a knowledge-intensive acquired firm influences customer recapturing following a cross-border M&A. This is studied in the setting of a Chinese firm’s acquisition of a Finnish, knowledge-intensive firm in the maritime industry. The paper indicates the following mechanisms for customer recapturing in the post-M&A integration process: investments, human resource management, information about M&A, and interest in the customer. These are linked to the influencing factors of extent of integration, key employees, and communication. The paper contributes to the literature on customer retention in M&A through focusing specifically on the recapturing of customers

This article describes and discusses nominated procurement as a means through which buyers select sub-suppliers to achieve sustainability compliance upstream in emerging economies' supply chains. Hence, it critically examines the ways buyers articulate nominated procurement and the unfolding supply chain consequences. Based on in-depth interviews and fieldwork in the Sri Lankan apparel supply chain, the findings indicate that buyers accomplish sustainability compliance among their sub-suppliers while prioritizing their own business agenda. In doing so, however, buyers perpetuate “suboptimal compliance” of raw material suppliers and “sandwiching” of direct suppliers as harmful consequences on the supply chain. These consequences link theoretically with commercial, geographical, compliance and extended-compliance pressure. This article contributes to the advancement of the Sustainable Supply Chain Management literature by theorizing about nominated procurement, direct and indirect pressure, and pointing to the supply chain consequences beyond achievements in sustainability compliance.

Gigs define temporary works performed by individuals in various settings (Bogenhold, Klinglmair, & Kandutsch, 2017; Healy, Nicholson, & Pekarek, 2017; Horney, 2016; Lehdonvirta, 2018). Coined in the 1920s, its long tradition relates to music and art performers and their acting on stage. It represents some sort of temporality, meaning that the exact same task may not appear again, at least not in the same surrounding. Recent trends in business life have redefined work (cf. Öberg, 2012), have brought forth such concepts as freelance and gig economies to portray individuals as self-employed and the mentioned temporality of task (Gandini, 2016; Janofsky, 2015).

At the rise of the sharing economy, that is, peer-to-peer based exchanges accomplished by digital platforms (e.g., Belk, 2014), the providing parties’ operations could well be seen as gigs intermediated online, but facilitated offline in temporary exchanges with users. The development of the sharing economy includes an increased plurality in ways to operate though (Mair & Reischauer, 2017), not the least underlined by how the peer-to-peer exchanges have sometimes turned into ways to earn living by the providing parties. This paper sets to investigate this phenomenon by particularly focusing on how various stakeholders – internal and external actors with direct or indirect influence or participation in the exchanges (cf. Freeman, 1984) – comprehend this development. The purpose of the paper is to categorize various stakeholders’ viewpoints and their influence on the understanding of gigs in the sharing economy.

Empirically, the paper departs from two social-media data sets: one describing Uber, the other one Foodora, as two examples of sharing economy platforms. The data sets comprises more than 30,000 social media posts. The paper analyses how the providing side of these platforms is reported on in social media also taking into account who (type of stakeholder) posts about them. Preliminary findings indicate how the providing side, albeit both studied platforms would be characterized as highly commercialized, demonstrate quite different results related to those work conditions actually at hand. While this being the case, the data reveals a shared pattern of negative connotation across stakeholder groups, with them influencing one another across the social media. The negative descriptions do, as opposed to learnings from traditional stakeholder theory, indicate expressions well beyond stakes and influences by the particular stakeholder group: a user may well engage in talks about legal regulations, for instance, while it would had been expected to mostly engage with services provided, payments, and deliveries.

The paper contributes to previous research in several ways: Firstly, the sharing economy literature is still mainly focused on the user side of sharing, meaning that this paper fills an empirical hole in its perspective. Secondly, the methodological approach taken allows for a broad, but also integrated capturing of individual stakeholders’ understanding of the phenomenon. Hence, it includes both the definition of various stakeholder groups and how they may influence one another. Thirdly, and as the theoretical contribution, the paper provides understanding for stakeholders, their influence and participation in digital settings, and particularly how influences and viewpoints of stakeholders become separated from their participation.

This paper assesses the role of social media to enable collective action, that is, parties’ attempts to change behaviour in such a manner that a common goal is achieved. It studies collective action in the light of the sharing economy and some parties’ attempts to reverse the commercialisation of the sharing economy and (partially) recreate it as a collaborative economy. This paper draws social media data for almost 36 months, from 14 March 2016 to 11 February 2019, generating a dataset of 11,553 social media posts for the sharing economy, from which a subsequent dataset consisting of 533 social media posts with reference to the collaborative economy was derived. Findings point at how the collective actors were caught between conflicting interests and chose to prioritise the marketing of their own services, rather than supporting the collective action movement. Increased transactional behaviours and difficulties to reach through counteracted the collective action idea. Based on these findings, we contribute to previous research by discussing ways in which digital technology facilitates or hinders collective action in the context of digitalisation.

The sharing economy has gained traction in several industry sectors by establishing ever-new platforms, with digital intermediation and peer-to-peer exchanges at the heart of the business model. Most research on the sharing economy concerns the phenomenon level or focuses on the operations of single platforms. This paper connects various sharing economy platforms by asking: How has the sharing economy spread to new platforms? The purpose of the paper is to explain the pattern of spread of the sharing economy business model. Findings point out a seamless, unobtrusive pattern echoing characteristics of the sharing economy business model across distant sectors to avoid competition while reproducing activities in ever-new resource settings. The paper continues the exploration of the sharing economy related to industrial marketing through moving from the individual platforms to the way they lead to new ones while acknowledging how the innovative model for new platforms is highly based on mandates created through acknowledging oneself as a role model successor. Such a spread mechanism redefines innovation newness, adaptation and diffusion, and raises new insights to understand how current business landscapes would be under the possible transition into a new logic of operations.

The sharing economy increasingly gains momentum in several business sectors. This paper sets to investigate the interconnectivity among platforms in the sharing economy through reporting on how new platforms are created with reference to previous ones. The paper points out a seamless, unobtrusive, imitation pattern of spread of the sharing economy business model. It could be seen as information or availability based focusing on reproducing activities in ever new resource settings. Contributions are made to IMP research in the sense of continuing the discussion on how the sharing economy can be understood from the IMP perspective, and it broadens the discussion to include the network level. Imitation as a mechanism of spread raises new insights to understand how current business landscapes transition into a new logic of operations.

This paper aims to assess the impact of the sharing economy on ways in which online commerce is evolving. By utilising Social Media Analytics to systematically track the developments of the sharing economy visà-vis online commerce, we analyse an empirical material of 8,755 user-generated content covering a time period of 24 months. Our findings illustrate that the sharing economy fuels platforms focusing attention to sharing commerce but also platforms engaged in social commerce and more general forms of e-commerce. Furthermore, our findings show the sectors in which sharing commerce, social commerce and general forms of e-commerce have become particularly prevalent. The paper contributes to previous literature by providing a systematic empirical contribution on the impact of the sharing economy on the evolution of online commerce and by conceptually explaining why the sharing economy gives rise to a relatively wide plethora of online commerce initiatives.

The sharing economy has evolved and spread to various sectors of the economy. Its early idea linked to the creation of more sustainable uses of resources. Since then, the development of the sharing economy has included a professionalization with self-employed suppliers rather than peers, and the question is whether the platforms following this development maintain the focus on sustainability. This paper describes and classifies the sustainability connotation of sharing economy platforms. It analyses 121 platforms derived through social media analytics to figure out whether they describe themselves as sustainable. The findings suggest that the sustainability connotation closely connects to specific sectors such as fashion, on-demand services and logistics. Meanwhile, the dominant role model platforms do not communicate about being sustainable. These findings contribute to previous research through (1) giving a systematic empirical account on the way various sharing economy platforms describe themselves in terms of sustainability, (2) pointing out the differences among the platforms, and (3) indicating the diversity in sustainability connotation among various sectors of the economy.

New trends in innovation management may require new research methods. Social media analytics (SMA)-a method for capturing and analyzing data from user-generated content published on online platforms-has emerged as a complement or even alternative to more traditional research methods. This article systematically reviews and assesses the use of SMA and its potential for innovation management research. Our results show that use of SMA is still in an emergent phase, although it has become increasingly popular over the past decade. Our literature review illustrates that SMA provides new opportunities for innovation management scholars to enhance customer-, market-, technology-, and society-focused innovation research in several ways. In this paper we develop a research agenda and suggest areas for future research using SMA in innovation management.

Purpose: Using the case of Foodora, this paper aims to assess the impact of technological innovation of an emerging actor in the sharing economy through stakeholders' perceptions in the market and non-market domains.

Design/methodology/approach: Using a methodological approach called social media analytics (SMA) to explore the case of Foodora, 3,250 user-generated contents in social media are systematically gathered, coded and analysed.

Findings: The findings indicate that, while Foodora appears to be a viable provider in the marketplace, there is mounting public concern about the working conditions of its employees. In the market domain, Foodora manages its status as an online delivery platform and provider well, but at the same time, it struggles with its position in the non-market sphere, suggesting that the firm is vulnerable to regulatory change. These insights highlight the importance of simultaneously exploring and balancing market and non-market perceptions when assessing the impact of disruptive innovation.

Originality/value: This study offers originality by providing an integrative approach to consider both the market and non-market domains. It is also novel in its use of SMA as a tool for knowledge acquisition and management to evaluate the impact of emerging technologies in the sharing economy.

Purpose: Digitally intermediated peer-to-peer exchanges have accelerated in occurrence, and as a consequence, they have introduced an increased pluralism of connotations. Accordingly, this paper aims to assess user perceptions of the interplay between the sharing, access, platform, and community-based economies.

Design/methodology/approach: The sharing, access, platform, and community-based economies have been systematically tracked in the social media landscape using Social Media Analytics (SMA). In doing so, a total material of 62,855 publicly posted user-generated content concerning the four respective economies were collected and analyzed.

Findings: Even though the sharing economy has been conceptually argued to be interlinked with the access, platform, and community-based economies, the empirical results of the study do not validate this interlinkage. Instead, the results regarding user perceptions in social media show that the sharing, access, platform, and community-based economies manifest as clearly separated.

Originality/value: This paper contributes to existing literature by offering an empirical validation, as well as an in-depth understanding, of the sharing economy's interlinkage to other economies, along with the extent to which the overlaps between these economies manifest in social media.

Purpose: This article explores the various stakeholders' perceptions of the ways digital work is organised within the sharing economy and the social implications of the transformation of work.

Design/methodology/approach: Applying social media analytics (SMA) concerning the sharing economy platform Foodora, a total of 3,251 user-generated content was collected and organised throughout the social media landscape in Sweden over 12 months, and 18 stakeholder groups were identified, discussing digital work within seven thematic categories.

Findings: The results show that the stakeholder groups in the Swedish context primarily expressed negative views of Foodora's way of organising digital work. The social media posts outlined the distributive and procedural justice related to the working conditions, boycott and protests and critical incidents, as well as the collective bargaining of Foodora.

Originality/value: By utilising a novel SMA method, this study contributes to the extant literature on the sharing economy by providing a systematic assessment concerning the impact of the sharing economy platform on the transformation of work and the associated social consequences.

Artificial intelligence (AI) expects to increasingly transform ways in which business is conducted. With change follows a need to question current ways of acting and interacting. Yet, the past becomes the frames through which the future is understood. By drawing on Predictive Brain Theory, which shares the same fundamental underpinnings as the Bayesian brain hypothesis, but uses insights from machine learning and neuroscience, the paper conceptualizes that prospective sense making as a skill to update in-flux network pictures are increasingly required for business managers, which the paper reflects on in the light of AI. The paper provides a novel approach to business managers’ mental capacity in understanding change and in their ability to adapt to structural shifts that require an update on gone-solid assumptions about the business environment, while linking this to AI both as a motor of change, and as challenging the human thought with machine learning.

This paper reviews the literature on acquisitions of family firms and present central topics in that research ad presents two cases of acquisition of family business. The review reveals that there is still a quite limited amount of research on acquisitions of family firms, and the business network dimension is basically non-existent. The paper points at that most studies focus on the inertia created as family firms are unwilling to divest, while it tells much less about the process following divestment decisions, the impact of new owners, and the network consequences. Contributions are made to the literature on network effects of mergers and acquisitions and to the broader acquisiton literature, where the main focus on large-scale, publicly traded firms’ transactions, mean that family firms constructs a specific setting.

Purpose: This paper extends the discussion on stability and change through focus on specific relationship characteristics. Quality management systems prescribe established routines for supplier selection and monitoring, and may thereby designate the nature and longevity of customer-supplier relationships. The purpose of this paper is to describe and discuss the effects of quality management systems on stability and change in different forms of customer-supplier relationships.

Design/methodology/approach: A number of illustrative examples based on participatory data and interviews help to capture different types of customer-supplier relationships (private/public; certified/non-certified) related to quality management systems.

Findings: While certified customers in most sectors only need to prove that their suppliers have procedures in place, many customers equate this with requiring that their suppliers should be certified. The paper further shows that customers replace deeper understandings for their suppliers' procedures with the requirement that they be certified.

Originality/value: The paper contributes to the existing literature through integrating quality management systems literature with the business network approach. For business network studies, the discussion on quality management systems as constricting regimes is interesting and provides practical insights to the business network studies as such quality management systems increase in importance and spread.

Purpose: The literature has shown great interest in open innovation, and also discussed its degree of openness based on, for example, the number of parties involved. Less is known, however, about what makes open innovation processes work. This paper describes and discusses the importance of trust in open innovation, and specifically focuses on a start-up company’s open innovation processes with collaboration parties. The paper points out how a lack of trust antecedents may disable such open innovation processes.

Design/methodology/approach: The empirical part of the paper consists of a case study on a medical-technology start-up. Interviews and analyses of secondary sources made up the main data capturing methods. Each collaboration between the start-up and another party was analysed through three trust antecedents: contractual, competence-based, and goodwill.

Findings: The paper shows how either party may have chosen to discontinue the collaboration based on the lack of competence or goodwill antecedents to trust. Specifically, the case indicates how the start-up discontinued the collaborations based on a perceived lack of goodwill, while the collaboration parties based their decisions on competence deficits by the start-up.

Originality/value: The paper contributes to previous research through describing open innovation related to start-ups, and introducing trust antecedents as prerequisites for open innovation. To the literature on trust, trust mutuality makes a research contribution.

This paper investigates the role of networks when emerging-economy firms enter into advanced- economy markets. More specifically, it focuses on how advanced-economy market supplier networks are created by the emerging-economy firm to legitimate it vis-á-vis advanced-economy customers. The purpose of the paper is to examine how emerging-economy firms establish supplier networks in advanced-economy markets in order to gain legitimacy with customers in other advanced-economy markets. The paper thereby highlights a different role of networks in internationalisation than what is portrayed in previous research and illustrates this through two case studies. The supplier networks in advanced economies are used to gain knowledge but also reputation, and thus deals with the liability of outsidership beyond what is described in previous research. The construct of a supplier network to reach a customer network points at two different networks and the connectivity between in them as a means for an emerging-economy firm to become accepted. 

As the sharing economy has expanded and thereby increased its number of users and providers, trust has become increasingly central in its conduct (Ert, Fleischer, & Magen, 2016), following from needs to evaluate strangers as counterparts and based on misconducts among such parties (Öberg, 2018). In practice, trust is expected to be facilitated by the platforms, while evaluation tools include making users and producers less anonymous to one another (Wu, Zeng, & Xie, 2017). Thispaper elaborates on trust in the sharing economy related to one of its most well-grown platforms, Uber. The paper departs from Mayer, Davis, & Schoorman’s (1995) antecedents to trust to explain how these materialize in the sharing economy, as well as how personal traits of peers affect the probability to trust other parties and thereby participate in the sharing economy. The paper adopts a quantitative, questionnaire approach (178 respondents, research conducted in Sweden) to address this issue. The paper points at how trust extends beyond trusting the platform as a facilitating party and links to trusting also the driver. Ability, benevolence and the trustor’s propensity have positive effects on trust, while the trustee’s willingness to take risks links tothe trust construct. Contributions are made to research on the sharing economy through the in-depth analysis of antecedents related to trust, and through discussing trust as linked both to the trustee and trustor in such settings. The in-depth discussion on trust interlinks previous research on trust with the sharing economy as an empirical phenomenon and thereby provides a two-way bridging of concepts and theorizing that fosters developments of both areas of investigations.