This paper addresses one of the pedagogical challenges that followed the presence of increasingly multinational student groups, particularly the increased diversity of academic backgrounds among students. Theoretically, this challenge can be understood as an encounter between different teaching and learning regimes (TLRs). TLR, coined by Trowler and Cooper (2002), implies a constellation of assumptions, rules, relationships, and practices regarding the conduct of higher education that colours academic staff members’ performance in their profession. It has become a widely used heuristic tool in the reflection process among university staff. It is shown in this paper that TLRs are not only a heuristic tool that can be applied in teacher reflection but may also be fruitfully applied in the classroom in student-teacher interaction. Consequently, we decided to bring the TLR into the classroom. The written student reflections constitute the empirical material that this analysis is based on. We approach these reflections as expressions of confessions of the Self, as laid out by Michel Foucault. We conclude that it is useful for the students to reflect upon TLR’s, but simultaneously, such an approach runs the risk of enhancing pedagogical and epistemological conformism at the neoliberal university. 

A story is used to explicate lessons from two cases of product innovation in Australia. Insights are derived from cross-case analysis informed by qualitative semi-structured interviews. The analysis reveals that knowledge of the innovation arena fuels alertness to innovation opportunity and an ability to overcome extant obstacles. Passionate interest in the innovation arena fuels a learning habit, and the resulting knowledge vitally enables innovation. The story format is used to also provoke reflections about innovation as a story about discovery. Furthermore, the narrative style also deals with the tale of the researcher who undertakes the research process, revealing the undertaking as a tale of discovery too.

Gender influences how researchers engage with the field (Porter & Schänzel, 2018). Departing from this proposition, this chapter offers reflections on gender from masculine vantages in the context of a qualitative research project investigating tourism enterprising in southern Sweden. Tourism enterprising is an important aspect of tourism development. Focusing on personal experiences associated with family relocation to, and involvement in, the research process, the chapter focuses on the emergence of masculinities of husband-hood and fatherhood at the intersection of family and field. Exploring the processes of family relocation, site selection and apprehension, the chapter shows how masculinities of father-hood and husband-hood influence research processes in the field as well as beyond it. In particular, assorted contingent masculinities stemming from family positions of father-hood and husband-hood affect the whole research enterprise, not only in the space of ‘the field’ but also in the spaces that lie ‘before’, ‘after’ and ‘beyond’ it. Consequently, the reflective researcher is doubly troubled, by finding gender in ‘the field’ as well as determining where the entanglements of gender and field start and stop. Furthermore, the masculinities at intersection of family and field are bi-directional, spilling beyond the professional domain of the researcher’s relation to the field into the personal domain of their relation to family. By focusing on the wider implications of the masculine entanglements of family and field, gender emerges as existential epistemological condition of life. The implication is that researchers have little option but to tackle the complex challenges of gender everywhere, both in and beyond ‘the field’.

Gender influences how researchers engage with the field. Departing from this proposition, this presentation offers reflections on gender from masculine viewpoints in the context of a qualitative research project investigating lifestyle enterprising in southern Sweden. Focusing on personal experiences associated with family relocation to, and involvement in, the research process, the presentation focuses on the emergence of masculinities of husband-hood and fatherhood at the intersection of family and field. Exploring the processes of family relocation, site selection and apprehension, the presentation shows how masculinities of fatherhood and husband-hood influence research processes in the field as well as beyond it. Assorted contingent masculinities stemming from family positions of fatherhood and husband-hood affects the whole research enterprise, not only in the space of ‘the field’ but also in the spaces that lie ‘before’, ‘after’ and ‘beyond’ it. This suggests that the reflective researcher is doubly troubled by finding gender in ‘the field’ as well as determining where the entanglements of gender and field start and stop. Furthermore, the masculinities at the intersection of family and field are not a one-way street but are bidirectional, spilling beyond the professional domain of the researcher’s relation to the field into the personal domain of their relation to the family. In recognizing the wider implications of the masculine entanglements of family and field, gender emerges as an existential epistemological condition of social life, the broader implication is that researchers have little option but to tackle the complex challenges of gender everywhere, both in and beyond ‘the field’.

Report developed for Tourism Tropical North Queensland in connection with the Newscorp Tourism Innovation Conference held in Cairns, Australia 6 November 2015. The report describes elements of innovation theory and practice, as well as the main themes elaborated in the keynote presentations at the conference.

This paper reports on an exploratory case study investigating the proposition that a locally-embedded organization may exhibit a natural tendency towards ethnocentric perspectives in website communication. Particularly, in multicultural audience environments, such as exist in international tourism, ethnocentric website communication may impede the consistent formation of desired organizational image and undermine the effective transmission of product information among those stakeholders holding different cultural frames. The research builds upon the results of another study using Hofstede’s cultural dimensions in website analysis, by introducing the idea of ethnocentric tendency, and linking to the relevant theoretical arenas of organizational identity, organizational image and strategic communication. Empirical material was collected via observation, key informant interviews, workshop/focus group, website content analysis, customer surveys, and email questioning. Ethnocentric tendency was found to be a possible source of websitemiscommunication for the case organization. The results indicate scope for further investigation of ethnocentric tendency as a source of miscommunication in multicultural stakeholder environments.

This paper engages with the micro action of lifestyle enterprising from an interactionist perspective. The here-and-now action of enterprising is examined in the using the microsociology of Erving Goffman in a single observational case study of tourism lifestyle enterprising in Sweden. The findings illustrate the blurring of assorted personal and commercial domains in the performance of enterprising. Admittance to private spheres can be seen as a form of ï¿œdeferenceï¿œ (Goffman, 1967), these marking realm transitions, and amounting to noncommercial forms of service. The multiplicity of faces and domains lens support to the notion of enterprising as performance that is not oriented to a single domain or field, spans a multiple domains and fields, enterprising occurring in a nested ‘field of fields’. A conceptual model of enterprising as ‘regarding space’ is proposed, reflecting the notion that enterprising performances unfold multiple realms or fields of practice.

In modernity’s tourism, nature is just a resource. In modernity, enterprises exploit human and natural resources, churning out products to feed the modern desire to consume. In the process, people and nature are carelessly ‘used up’. Thus, Brundtland’s famous exhortation for sustainable development (Brundtland, 1987) remains unheeded, and the rhetoric of sustainable tourism (Bramwell & Lane, 1993; Liburd, 2010) has had no discernible effect (Gössling, Hall, Ekström, Engeset, & Aall, 2012). Lifestyle enterprise seems to offer an anti-modernist creed of care. The lifestyle preference for smallness and localness offers promise for sustainability, but the lifestyle is hard to sustain in modernity. In this context, the caring is both precious and precarious. This paper will qualitatively examine six cases of tourism lifestyle enterprise, contemplating the preciousness and precariousness of caring as a balm for the destructive carelessness to nature in modernity.

Taking a performance perspective of entrepreneurship as the point of departure, the social action of entrepreneurship is examined through an interactionist lens. In particular, it applies the micro-sociology of interactionism of Erving Goffman as expounded in his seminal essays ‘On Face-Work’ and ‘The Nature of Deference and Demeanour’. The paper explores entrepreneurship through a case study of a lifestyle enterprise in Southern Sweden. By applying the micro-sociology of Goffman’s ï¿œInteraction Ritualï¿œ it is possible to learn a great deal about social life of lifestyle entrepreneurship. Specifically, when viewing case enterprise through Goffman’s frame, it is possible to see how the actors enact the enterprise, creating the social reality of the enterprise moment-by-moment in performance, in and through social interaction. The actors are seen to move from ï¿œfrontstageï¿œ to ï¿œbackstageï¿œ crossing boundaries of ‘public’ and ‘private’ spanning realms of ‘family’, ‘home’, ‘leisure’ and ‘work’. In the process, they express and commodify values and navigate boundaries of ‘self’, reflected in the expression of public identity of Goffman’s ï¿œfaceï¿œ. They present as multifaceted actors, able to take different lines and enact different ï¿œfacesï¿œ not only between situations, but within them as well.

The term ￜlifestyle enterpriseￜ is often used to describe enterprising in small enterprises, and particularly those small enterprises involved in tourism. Although this lifestyle enterprising phenomenon has been the subject of scholarly investigations since at least the late 1980s, conceptual and theoretical development remains lacking. Typically conceived in objectivist terms as a form of entrepreneurship, much of the research has proceeded from positivist point of views, with interpretivist and, especially, constructionist perspectives only lately emerging. Taking this latter perspective as the point of departure, this study investigates the social construction of lifestyle enterprise from sites in Southern Sweden and Australia. Adopting a sociological perspective, inspired by the social theory of Pierre Bourdieu and borrowing concepts from institutional theory, the study aims to gain insight into the meanings that inform, and thus constitute, lifestyle enterprising practice. Utilising grounded theory methodology, gathering materials through ethnographic observation and open and active interviews, the study offers insights into the meanings that constitute lifestyle enterprising. Findings portray lifestyle enterprising as a contested social field wherein contestation centres on the meaning of products. Enterprisers contest the constitution of products as commodities to negotiate their relation to markets.

Purpose: The study seeks to shed light on the generative principles of enterprising by examining the practices of enterprisers in six lifestyle enterprises in Sweden. It presents a fresh approach to the study of lifestyle enterprises, resolving a nuanced treatment of the concepts of capital and habitus as often drawn upon in studies using the social theory of Pierre Bourdieu. Design/methodology/approach: This study uses a grounded theory approach to examine enterprising practices in six lifestyle enterprises in Sweden. Study materials are derived principally from ethnographic observations and active interviews. The analytical procedure follows that of grounded theory, the analysis proceeding from the first field contacts and developing iteratively as the corpus expanded, with empirical themes giving way to formative concepts and sensitizing to the theoretical architecture of Pierre Bourdieu. Findings: The findings offer insights into lifestyle enterprising, revealing how resourcing practices of capital deployment give shape to its practice. The findings reveal that capital deployment practices are not simply about conversion but may also involve practices, without substantive change to capital forms. Furthermore, the findings highlight that habitus significantly influences capital deployment practices. Research limitations/implications: Although the findings are limited to the study context, the study offers theoretical implications for study of enterprising. One is to highlight the importance of cultural capital in enterprising practices. Another is to highlight the variable construction of capitals, arising in connection to habitus. In pointing to the central generative role of habitus, the study suggests that cultural capital may underpin the formation of social capital. Overall, the findings indicate that researchers need to consider the mediating effects of habitus when investigating enterprising practices. More widely, this study responds and lends weight to, recent calls for more holistic and integrated treatments using Bourdieu’s theory to further understandings of entrepreneurship as practice. Practical implications: This study offers implications for policy relating to enterprising practice. In particular, findings suggest that it might be wise to consider the alignment of habitus between those who provide and receive support, or in other words, having providers with the right cultural competence to offer useful help. It may be important for policy agents to be able to relate to the worldviews of those they seek to support. Originality/value: The study directly responds to recent calls for more holistic and integrated approaches to the nascent line of inquiry using Bourdieu’s theory to gain insight into entrepreneurship as a practice, particularly in relation to the undertheorized phenomenon of lifestyle entrepreneurship. In doing so, the study serves to advance the practice-oriented conceptualization of lifestyle entrepreneurship as lifestyle entrepreneuring. The paper also offers a conceptual framework to assist researchers investigating enterprising practice.

Tourism enterprises play a vital role in tourism development. This has inspired scholarly and policy interest in the workings of tourism enterprises, particularly the small enterprises that account for the majority. The heterogeneity of small enterprises presents challenging terrain for scholars and policymakers concerned to understand and manage enterprise development and tourism development. Scholars have called for more research to deepen understanding of tourism enterprises and tourism development. The question is how to approach this complex terrain in research and practice.Recent lines of research suggest that answers may lay in the vicissitudes of practice. Entrepreneurship scholars have lately started to examine enterprises from the vantage of practice, the research concern shifting to the constructing action of enterprising. This vantage offers much promise to deepen understanding of tourism enterprises and tourism development. However, practice perspectives have rarely been used in studies of tourism enterprises and the link between enterprising practices and tourism development has not yet been made. Drawing inspiration from nascent practice perspectives lately emerging in entrepreneurship and tourism studies, this thesis takes up the practice modality of enterprising to explore the terrain of tourism enterprises and tourism development.Using a multimethod qualitative approach, the thesis tours sites of enterprising action to offer another view of tourism enterprises and tourism development. Visiting the enterprising action of innovating, constructing, performing, intervening, and reflecting, the tour sheds light on the everyday action of enterprising to unfold an image of mundane tourism development. Orienting to the vicissitudes of enterprising practice, this thesis provides another view of tourism enterprises and tourism development, opening new avenues for research and practice.Enterprising carries ontological, epistemological, and methodological implications for research. It urges for post-disciplinary research approaches characterised by theoretical and methodological diversity geared to producing practicable knowledge through close encounters with the vicissitudes of practice. Enterprising and mundane tourism development are travelling concepts with transformative potential ￜ not conceptual destinations, but concepts to inspire further travel.

Innovation is essential in the complex and fluid social environment of tourism; for the practitioner, the essential capability is that of being able to learn and innovate, and to do so often. One must therefore reflect on how present methods of university education might equip tourism students (or indeed students in any social science) to develop the necessary innovation capability so as to meet the challenges of a complex, dynamic and essentially unpredictable world. Inspiration may arise from the field of design, wherein creativity and innovation are endemic. The design-inspired method of Participatory Inquiry may assist to bring about innovation in tourism firms and the use of Participatory Inquiry methods in education may provide a means to assist students to develop the innovative capability essential for future roles in the fluid, social arena or tourism.

The ample systems-orientated rhetoric of sustainable tourism has not triggered much practical change because it is directed at the wrong level and the relevance of the discourse eludes local agents in tourism systems. Practical movement towards sustainable tourism hinges on finding tools that can aid practical moves by local tourism enterprises and, as the local contexts vary, a flexible approach is needed. The paper exaimes co-design as a tool that can aid enterprise movement towards sustainable tourism practice. The empirical basis is an exploratory case study of a single recreational enterprise situated in Kolding, Southern Denmark. Empirical material was collected through multiple methods, comprising; observation, key informant interviews, customer surveys (n=41) and a co-design workshop. The case confirms the potential for co-design as a means to provoke identification of practical moves towards sustainable tourism practice. The research builds upon the body of sustainable tourism knowledge by using the perspective of Complex Adaptive Systems theory to highlight the need for new tools. It investigates the scope of co-design as a suitable tool to foment practical steps towards sustainable tourism practice within the complex ecology of tourism systems. Co-design has not been previously examined within tourism contexts. As a single qualitative case, it is not appropriate to make statistical generalizations based upon this study.

The paper uses an unconventional story format to report on three cases of tourism innovation, using the literary genre of nonsense to also contemplate narrative expression in academic research. Case materials principally derive from open in-depth interviews. The analysis highlights the importance of knowledge in innovation, also illuminating an important relationship to entrepreneurial passion. Notably, passionate interest inspires a learning habit that builds enabling stocks of knowledge; these knowledge stocks render the necessary technical knowledge and situational awareness to see and seize innovation opportunity. By using their vast stock of knowledge, entrepreneurs can identify needed resources and know-how and ways to fill in the gaps. In prosaic terms, this ingrained learning habit depicts a story of incremental innovation at personal scale. Use of the literary nonsense genre overtly positions narrative as a rhetorical form, inviting contemplation of alternative forms of scholarly expression. In this respect, novel forms of expression open the way to new insight into social phenomena. Polyvocality enhances our knowledge of the social world.

Collaborative networks provide a viable means for destination management organisations (DMOs) to engage small enterprises in collaborative destination development, and may offer a means to steer destinations toward small enterprises in collaborative destination development, and may offer a means to steer destinations toward sustainability. However, the use of collaborative networks in destination development remains under-studied. This paper reports on an exploratory qualitative study into a gastronomy network set up by a Destination Management Organization (DMO) in Southern Denmark. Based on ten semi-structured interviews the study examines the relationship between individual and collective goals in the network. The study illustrates that a DMO can occupy a powerful position a collaborative tourism network, providing scope to steer destination development; however, this hinges upon sufficient alignment between individual and collective goals, and this in turn requires insight into the individual goals driving actors’ participation. Building on the tripartite classification of Munksgaard (2014), the study formulates an analytical framework to facilitate analysis of actors’ goals in collaborative tourism networks; and thus contributes a conceptual frame for research and practice.

We ask if mass tourism, morphing into over-tourism, can be conceptualised as an emerging plague of zombie tourists, and what kinds of tourism futures might come of it? Overtourism is not only unsustainable; it is the logical outcome of capitalism and thus, a token signifying that the capitalist system is well and alive even though it is threatening everything else on Earth. We outline a drastic narrative of this unsustainable phenomenon, characterizing it as a pathological condition that chisels-out a zombie tourist, well-travelled but at the same time oblivious to the tourist destinations he or she passes through. We further argue that the entrance of social media and digital portable technological devices have increased this pathological state as it has added a self-centric, narcissistic dimension into the set of touristic practices to a degree that the zombie tourist even runs an increased risk of ending up dead. Secondly, we present two bifurcated scenarios presenting possible trajectories for future tourist practice, both less reliant on physical long-distance travelling: the implantation of digital memories in the individual tourist’s mind and consciousness and ï¿œstaycationï¿œ tourism, i.e. short trip close to the home of the tourist. These two more optimistic scenarios bring some relief to the environmental situation generally and the social situation of overtourism already emerging at many destinations. But, at the same time, these two scenarios are nevertheless embedded in a pathological capitalism and are perhaps bound to create new societal and environmental problems, possibly bringing new kinds of unsustainability. Or?

This paper discusses the application of university extension practice in the establishment of new tourism enterprises, with a particular focus on culinary tourism enterprises. The discussion is framed by the ‘missions’ perspective of university function, noting that extension is a form of knowledge transfer falling within the ‘Third Mission’ of universities. A case study approach is used to show how universities can achieve knowledge transfer to improve business capability in establishing culinary tourism enterprises. The case study is the Tourism Business Development Program of Southern Cross University in Australia, entailing delivery of integrated training and mentoring for private landowners contemplating tourism enterprise development in rural areas. The case shows that, to be effective, extension in tourism enterprise development must tailor program delivery method to context. The case demonstrates how effective university extension can support culinary tourism enterprise development, thereby also contributing to tourism destination development and regional development. The case notes the relationship of extension in universities’ ‘Third Mission’ and its ramifications for institutional societal relevance.

Engineering asset management (EAM) is an emergent field where research has followed various lines of interest. To better understand these lines of interest, a conceptual framework is developed to depict the scope of the EAM research arena, provide an overview of the current ’state of play’ in EAM research and assist in identifying areas where further research could be directed. The relative lack of attention to human factors in EAM is identified as one such area. Organisational management literature is replete with studies examining human factors within organisations. The role of human factors in EAM is briefly explored through reference to the organisational management literature, providing some possible directions for future EAM research. Organisational culture is particularly identified as an area where further research may be of benefit to the body of research in EAM.

This scoping study is a first step in determining a way to examine contestability of freight flows to rail and road in Australia. It The study reviews current freight and commodity modelling practice to identifying the most effective model for further study. A four-step commodity flow approach was first identified being most suitable and a proposed model was scoped. However, lack of available data made the preferred model impractical. The relatively new spatial computable general e(SCGE) model is recommended as the most suitable alternative approach; it requires less data than the four-step commodity flow approach and performs well in technically. It is proposed to test this model for determining non-bulk freight contestability for the East Coast corridor that links Melbourne and Brisbane. This scoping study includes extracts from a proposal for a full study to beundertaken under the leadership of Professor Edward Chung.

Collaborative networks are widely employed as mechanisms to develop innovative responses in challenging environments. This approach has relevance in the area of regional development particularly where food production and tourism are two significant sectors underpinning regions. These two industries have conventionally operated as single sectors independent of each other. However, an inability to respond to changing environments and entrenched outmoded practices in a context of global change has resulted in the vulnerability of regions and limited their ability to leverage opportunities as these arise. Regions with these characteristics need to rethink and restructure their operations.By connecting agriculture and tourism entities through a collaborative network, it is contended that regions in which these co-exist can create a vehicle for change. An in depth analysis of a case study from the Tropical North Queensland (TNQ) region in Australia dramatically illustrates this transformational process.In 2008, the TNQ region encountered a major setback to its economic base of tourism trade as a result of adverse climatic conditions and economic downturn. As part of the Australian Government’s response, a new project called the Tropical North Queensland Tourism Development Project provided the framework for the key government agencies and stakeholders to work differently through a collaborative network. This approach has yielded a supportive environment that has facilitated new patterns of relationships leading to the establishment of a regional food network and system as a foundation for a more resilient region.The case study confirms the crucial importance of understanding and applying the unique characteristics of collaborative networks, as well as the distinctive management techniques: two of which are highlighted in this paper. The first is the concept of strategic leveraging, which involves identifying and connecting key stakeholders and leveraging from the relationships formed to create the synergies necessary for valued added outcomes. The second is a more dynamic conceptualisation of leadership, which focuses on relationship building processes rather than just accomplishing tasks; this has been referred to as a process catalyst. The paper concludes that recognition of the function of strategic leveraging and the role of a process catalyst is essential at the formative stages of collaborative networks to support successful implementation and operation.

Purpose–Effective engineering asset management is essential in delivering public services safely whilst avoiding breakdowns and accidents. The purpose of this paper is to ensure asset safety and sustainability, public sector firms have to adopt new processes and practices. It is the role of supervisors to implement the changes, and as part of the new publicmanagement (NPM) public sector reforms, public sector asset managers have more discretionary power to implement further changes related to increased accountability. Design/methodology/approach–The paper explores the impact of management practices on supervisor-employee relationships and employees’ perception of autonomy, employees’ attitudes towards change and their perceptions of organisational culture within Australian public sector engineering asset management organisations, and in the context of NPM reforms and consequent changes in supervisory discretionary power. Social exchange theory provided the theoretical framework and a self-report survey was administered to 149 employees. Findings–The findings from a structural equationmodel indicate positive and significant relationships between the variables in this study. A finding of significant interest was that public sector employees are on average slightly dissatisfied with their supervisors and feel they have a minimal amount of autonomy in the workplace. This may represent an unintended consequence of NPM reforms. Research limitations/implications–The implication of the findings is that an effective relationship between supervisors and employees is a necessary ingredient for achieving change, and ensuring asset safety and sustainability. Social exchange theorists argue that the low level of satisfaction with the supervisors evident in this study is one factor compromising asset safety and sustainability. Originality/value–The roadblocks to good supervisory relationships in the post NPM environment must be dismantled and the findings clearly indicate a need for targeted development of supervisors/management skills to ameliorate the negative effects of the NPM regime and enable effective change management. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

This study examines, using the social exchange theory, the mediating effect of employees perception of wellbeing on the relationship between two human resource (HR) management factors (satisfaction with teamwork and satisfaction with training opportunities) and innovative behaviour of nurses working in Australian public and private hospitals. Current nurse shortages and limited budgets have increased the need for hospitals to improve their efficiency and cost-effectiveness. It is proposed that fostering innovative behaviour is one way that hospitals can improve the efficiency and effectiveness of nurses. A cross-sectional self-report survey was completed by 220 nurses working within Australian hospitals. The results show that an employee s perception of their wellbeing completely mediated the relationship between satisfaction with training opportunities and their innovative behaviour and partially mediated the relationship between satisfaction with teamwork and innovative behaviour. The findings shed new light on how HR management factors can foster innovative behaviour. The results raise new implications for managers seeking to stimulate innovative behaviour, highlighting the importance of cultivating an organisational environment conducive to positive perceptions of wellbeing.