Calendering of coated and uncoated paper is widely used to enhance optical properties such as gloss and print quality. The aim of this thesis is to characterize coatings and prints, and to validate models using experimental results from optical measurements of physical samples.
Calendering of coated paper often leads to a brightness decrease. The mechanism for this is not altogether clear. One common explanation is that the porosity of the coating layer decreases and hence the scattering decreases. By comparing simulated and measured results it was shown that modifications of the surface properties account for the brightness decrease of ground calcium carbonate coated substrates with calendering. Monte Carlo light scattering simulations, taking into account the measured decrease of surface microroughness and increased effective refractive index, showed that surface modifications accounted for most of the observed brightness decrease of the ground calcium carbonate coated substrate, whereas the bulk scattering and absorption coefficients were not affected by calendering. It was also shown that the scattering coefficient is significantly dependent on the coat weight whereas the physical absorption coefficient is not.
The penetration of ink in the z-direction of a substrate influences the quality of the print. The ink penetration affects print density, mottling and dot gain, common print effects that influence the preference of consumers. The pressure in the printing nip and the porosity of the substrate both affect the amount of ink that is pressed into the porous structure of a coating layer during printing. By printing pilot coated paperboard with different coating porosity and measuring the resulting optical properties of the prints, a basis for simulations of the different layers, that is to say the coating, the print and the mixed layer in between, was created. Results show that ink distribution is strongly affected by the roughness of the substrate. Fibres and fibre flocks underneath the two coating layers created an unevenly distributed coating thickness that affected the print quality. Differences in pore size and pore size distribution also affected the behaviour of the ink. A coating layer of broad pigment particle size distribution resulted in a relatively low print density, in comparison to coatings of narrowly distributed particle sizes. Comparison of dot gain showed that the coating layer of a narrow particle size distribution had a relatively low dot gain compared to others. In this work, these results are explained by the differences in ink distributions on and in the coating layers.
Each day, we are confronted with a large amount of more or less important information that we have to consider, and even in our digital society we need paper for communication, documentation and education. Much of the paper we use or are confronted by in our daily life, such as newspapers, books and packages, contains printed images or texts, and the appearance of both the print and the supporting surface is important. A good contrast between a printed text and the paper makes it easier to read, a detailed print of an illustration makes it more informative, and clear and evenly distributed colours on a package or on a poster make it more appealing. All of these qualities depend on the optical properties of the paper product and the the behavior of light illuminating the different materials.
The aim of the work described in this thesis is to characterize the structure of coatings and prints, and to validate models for the optical response and interaction of ink and coating based on optical measurements of physical samples. It is the interactions between the printing ink and the porous structure of the coating layers that are subject to investigation. Experiments have been employed to relate the physical conditions in a flexographic printing nip to the ink setting, affected by the physical and chemical properties of the coating, to the resulting optical response of the printed paperboard.
Polyester films were coated with a coating colour based on a ground calcium carbonate with narrow particle size distribution. Four different coat weights were produced. The coated sheets were calendered and the samples were exposed to up to twenty nips in the calender at a line load of 300 kN/m at 50°C. The brightness and the thickness were measured after each calendering nip. Reflectometry was used to measure the refractive index and the microroughness of the samples. Calendering lead to a decrease of the Kubelka-Munk scattering coefficient and an increase of the absorption coefficient of the coated transparent films. Taking into account non-uniform surface reflection at the boundaries between media of different refractive indices, a large part of the reflectance decrease due to calendering could be attributed to an increase of the effective refractive index at the coating surface and a decrease of the surface microroughness.
Calendering of coated paper leads to a brightness decrease. The mechanism for this is not clear, although it has been discussed in the past. One common explanation is that the porosity of the coating layer decreases and hence scattering. By comparing simulated and measured results this paper shows that modifications of the surface properties account for the brightness decrease of GCC coated substrates with calendering. The effect of a deformable cartonboard substrate is investigated here and compared to a less deformable plastic film substrate. From simulations based on a two-layer Kubelka-Munk model, it is shown that the brightness decrease of the cartonboard due to calendering has a negligible contribution to the brightness decrease of the coated cartonboard. The brightness decrease was similar for coated plastic film and coated cartonboard. The thickness of GCC coated plastic films was not affected by calendering irrespectively of the pigment and latex size distribution. Monte Carlo light scattering simulations, taking into account the measured decrease of surface microroughness and increased effective refractive index, showed that surface modifications accounted for most of the observed brightness decrease of the GCC coated substrate, whereas the bulk scattering and absorption coefficients were not affected by calendering. It is also shown that the scattering coefficient is significantly dependent on the coat weight whereas the physical absorption coefficient is not.
Ink transfer and ink penetration into a coated surface, and variations thereof, influences the print density, mottling and dot gain, which affects the achievable print quality and visual appearance. The pressure in the printing nip and the porosity of the substrate are conditions and properties that will regulate the amount of ink that penetrates into a porous coating structure. The purpose of this study was to relate print quality aspects to ink penetration of water-based flexographic ink into calcium carbonate based coatings of differently engineered structures. Pilot-coated paper-boards with different coating porosities were printed in a laboratory flexographic printer. Results indicate that ink transfer distribution is strongly affected by the roughness and the porosity of the substrate. A coating layer of broad pigment particle size distribution resulted in a lower print density, compared to coatings of narrowly distributed particle sizes. A structure characterized by larger pore volume and greater dominating pore radius, showed a higher amount of z-directional ink penetration, which was supported by estimating the penetration using a physical model accounting for both capillary- and pressure driven penetration. A coating with narrow particle size distribution also showed a lower dot gain.
The hypothesis of the present study is that thin multiple layer coatings on paperboard from the aqueous solutions of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH) at high machine speeds is more effective in terms of barrier properties than one or two thick layers. The objectives included attempts to use surface roughness parameters to understand the coating process and mechanisms behind coating defects. The present study is focused on pilot-scaled PVOH coating onto uncoated paperboard at machine speeds of 400 m/min. The multiple coating operation was carried out in six passes with a dry coat weight of about 1 g/m2 in each layer. The concept of thin multiple coatings resulted in coated surfaces without detected pinholes and with Kit rating 12 after only two thin layers. However, the oxygen transmission rates were still fairly high (100 & PLUSMN; 89 cm3/m2 day atm) after six layers, and some coating defects (such as craters and cracks) could be identified. The analyses of surface structure indicated that the surface properties are affected by water uptake during the coating processes. The compression of paperboard beneath the metering element seemed to be required to achieve homogeneous thin layers. However, an analysis of defects revealed flaws and inhomogeneities near objects protruding from the surface, such as surface fibers and craters, caused by blistering. For rough paperboard substrates, the desired barrier properties may require a careful balance between sufficient compression for fiber coverage and gentle compression in order to avoid defects near craters and surface fibers.