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  • 1.
    Aal, Kotaiba Abdul
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013).
    Di Pietro, Laura
    Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy.
    Edvardsson, Bo
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013).
    Renzi, Maria Francesca
    Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy.
    Guglielmetti Mugion, Roberta
    Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy.
    Innovation in service ecosystems: An empirical study of the integration of values, brands, service systems and experience rooms2016In: Journal of Service Management, ISSN 1757-5818, E-ISSN 1757-5826, Vol. 27, no 4, p. 619-651Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to extend the understanding of innovation in service ecosystems by focussing on the role of values resonance in relation to the integration of brands, service systems and experience rooms.

    Design/methodology/approach – An empirical, explorative case study of an innovative service system is carried out using a narrative approach and presented in the form of a saga.

    Findings – Insights gleaned from the empirical study are used for conceptual developments. Analysis of the empirical case study is presented as four lessons linked to values, brands, service systems and experience rooms.

    Originality/value – The paper extends a conceptual framework of innovative resource integration in service ecosystems. The paper also contributes four propositions to inform theory: values resonance is a basis for service innovation, the innovative integration of brands based on values resonance can foster innovation, the integration of resources across service system boundaries grounded in values resonance can enable innovation and the integration of experience rooms into a coherent servicescape based on values resonance can support novel forms of resource integration and value co-creation efforts in service ecosystems.

    Keywords Service-dominant logic, Brands, Service innovation, Resource integration, Service ecosystem, Values resonance

    Paper type Research paper

  • 2.
    Aas, Tor Helge
    et al.
    University of Agder, Norway.
    Hjemdahl, Kirsti
    University of Agder, Norway.
    Högberg, Johan
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013).
    Nordgård, Daniel
    University of Agder, Norway.
    Olsson Ramberg, Marcus
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013).
    Wästlund, Erik
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013).
    Contextualizing mobile advertisement using location based services: A field experiment2019Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 3.
    Abadzhiev, Andrey
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Karlstad Business School (from 2013). Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013).
    Advancing circular thinking: strategies and practicesManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Research on circular economy (CE) provides insight into the different components of circularity transitions, but often falls short of offering a more holistic view of strategy implementation and managerial guidance. The aim of this study is twofold: first, to understand how firms implement specific CE strategies in practice and second, to identify specific dynamic capabilities related to these strategies. Our research was conducted on the Swedish wood construction industry, which draws attention with its circular technologies and practices. Our data consisted of open- and closed-ended questions from 35 senior managers and CEOs in the construction value chain regarding the relevance of implementing different CE principles to their perception of high circularity. The data were analyzed using fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to uncover strategies (i.e. combinations of CE principles) for high circularity. Our findings reveal and explain four strategies towards circularity: a) The value chain steward, b) The circular product developer, c) The waste watcher, and d) The holistic resource organizer. The findings also identify specific organizational capabilities that enable innovation activities critical for the CE transition. Such innovations go beyond the mere integration of circular technologies, highlighting the importance of using sufficiency-based principles to develop circular business models. 

  • 4.
    Abadzhiev, Andrey
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Karlstad Business School (from 2013). Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013).
    Managing business model innovation for sustainability transitions: Towards a theory-based typology2024Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Business model innovation for sustainability (BMIfS) is a key driver for industry transformations in addressing grand challenges. While previous corporate sustainability literature has acknowledged that companies require different management approaches to innovate their business model for larger system changes, a more structured and nuanced understanding of such management has not often been applied. By developing a theory-based typology, this thesis explores how management and social theories can be used to advance BMIfS research. The typology accumulates and organizes existing knowledge of the important but fragmented BMIfS management research to capture the key dimensions and differentiate among various management approaches. From a management perspective, the thesis identifies three BMIfS management dimensions: values, knowledge, and agency. The thesis consists of four appended empirical papers that illustrate various facets of the BMIfS management typology. The empirical data from those papers is based on case studies of the Swedish wood construction industry, which has attracted international attention due to the development of innovative and sustainable building technologies and practices. This thesis makes three main contributions. First, it contributes to a growing discussion in the management researcher and practitioner communities on advancing the managerial perspectives of BMIfS. Second, it presents a theory-based typology of different BMIfS management approaches and their theoretical roots. Third, it illustrates various facets of these management approaches with empirical examples from the four appended papers.

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  • 5.
    Abadzhiev, Andrey
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Karlstad Business School (from 2013). Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013).
    [Manuscript] Advancing circular thinking: strategies and practicesManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
  • 6.
    Abadzhiev, Andrey
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Karlstad Business School (from 2013). Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013).
    [Manuscript] Re-orientation of incumbents towards a circular economy: a perspective on creative accumulationManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
  • 7.
    Abadzhiev, Andrey
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Karlstad Business School (from 2013). Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013).
    Re-orientation of incumbents towards a circular economy: a perspective on creative accumulationManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The growing challenges of climate change and resource depletion have exposed the limitations of the traditional 'take-make-dispose' production and consumption model. In response, the concept of the circular economy (CE) has gained prominence as an alternative approach that emphasizes reducing, reusing, recycling, and recovering materials. However, transitioning to a CE requires profound socio-technical changes, often disrupting linear business models and posing significant threats to established incumbent organizations. Incumbents, face difficulties in adapting to CE transitions due to misalignments between their existing competencies and the new demands of circularity. This paper examines the strategic challenges that incumbents encounter during these transitions, focusing on the tension between exploiting existing competencies and exploring new technological and business opportunities. Through a multiple-case study in the Swedish wood construction industry, the paper highlights the dual challenge of improving current practices while venturing into unknown territory. The empirical data is drawn from the Swedish wood construction industry, which has gained international attention for its development of innovative and sustainable building technologies and practices. The findings show how incumbents are responding to sustainability transitions through the process of creative accumulation, which integrate both new and existing knowledge to develop circular value propositions. The study argues that established players can be well-positioned to collaborate and capitalize on circular transitions if they adjust their business models to aligning around sustainable principles and balance between innovation and accumulated expertise. 

  • 8.
    Abadzhiev, Andrey
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Karlstad Business School (from 2013). Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013).
    Sukhov, Alexandre
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013). Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Karlstad Business School (from 2013).
    Johnson, Mikael
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013). Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Karlstad Business School (from 2013).
    Business model innovation for reducing uncertainty in sustainability transitions: A case study of the wood construction industry2024In: Creativity and Innovation Management, ISSN 0963-1690, E-ISSN 1467-8691Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Sustainability transitions are a significant challenge that requires established industries to adopt innovative ways of doing business. Research suggests that while this is possible through business model innovation (BMI), risk avoidance by regime actors and high levels of future uncertainty act as barriers to successful transitions. Specifically, we lack knowledge about how established companies innovate their business model (BM) to reduce uncertainty related to sustainability transitions. We explore the case of a large forest-based manufacturing company in the construction industry, Stora Enso. We find that, by pursuing transformative BMI and combining multiple value creation logics, a company can reduce different types of uncertainty while shaping its business ecosystem towards more sustainable opportunities. We show that the BM can serve as an organizational tool for collectively exploring new knowledge, reducing uncertainty and driving change in a business ecosystem.

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  • 9.
    Abadzhiev, Andrey
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013).
    Sukhov, Alexandre
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013).
    Sihvonen, Antti
    Jyväskylä University, FIN.
    Johnson, Mikael
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013).
    Managing the complexity of green innovation2022In: European Journal of Innovation Management, ISSN 1460-1060, E-ISSN 1758-7115, Vol. 25, no 6, p. 850-866Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose Green innovation can promote both environmental sustainability and economic growth. However, its development and implementation can be complex due to the need to align innovation activities within and across companies. In this study, the authors examined how this complexity can be managed by analyzing how individual companies combine different innovation activities to develop green innovation, and how companies along the value chain align to implement these innovations. Design/methodology/approach The dataset comprises both interviews and a survey of senior executives from the Swedish wood construction industry. These data were first analyzed by using fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to identify innovation activity configurations at the level of the individual company. The interviews were then analyzed to identify alignment mechanisms enabling the implementation of green innovation along the value chain. Findings At the company level, the authors found three innovation activity configurations with varying levels of complexity: (1) systemic innovation by proactive companies, (2) process innovation by reactive companies and (3) inaction by technology-independent companies. On the value chain level, the authors found three alignment mechanisms that facilitate the implementation of green innovation along the value chain. These mechanisms promote cooperation by increasing efficiency, opening up new market opportunities and increasing the level of servitization. Originality/value This paper analyzes the complexity of green innovation and provides novel insights into how complexity is managed at the level of both the individual company and the value chain.

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  • 10.
    Adenmark, Pia
    et al.
    Karlstads kommun.
    Bergkvist, Linda
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013).
    Tjänsteutveckling och välfärdsteknik: Forskningsstudien Intelligent duschlösning2018Conference paper (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 11.
    Ahlin, Karin
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Karlstad Business School (from 2013). Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013).
    Design och utvärdering av modell för operationell digital mognad2022Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Föreliggande rapport beskriver kravställning, design, test och utvärdering av en modell för mätning av individers digitala kunskap – något vi här valt att kalla ”operationell digital mognad” – inom vård- och omsorgssektorn. Begreppet operationell digital mognad ska tolkas som individens kunskap om digitala hjälpmedel ur ett sociotekniskt perspektiv,”Kraven på modellen var att den skulle kunna användas repetitivt för att mäta den digitala mognaden ur ett sociotekniskt perspektiv, det vill säga att digitala hjälpmedel används för att stödja en organisation och att individer ska nyttja hjälpmedlen för att utföra sina arbetsuppgifter.

    Underlaget för modellen har varit Pentagonmodellen, framtagen av Schiefloe (2003), som innehåller följande dimensioner: formell struktur, teknik och infrastruktur, sociala relationer och nätverk, interaktion samt kultur och kompetens. För att få fram digital mognad, har vi även valt att lägga till dimensionen personlig motivation. Modellen översattes sedan till en enkät med påståenden kopplade till digitala hjälpmedel och miljöer. Påståendena i enkäten kunde besvaras på en skala som gick från ”Jag är enig” till ”Jag är helt oenig”. Resultatet från enkäten, både från 2021 och 2022, visar att motivationen för att använda digitala hjälpmedel är hög. Respondenterna hade även god kunskap om den formella strukturen. Kultur och kompetens, teknik och infrastruktur samt interaktion fick också relativt höga poäng

    Utvärderingen av modellen visar att det är viktigt med operationell digital mognad även för vård- och omsorgspersonal. Vi fick även bekräftat att modellen innehöll intressanta dimensioner för att mäta operationell digital mognad, med undantag för dimensionen sociala relationer och nätverk. Vi kunde också konstatera att resultatet från enkäten behöver innehålla jämförelser med tidigare mätningar, eftersom målet för operationell digital mognad förändras över tid, och gå att bryta ner på olika detaljnivåer. Resultatet behöver även kopplas till utbildningsåtgärder. För att uppnå en iterativ process med att mäta operationell digital mognad föreslås ytterligare utredning kring dimensionen sociala relationer och nätverk, möjligheter att omvandla enkäten från deskriptiv till prediktiv samt fler presentationsmöjligheter.

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  • 12.
    Ahlin, Karin
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013).
    The Demonstration of a Tool for Self-Estimating Digital Competence2023In: Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, ISSN 0926-9630, E-ISSN 1879-8365, Vol. 302, p. 494-495Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This study presents the results from a demonstration of a tool for self-estimation of digital competence for nurses and assistant nurses. The data was gathered from twelve participants working as leaders of older care homes. The results show that digital competence is of importance in health and social care, that the dimension of motivation is of utmost importance and that the presentation of the survey results should be flexible.

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  • 13.
    Ahlin, Karin
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Karlstad Business School (from 2013). Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013).
    Crusoe, Jonathan
    Högskolan i Borås, Sweden.
    Why Should You Believe in Open Data? – A Document Study Examining PersuasionRhetoric of OGD Benefits2022In: EGOV 2022: Electronic Government / [ed] Marijn Janssen, Csaba Csáki, Ida Lindgren, Euripidis Loukis, Ulf Melin, Gabriela Viale Pereira, Manuel Pedro Rodríguez Bolívar, Efthimios Tambouris, Springer, 2022, p. 274-287Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The rhetoric of Open Government Data (OGD) concerningits benefits seems to lack anchor in practice affecting practitioners andempirical evidence restraining academia. This rhetoric could be hard tosee for those already persuaded. As such, the rhetoric could contain in-consistencies that are based more on myths than facts, contributing tothe slow pace of OGD development. OGD is sometimes based on dog-matic rhetoric that is overly simplistic, which hides significant benefitsand blocks potential audiences from seeing the practical applications ofOGD. The purpose of the present study was to analyse the persuasive-ness of present OGD arguments from a rhetorical perspective to identifyrhetorical patterns. We conducted desktop research, investigating therhetoric of eight websites emphasising OGD benefits. Our findings in-clude four common patterns of the rhetoric involving persuasion anddissuasion. The rhetoric contains paradoxes of promises and discover-ies, which we categorised as the grand quest, promised opportunities,tribal solidarity, and the silver bullet patterns. A further finding was twomythical paradoxes: (1) promises versus discovery and (2) proving whilearguing.

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  • 14.
    Ahlin, Karin
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013).
    Kitkowska, Agnieszka
    Jönköping University, Sweden.
    Wästlund, Erik
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013).
    IoT for Health and Well-being: A case study and call for action2023In: PETRA '23: Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on PErvasive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments, Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), 2023, p. 465-467Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this short paper we describe the implementation of an IoT test-bed in an elementary school. We argue that by adding additional IoT senors to an existing IoT system it is possible to evolve an indoor climate control system into a indoor milieu control system aimed at improving the health and well-being for both pupils and staff who spend their days working in the school environment. Lastly, we call for multidisciplinary action as the domain IoT for health and well-being spans across several different knowledge domains.

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  • 15.
    Ahlin, Karin
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Karlstad Business School (from 2013). Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013). Mittuniversitetet.
    Langlo, Jan Alexander
    NTNU, Norge.
    Rapport Digital Mognad – gemensamma resultat VälTel 2.02022Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Allt mer i organisationer kräver digital kunskap, t ex att utföra arbetsuppgifter eller att kommunicera med externa parter. Den omställning som sker från analogt arbete till digitalt kräver kunskap, både i organisationen och hos den enskilda individen. Därför har projektet VälTel 2.0 initierat ett arbetspaket som handlar om kompetenshöjande insatser. VälTel2.0 är ett EU-finansierat projekt som arbetar för att hitta morgondagens hälsolösningar genom att öka kunskapen om innovationsprocesser, digitalisering och välfärdsteknologiska lösningar. Syftet med att använda dessa lösningar är att göra vård- och omsorg mer jämlik ur ett patient- brukar-, och medborgarperspektiv. I projektet samarbetar Östersunds kommun, Region Jämtland-Härjedalen, Åre kommun, Mittuniversitetet och kommuner i Tröndelag samt olika IT- företag. Projektet är en fortsättning på VälTel-projektet, i vilket resultatet pekar på att offentlig sektor behöver bli bättre på att testa, implementera och utvärdera nya innovationer på e-hälso- teknologiområdet, bygga kompetens kring förändrade arbetssätt, samt skapa bättre förutsättningar för samverkan med näringslivet.

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  • 16.
    Ahlin, Karin
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Karlstad Business School (from 2013). Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013).
    Nöjd, Sture
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013). Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Department of Social and Psychological Studies (from 2013).
    IoT i skolan2022Report (Other academic)
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  • 17.
    Ahlin, Karin
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Karlstad Business School (from 2013). Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013).
    Wästlund, Erik
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013). Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Department of Social and Psychological Studies (from 2013).
    Ahmad, Awais
    Uppsala Universitet.
    Nöjd, Sture
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013).
    Mozelius, Peter
    Mittuniversitetet.
    Hassan Sodhro, Ali
    Kristianstad Högskola.
    IoT in Elementary School for Everyone – A Research Plan2022In: Challenges of Trustable AI and Added-Value on Health / [ed] Brigitte Séroussi; Patrick Weber; Ferdinand Dhombres; Cyril Grouin; Jan-David Liebe; Sylvia Pelayo; Andrea Pinna; Bastien Rance; Lucia Sacchi; Adrien Ugon; Arriel Benis; Parisis Gallos, IOS Press, 2022, p. 955-956Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We propose a tentative research plan to increase students’ mental health

    in elementary schools by implementing Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The

    research plan should answer how to support students’ mental health using IoT

    solutions and the critical factors influencing testbeds for IoT solutions with the

    previously mentioned purpose. Our intended research method is Design Science,

    which we plan to use stepwise.

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  • 18.
    Ahmad, Awais
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University, Sweden.
    Ahlin, Karin
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Karlstad Business School (from 2013). Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013).
    Mozelius, Peter
    Mid Sweden University, Sweden.
    Hassan Sodhro, Ali
    Kristianstad University, Sweden.
    Exploring the Medical Caregivers' Perceptions of Technology Acceptance for an Online Speech and Language Assessment Application Among Stroke Patients2023In: International Journal on Advances in Life Sciences, E-ISSN 1942-2660, Vol. 15, no 1-2, p. 1-10Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Stroke is a globally increasing disease and speech and language deficiencies are common in stroke survivors. To facilitate medical caregivers in their professional work and to improve patients’ quality of life, technology can play an important role. However, the use and acceptance of technology are uncertain and more research is needed in this direction. This study evaluates the technology acceptance and adoption of an online speech and language assessment application. The evaluation-focused Design Science Research strategy was adopted for that purpose. Two physiotherapists, one occupational therapist and three speech therapists participated in the study. The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) was used as the theoretical base for interview questions formation and data analysis. The study findings show that the suggested application is useful and easy to use; however, it should be better synchronised with speech therapists’ daily work routines. The speech therapists stressed that the functionalities of the application should be designed in close collaboration with them, and it should be compatible with the already existing systems and services in place. Due to impairments after stroke, the patients have some specific preferences for software and hardware; such as a tablet with a touch pen is the preferred hardware. Additionally, the interface should have bigger text fonts and pictures, and highly contrastive colours in the graphics should be used for patients’ convenience. The user’s privacy and security, the patient’s current health, and their previous knowledge and experience with technology were also found important determinants for the intention to use the given technology.

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  • 19.
    Aichigui, Victor
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet.
    Johansson, Elisabeth
    Linköpings universitet, Logistik- och kvalitetsutveckling.
    Löfberg, Nina
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013).
    Witell, Lars
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013). Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi.
    Servitization in SME manufacturing firms: A one-way road2015In: Proceedings of QUIS 14: The 14th International Research Symposium on Service Excellence inManagement 2015, 2015, Vol. 14, p. 965-968Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The importance for manufacturing firms to add services to their offerings has been asserted over and over again (Neu and Brown 2005). Adding services to product sales require manufacturing firms to develop other types of offerings such as maintenance services, hybrid offerings or integrated solutions. This implies using new and often unknown practices to be able to provide services. Previous research has focused on the benefits of servitization (Gebauer, Gustafsson, and Witell 2011), albeit in larger firms. Hence, similar research on Small and Medium sized Enterprises (SME) has been scarce. Furthermore, servitization as a unidirectional transition process can be questioned as researchers argue that manufacturing firms might offer different types of services simultaneously and might not have the intention to take the next step that a transition process suggests (Kowalkowski et al. 2015). Moreover, previous research shows that the step from offering after-sales services and repair to offering more advanced services, e.g. process-related services, is rather big. For those services different mindsets are required within the organization; more advanced services would require a service oriented mindset, whereas after-sales services only requires the firm to have a product oriented mindset (Löfberg 2014).

  • 20.
    Akaka, Melissa A.
    et al.
    Daniels College of BusinessUniversity of Denver.
    Koskela-Huotari, Kaisa
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013). Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Karlstad Business School (from 2013).
    Vargo, Stephen L.
    Shidler College of BusinessUniversity of Hawai’i at Mānoa.
    Further Advancing Service Science with Service-Dominant Logic: Service Ecosystems, Institutions, and their Implications for Innovation2019In: Handbook of Service Science, Volume II / [ed] Maglio, P. P., Kieliszewski, C. A., Spohrer, J. C., Lyons, K., Patricio, L. & Sawatani, Y., New York: Springer, 2019, Volume II, p. 641-659Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Service-dominant (S-D) logic has been recognized as a theoretical foundation for developing a science of service. As the field of service science advances the understanding of value cocreation in service systems, S-D logic continues to evolve as well. Recent updates and consolidation of the foundational premises establish five core axioms of S-D logic and outline a pathway for understanding the role of institutions in value cocreation in general, and innovation in particular. This chapter overviews the evolution of S-D logic and its service ecosystems view, which can contribute to the furthering the development of service science and advancing the study of innovation in service systems. Future research directions are proposed.

  • 21.
    Alaqra, Ala
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Mathematics and Computer Science (from 2013).
    Fischer-Hübner, Simone
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Mathematics and Computer Science (from 2013).
    Pettersson, John
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Centre for HumanIT (from 2013).
    Wästlund, Erik
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013).
    Stakeholders’ Perspectives on Malleable Signatures in a Cloud-based eHealth Scenario2016In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Human Aspects of Information Security & Assurance / [ed] Nathan Clarke & Steven Furnell, 2016, p. 220-230Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, we discuss end user requirements that we elicited for the use of malleable signatures in a Cloud-based eHealth scenario. The concept of a malleable signature, which is a privacy enhancing cryptographic scheme that enables the redaction of personal information from signed documents while preserving the validity of the signature, might be counter- intuitive to end users as its functionality does not correspond to the one of a traditional signature scheme. A qualitative study via a series of semi-structured interviews and focus groups has been conducted to understand stakeholders’ opinions and concerns in regards to the possible applications of malleable signatures in the eHealth area, where a medical record is first digitally signed by a doctor and later redacted by the patient in the cloud. Results from this study yielded user requirements such as the need for suitable metaphors and guidelines, usable templates, and clear redaction policies. 

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  • 22.
    Alaqra, Ala Sarah
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Mathematics and Computer Science (from 2013).
    Wästlund, Erik
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013). Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Department of Social and Psychological Studies (from 2013).
    Reciprocities or Incentives?: Understanding Privacy Intrusion Perspectives and Sharing Behaviors2019In: HCI for Cybersecurity, Privacy and Trust: First International Conference, HCI-CPT 2019, Held as Part of the 21st HCI International Conference, HCII 2019, Orlando, FL, USA, July 26–31, 2019, Proceedings / [ed] Abbas Moallem, Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2019, p. 355-370Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The importance and perception of privacy varies from one context to the other. However, everyone values his or her privacy to a certain extent. The subjectivity of that value, attitudes, and behaviors would depend on different entangling factors. It is important to understand the motivation that influences human behavior, whether to protect or share their information. In this paper, we aim at understanding the boundaries of privacy, factors influencing information sharing behavior including experiences (reciprocities of privacy), and efforts taken to protect one’s data. We collected data using quantitative (survey/quiz) and qualitative means (focus groups). In the survey/quiz, our results showed that intrusion experience and awareness have a significant correlation between sharing of data. Furthermore, our focus groups results yielded details on influencing factors for privacy reciprocities and tradeoffs. We discuss our results in terms of privacy incentives and factors influencing the sharing behavior of their information. Finally, we highlight the complexity of behavior where intrinsic and extrinsic motivations could clash and result in a dilemma such as the privacy paradox phenomenon. © 2019, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

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  • 23.
    Ali, Muhammad Murtaza
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013).
    Karlsson, Jenny
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013).
    Skålén, Per
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013). Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Karlstad Business School (from 2013).
    How Has Digitalisation Influenced Value in the Music Market?2021In: International Journal of Music Business Research, E-ISSN 2227-5789, Vol. 10, no 2, p. 53-63Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper focuses on how digitalisation has influenced actors’ value determination and value creation in the Swedish music market. It draws on the service-dominant logic (SDL) and the service ecosystem perspective to conceptualise value as co-created through the integration of resources by multiple actors in service exchange, enabled and constrained by institutions and institutional arrangements. Empirically, we draw on a qualitative study of the digitalisation of the Swedish music market that consists of fifty-two interviews with various actors. The findings suggest that digitalisation has influenced service engagement and consequently value creation and determination for various actors, and especially for consumers and producers. This paper contributes by integrating SDL and the service ecosystem perspective into music business research in a novel way to promote a deeper understanding of value, value determination, and value co-creation. This paper also contributes to SDL by suggesting that both value-in-exchange and value-in-use are important aspects of value determination and value co-creation.

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  • 24.
    Altschwager, Teagan
    et al.
    ICHM, Australia.
    Conduit, Jodie
    University of Adelaide, Australia.
    Karpen, Ingo Oswald
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013). University of Adelaide, Australia.
    Goodman, Steve
    University of Adelaide, Australia.
    Event Engagement: Using Event Experiences to Build Brands2024In: Australasian Marketing Journal, ISSN 1441-3582, E-ISSN 1839-3349, Vol. 32, no 1, p. 31-44Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Companies invest considerably in event experiences; however, many are criticised for hosting events without understanding the full extent of their impact, or how to optimise their design. To benefit from event experiences, it is critical to consider not only how customers engage with the event, but also how event engagement transfers to engagement with the host brand to ultimately drive brand loyalty. This paper empirically explores the role of customer event engagement in facilitating brand engagement, within the context of branded marketing event experiences. Surveying attendees of such branded event experiences, six Australian wine brands, running 10 diverse events, agreed to collaborate in the research, yielding a total response of 274 participants. Results indicate that, for emotional, sensorial, pragmatic and relational experiences, event engagement fully mediates the relationship with customer brand engagement. Furthermore, it is the engagement with the host brand, rather than engagement with the event, that facilitates the effect on behavioural intentions of loyalty. These findings suggest that viewing engagement with a single focus (i.e., only event or only brand engagement) provides limited insight and does not uncover the true impact of event experiences; it is only through exploring the interrelationships between the engagement foci that we can truly understand how event experiences impact behavioural brand loyalty. This offers important managerial implications to facilitate engagement transfer (i.e., between event and brand), while drawing on associative network theory to explain how customer engagement spills over from the event to the brand and better account for the interdependence across engagement objects.

  • 25.
    Alves, Helena
    et al.
    Univ Beira Interior, PRT.
    Cepeda-Carrion, Ignacio
    University Seville, ESP.
    Ortega-Gutierrez, Jaime
    University Seville, ESP.
    Edvardsson, Bo
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013).
    The role of intellectual capital in fostering SD-Orientation and firm performance2021In: Journal of Intellectual Capital, ISSN 1469-1930, E-ISSN 1758-7468, Vol. 22, no 1, p. 57-75Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose This research aims to understand the relationship among Intellectual Capital (IC), Service Dominant Orientation (SD-Orientation) and firms performance. Design/methodology/approach A model conceptualizing the relationship among the three constructs was tested through structural equation modelling on a sample of 101 firms from SABI Spanish database. Findings The results confirm the influence of IC, in all of its dimensions, on SD-Orientation and of SD-orientation on performance. Furthermore, the results show that SD- Orientation fully mediates the relationship between IC and performance, except for relational capital that by itself also directly influences financial performance. Research limitations/implications Data is limited to a sample of only one country and 101 services firms. Therefore, future studies should be carried out with samples from other countries. Practical implications The main results show HC, relational capital and SC are a great influence and antecedent on SD-Orientation, therefore, as an implication, firms need to take care of the several components (human, structural and social) of IC in order to become more service oriented, something that will allow them to achieve a better performance. Originality/value Until know there was no other study testing the influence of IC on SD-Orientation, therefore this study contributes to understand SD-orientation and the necessary resources to operationalize it, including the links to financial performance.

  • 26.
    Andersson, Gustav
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Karlstad Business School (from 2013). Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013).
    Zettervall, Carl
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Karlstad Business School (from 2013). Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013).
    Value-Based Pricing in the Maritime Industry: Investigating the Challenges and Opportunities for OEMs2024Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    While traditional manufacturing companies are increasingly expanding their services portfolio, they are not experiencing the expected financial returns. As companies become better in understanding customer needs, as well as customers becoming more mature in buying services however, more advanced revenue approaches could be used, such as value-based pricing (VBP). In the literature of pricing, VBP has been acknowledged as the best pricing approach to use. However, the adoption of the approach does not match the praise it gets. One of the most prominent reasons for this is the lack of knowledge of VBP by executives, which therefore calls for further research in multiple industries. This study therefore studies VBP in the setting of the maritime industry, investigating challenges and opportunities for OEMs. It provides complementary findings to current literature of VBP and the maritime industry, as well as practical implications. The study was done as a single case study at a large OEM in the maritime industry, where data was collected through semi-structured interviews. 

    The study presents a number of identified challenges and opportunities VBP holds for an OEM in the maritime industry. The primary challenges are linked to value determination and communication, complicated stakeholder relationships, risk taking as well as cultural and organizational challenges. As for opportunities, VBP is also seen as a way to create references and therefore increase the rate of adoption, create a lock-in effect as well as create financial benefits. In general, VBP is a good fit for the maritime industry, seen to the characteristics of the industry and VBP as a concept. It does however look to be less challenging, and more beneficial, to implement in the aftermarket and services departments, but still requires a unified strategy between the new sales and aftermarket departments.

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    Value-Based Pricing in the Maritime Industry: Investigating the Challenges and Opportunities for OEMs
  • 27.
    Andersson, Jan
    et al.
    The Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, VTI, Sweden.
    Bjorklund, Gunilla
    The Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, VTI, Sweden.
    Warner, Henriette Wallen
    The Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, VTI, Sweden.
    Lättman, Katrin
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Communication and IT (discontinued), The Service and Market Oriented Transport Research Group. Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013). University of Gävle, Sweden.
    Adell, Emeli
    Trivector, Sweden..
    The complexity of changes in modal choice: A quasi-experimental study2023In: Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, ISSN 1369-8478, E-ISSN 1873-5517, Vol. 96, p. 36-47Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Changes in modal choice is argued to be one way to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases. Increasing modal choices in favour of more environmentally friendly travel modes requires a better understanding of how these choices are actually made. The first aim of this study is therefore to examine how modal choice is related to subjective experiences as perceived accessibility, perceived satisfaction , habit, both before , after an intervention promoting public transport. The second aim is to examine how modal choice is affected by the intervention. Finally, the third aim is to examine how subjective experiences as perceived accessibility, perceived satisfaction, and habit are affected by the intervention.Method: The design used is a before-and after-study with free public travel passes as the intervention (30-or 14-days free travel pass). Altogether, 52 travelers - distributed on two intervention groups and one control group - participated in the study. The 30-days free travel pass group constitutes 18 participants, the 14-days free travel pass group constitutes 19 participants while the control group constitutes 15 participants. During the before -period the participants were asked to register their modal choice using a digitalized application downloaded on their smart phones (the TravelVu app), to complete a short app-based questionnaire, and a web-based questionnaire. During the after-period, they were once again asked to register their modal choice and to complete a web-based questionnaire. All data collected were analyzed by variance or correlation analyses using the change between before-and after period as the dependent variable.Results: The results show that walking was more common than the use of public transport and car, which in turn were more common than the use of bicycle. Perceived accessibility, perceived satisfaction, general health, life quality as well as habit were all rated fairly high. Over time, the use of public transport increased while the use of car decreased overall. With increased use of public transport, the perceived accessibility decreased, but on the other hand, the life quality increased. There was no difference in perceived accessibility, perceived satisfaction, or habit between the three groups, but the participants became overall more satisfied with the standard of their experiences of their everyday travel (cognitive evaluation). At the same time, they became less reflective of their choice of travel mode and less interested in trying out new alternative travel modes during the after-compared to the before period.Conclusion: The intervention did not affect the modal choice or the subjective experiences. Over time, the participants did however increase their use of public transport and their cognitive evaluation of their everyday travel overall, while they decreased their use of car and became less reflective and less interested in trying out new alternative travel modes. These changes might be attributed to their participation in the present study.

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  • 28.
    Andersson K, Pernille
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Communication and IT, Department of Psychology. Karlstad University, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Communication and IT, Service Research Center.
    Gustafsson, Anders
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center. BI Norwegian Sch Management, Oslo, Norway.
    Kristensson, Per
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Communication and IT, Department of Psychology. Karlstad University, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Communication and IT, Service Research Center.
    Wästlund, Erik
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Communication and IT, Department of Psychology.
    The effect of frontline employees' personal self-disclosure on consumers' encounter experience2016In: Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, ISSN 0969-6989, E-ISSN 1873-1384, Vol. 30, no May, p. 40-49Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose of this paper is to investigate how frontline employee self-disclosure influences consumers’ reciprocal behavior. To investigate the effects of frontline employee self-disclosure, two experiments were conducted with a total sample of 475 participants. The results show that when frontline employees disclose personal information in one-time encounters, they are perceived as less competent and more superficial. The results also show that self-disclosure negatively affects reciprocal behavior, but that this is mediated through liking, competence, superficiality, and satisfaction. These findings suggest that it is not always beneficial for employees to use self-disclosure as a strategy for garnering a consumer's trust or satisfaction, which counters previous research that suggest that disclosure of personal information is a good way to positively influence consumers in the retail environment.

  • 29.
    Andersson K, Pernille
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013).
    Nöjd, Sture
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013).
    Otterbring, Tobias
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013).
    Westman, Jessica
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013).
    Wästlund, Erik
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013).
    The How, What, and Why of Digitalizing Physical Retail Spaces2019In: The 16th International Research Symposium on Advancing Service Research and Practice, 2019Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This aim of this study is to enhance the understanding of customer behavior and customer experience in the context of city centers and peripheral shopping centers and how the use of digitalized services affects this experience. In this paper we adopt a qualitative approach to explore consumers´ activities when visiting a city and/or a shopping center and the experiences connected to the visit. The study is based on data from 832 (55% female) with a M age = 48 years (range 17-91 years) consumers.

    When visiting a city center and/or a shopping center, customers engage with a variety of different touchpoints (Socchi, Hart and Haji, 2016). From a customer perspective these touchpoints create experiences that generates many types of values. In recent years, the mass media has warned for the demise of city and shopping centers commerce. This purported demise is mainly due to the strong growth of e-commerce. To meet this competition, the retail and hospitality industry has developed strategies to create new customer experiences and thus attract customers back to the city center’s physical places. As a consequence of the technical development, companies frequently try to influence customers’ experiences through various digitalized services, where these digitalized service have the potential to improve customer experience by providing superior and personalized services (Roy et al. 2016). The question is what impact such services have on customers’ experiences and how this, in turn, affects the profitability of the retail and hospitality industry as a whole.

    In order to shed light on the activities and experiences of visitors to city and shopping centers regular consumers were approach during a regular visit to such an area and asked to answer a few open ended questions.  The data was analyzed using thematic analysis. Thematic analysis aims to identify and report on thematic patterns across the sample, which allows researchers to make interpretations of the data that reflect the reported reality of participants (Braun and Clarke, 2006; Hayes, 2000; Ruane and Wallace, 2013).

    The preliminary analysis of the data shows a variety of activities and touchpoints when visiting the city and shopping center. Seven themes emerged in our analysis of the participants´ responses: Relationship, Goal fulfillment, Experiences, Physical venue, Milieu, Practical usability and Non-intrusive.

    In order to make more sense of the seven themes a model were developed. In this model three of the themes were connected to the customer, two connected to the service provider and the last two connected to digital technology. These three clusters interact in different ways.

    The customer cluster contains the themes relationships, goal fulfilment and experiences. The themes in this cluster describe and vivifies the customer. The customer is not just a “shopping robot” jumping from touchpoint to touchpoint along a customer journey. The customer instead is a person with goals to fulfil but at the same time someone who has a great need of relationships on different levels and a person who will and want to experience things.

    The service provider cluster contains two themes. One were named physical venue and this is where the service provider, be it a storeowner or a restaurant owner for example, has the most direct control. It is also where the customer will go to fulfil his or her goals. Here the direct contact between customer and service provider can and will take place. The second theme in this cluster were named “milieu”. The milieu can be the space the customer needs to pass in order to get to the physical venue or other factors that the service provider do not have control over (e.g. public spaces and weather)

    The third and most interesting cluster concerns the digital technology, named practical usability and non-intrusive. Digitalization is highly interesting when it comes to the relationship between the customer and the service provider. The first theme described the importance of the usefulness of digital technology, and  in regards to digitalization the results indicates that digitalized services mostly fulfill utilitarian needs and works best in functional touchpoints. The theme called non-intrusive describes the relation between the customer and the digital technology. It may be somewhat drastic to talk about a two edged sword but on the one hand digital technology makes life easier and sometimes more joyful and at the same time the technology may disturb goal activities which leads to negative experiences.

    These findings is important because it offers help to those managing city and shopping centers in identify touchpoints that need to be digitalized and those who need to be reinforced through social activities This knowledge could also help managers develop strategies to create new customer experience, i.e. create good valuescapes, and thus tease customer back to the city and shopping center´s physical places.

    REFERENCES

    Braun, V. and Clarke, V., (2006), 'Using thematic analysis in psychology’, Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3 (2) 77-101

    Hayes, N. (2000), Doing Psychological Research, Open University Press, Buckinghamshire.

    Ruane, L. and Wallace, E., (2013), 'Generation Y females online: insight from brand narratives', Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 16 (3) 315-335

    Roy, S. K., Balaji, M. S., Sadeque, S., Nguyen, B., and Mlewar, T. C., (2016), 'Constituents and consequences of smart customer experience in retailing', Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 124 257-270

    Stocchi, L., Hart, C., and Haji, I., (2016), 'Understanding the town centre customer experience (TCCE) ', Journal of Marketing Management, 32 (17-18) 1562-1587

  • 30.
    Andersson K, Pernille
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Department of Social and Psychological Studies. Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center.
    Wästlund, Erik
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center. Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Department of Social and Psychological Studies.
    Kristensson, Per
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Communication and IT, Department of Psychology. Karlstad University, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Communication and IT, Service Research Center.
    The effect of gaze on consumers’ encounter evaluation2016In: International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, ISSN 0959-0552, E-ISSN 1758-6690, Vol. 44, no 4, p. 372-396Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose – The research concerns the effect of frontline employees’ averted or direct gaze on consumers’ evaluation of the encounter. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that in normal interactions, a direct or averted gaze affects people’s evaluation of others. The question was whether this finding would hold true in commercial interactions.

    Design/methodology/approach – The authors conducted three experiments using a written scenario with a photograph among a total sample of 612 participants.

    Findings – This research showed that consumers’ social impression of the frontline employees mediated the effect of the employees’ gazing behaviour on consumers’ emotions and satisfaction with the encounters. The findings also showed that averting gaze had a negative effect on consumers’ first impression of the frontline employee, which affected consumers’ satisfaction with the encounter. The findings also showed that a direct gaze had a negative effect on encounter satisfaction when consumers sought to purchase embarrassing products.

    Originality/value – The research demonstrated that the effect of gaze on encounter satisfaction was mediated by the social impression and moderated by consumers’ approach/avoidance motivation.

  • 31.
    Andersson, Pernille
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center.
    Kristensson, Per
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center.
    Gustafsson, Anders
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center.
    Wästlund, Erik
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center.
    How friendship might create reciprocal effects in terms of purchases2012Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 32.
    Andersson, Pernille
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center.
    Wästlund, Erik
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center.
    Gustafsson, Anders
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center.
    Kristensson, Per
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center. Karlstad University, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Communication and IT, Department of Psychology.
    Background music as part of the servicescape: A study of the effect of music on the shopping experience2011Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 33.
    Andreassen, Tor
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013). Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Karlstad Business School (from 2013).
    Gustafsson, Anders
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Communication and IT, Service Research Center. Karlstad University, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Communication and IT, Department of Business Administration.
    Gebauer, Heiko
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013).
    To co-produce or not? The case of technology-enabled services2013Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 34.
    Andresen, Edith
    et al.
    Mittuniversitetet.
    Öberg, Christina
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013). Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Karlstad Business School (from 2013).
    Westergren, Carl
    Mittuniversitetet.
    On implementation of innovation in the public sector2021Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 35.
    Arsenovic, Jasenko
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013). Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Karlstad Business School (from 2013).
    Proactivity in Service Failure and Service Recovery2021Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Although service failure and service recovery have been extensively researched, service employees struggle to recover an increasing number of customer complaints. The overall aim of this thesis is to explain the role of customer and employee proactivity in service failure and service recovery. Through a series of studies, this thesis examines how employee and customer proactivity influence customer responses after a service failure and in service recovery. In doing so, this thesis contributes to the service recovery literature in two ways.

    First, by reconceptualizing service failure to include failures not necessarily linked to the core-service offering, this research contributes to the theory formation stressing the importance of seemingly “small details”. Doing so makes it possible to examine how seemingly minor interpersonal interaction can influence customer responses in the service environment and provide managers with a set of tools to manage failures of such seemingly minor interpersonal interaction. Introducing employee proactivity as a recovery tactic, this thesis demonstrates that when an employee shows a high level of proactivity during a service encounter, they can reduce the adverse effects that stem from the absence of expected interpersonal “small details” from earlier in the service encounter. As such, potentially serve to address a portion of the “silent mass” of customers who choose to stay silent.

    Second, findings contrast lay belief that customers prefer the service providers to deal with service failures while they sit back and relax. Introducing service recovery collaboration as a potential service recovery response made it possible to document the benefits of including the customer as a proactive collaborator in the service recovery. Findings reveal that proactive customer behaviors in service recovery are particularly critical for customers with established relationships and in situations where compensation is the primary means of recovery.

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  • 36.
    Arsenovic, Jasenko
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013).
    De Keyser, A.
    EDHEC Business School, FRA.
    Edvardsson, Bo
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Communication and IT, Service Research Center. Inland Norway Univ Appl Sci, NOR.
    Tronvoll, Bård
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Communication and IT, Service Research Center. Inland Norway Univ Appl Sci, NOR.
    Gruber, T.
    Loughborough University, GBR.
    Justice (is not the same) for all: The role of relationship activity for post-recovery outcomes2021In: Journal of Business Research, ISSN 0148-2963, E-ISSN 1873-7978, Vol. 134, p. 342-351Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Despite the widespread adoption of the justice framework in service recovery literature, research findings vary as to what dimension - distributive, interactional, procedural - is most important. This paper contributes to this debate by considering how an easily accessible variable like relationship activity (i.e., the frequency of visiting and purchasing from a company) moderates the impact of the justice dimensions on post-recovery customer outcomes. Findings show that distributive justice is the only dimension impacting word-of-mouth (WOM) and repurchase behavior for low- and medium-relationship-activity customer segments. For a high-relationship-activity segment, all justice dimensions have a positive and balanced impact on WOM and/or repurchase behavior. This research demonstrates the potential of a segmented approach for recovery, while also providing managers with valuable insights into how they can use readily available information to adapt their service recovery efforts.

  • 37.
    Arsenovic, Jasenko
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013). Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Karlstad Business School (from 2013).
    Edvardsson, Bo
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013). Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Karlstad Business School (from 2013).
    Otterbring, Tobias
    University of Agder, NOR; Institute of Retail Economics, SWE.
    Tronvoll, Bård
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013). Inland Norway University of Applied Science, NOR.
    Money for nothing?: The impact of compensation on customer bad-mouthing behavior in service recovery encounters2023In: Marketing letters, ISSN 0923-0645, E-ISSN 1573-059X, Vol. 34, no 1, p. 69-82Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    As one of the retailer’s most potent recovery tactics to offset disgruntled customers, firms invest heavily in compensation to increase customer satisfaction and improve loyalty. However, the effectiveness of this tactic remains unclear. This study examines whether firm-offered compensation affects customers’ emotional responses and bad-mouthing behavior (i.e., telling others about a particular problem). Importantly, the study investigates whether the level of collaboration during the recovery encounter moderates the link between compensation and customers’ emotional responses, and whether collaborative efforts influence the effectiveness of compensation. The findings indicate that collaboration during the recovery encounter is necessary if compensation is to mitigate negative emotional responses, with downstream effects on bad-mouthing behavior. In confirming the importance of collaboration during recovery encounters, the findings have critical managerial and financial implications.

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  • 38.
    Arsenovic, Jasenko
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013). Karlstad Univ, Ctr Tjansteforskning CTF, Serv Res Ctr, S-65188 Karlstad, Sweden..
    Edvardsson, Bo
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013). Karlstad Univ, Ctr Tjansteforskning CTF, Serv Res Ctr, S-65188 Karlstad, Sweden.;Inland Norway Univ Appl Sci, Dept Mkt, N-2411 Elverum, Norway..
    Tronvoll, Bård
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013). Karlstad Univ, Ctr Tjansteforskning CTF, Serv Res Ctr, S-65188 Karlstad, Sweden.;Inland Norway Univ Appl Sci, Dept Mkt, N-2411 Elverum, Norway..
    Moving Toward Collaborative Service Recovery: A Multiactor Orientation2019In: Service Science, ISSN 2164-3962, E-ISSN 2164-3970, Vol. 11, no 3, p. 201-212Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Service recovery research has traditionally been firm-centric, focusing primarily on the time and effort expended by firms in addressing service failures. The subsequent shift to a customer-centric orientation addressed the customer's role in recovery situations, and the recent dyadic orientation has explored the effectiveness of their joint efforts. However, earlier conceptualizations failed to take adequate account of the complexity of service recovery encounters in which multiple actors collaborate and integrate resources. This study explores how multiactor collaborations influence the customer's experience of service recovery by adopting a multiactor orientation and by applying service-dominant logic. After reviewing the customer experience literature, a collaborative recovery experience framework is developed that emphasizes the joint efforts of multiple actors and customers to achieve a favorable recovery experience. In a contextualization, the usefulness of the new framework to explain customer experiences in collaborative service processes is shown. Finally, further research avenues are proposed.

  • 39.
    Arsenovic, Jasenko
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Karlstad Business School (from 2013). Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013).
    Edvardsson, Bo
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Karlstad Business School (from 2013). Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013).
    Tronvoll, Bård
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Karlstad Business School (from 2013). Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013).
    Gruber, Thorsten
    The Influence of Collaborative Judgement on Customer’s Service Recovery Experience2020Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 40.
    Arsenovic, Jasenko
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013). Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Karlstad Business School (from 2013).
    Edvardsson, Bo
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013).
    Tronvoll, Bård
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Communication and IT, Service Research Center. Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Karlstad Business School (from 2013).
    Åkesson, Maria
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013). Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Karlstad Business School (from 2013).
    Gruber, Thorsten
    Conceptualizing the Holistic Co-recovery Customer Experience2017Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 41.
    Arsenovic, Jasenko
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013). Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Karlstad Business School (from 2013).
    Otterbring, Tobias
    Samuelsson, Peter
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Karlstad Business School (from 2013).
    30 seconds of fame: The effect of first impression on customer affect, attitudes, and approach behaviorsManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
  • 42.
    Artusi, Federico
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Karlstad Business School (from 2013). Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013).
    Bellis, Paola
    Politecnico di Milano, Italy.
    Verganti, Roberto
    Stockholm School of Economics, Sweden; Politecnico di Milano, Italy; Harvard Business School, Italy .
    When products speak differently: Designing new languages for established products2024In: Creativity and Innovation Management, ISSN 0963-1690, E-ISSN 1467-8691Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Innovating product language has been proven to be an effective measure to change what products mean to customers and create new product categories. However, how to embed a new language into a product characterized by an established design has not been addressed in the past. Thus, we discuss a single case study of Videndum, a company producing premium branded tools and accessories for content creation (i.e., photography supports and accessories) that is redefining their product language and seeking to incorporate new narratives into their existing line-up of products. Our case study is based on 18 interviews across all levels of the organization, analysis of archival data and observations to explore the actions the company is taking to change product language for their established products. Our findings show that designers can work at the level of the design principles to inform how new meanings can be embedded into signs at the product level, to build a new coherent product language. We identify two layers of design principles, value-principles and solution-principles, and show their different impact on product language. By doing so, we contribute to understand how companies design new product languages for established products in practice, providing managers with practical knowledge on how to perform the translation from abstract values to product features.

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  • 43.
    As'ad, Nabila
    et al.
    University of Porto, Portugal.
    Patricio, Lia
    University of Porto, Portugal.
    Koskela-Huotari, Kaisa
    Stockholm School of Economics, Sweden.
    Edvardsson, Bo
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013).
    Understanding service ecosystem dynamics: a typology2024In: Journal of Service Management, ISSN 1757-5818, E-ISSN 1757-5826, Vol. 35, no 6, p. 159-184Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    PurposeThe service environment is becoming increasingly turbulent, leading to calls for a systemic understanding of it as a set of dynamic service ecosystems. This paper advances this understanding by developing a typology of service ecosystem dynamics that explains the varying interplay between change and stability within the service environment through distinct behavioral patterns exhibited by service ecosystems over time. Design/methodology/approachThis study builds upon a systematic literature review of service ecosystems literature and uses system dynamics as a method theory to abductively analyze extant literature and develop a typology of service ecosystem dynamics. FindingsThe paper identifies three types of service ecosystem dynamics-behavioral patterns of service ecosystems-and explains how they unfold through self-adjustment processes and changes within different systemic leverage points. The typology of service ecosystem dynamics consists of (1) reproduction (i.e. stable behavioral pattern), (2) reconfiguration (i.e. unstable behavioral pattern) and (3) transition (i.e. disrupting, shifting behavioral pattern). Practical implicationsThe typology enables practitioners to gain a deeper understanding of their service environment by discerning the behavioral patterns exhibited by the constituent service ecosystems. This, in turn, supports them in devising more effective strategies for navigating through it. Originality/valueThe paper provides a precise definition of service ecosystem dynamics and shows how the identified three types of dynamics can be used as a lens to empirically examine change and stability in the service environment. It also offers a set of research directions for tackling service research challenges.

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  • 44.
    Awan, Salman Ahmad
    et al.
    Wuhan Univ Technol, Sch Management, Wuhan 430070, Peoples R China..
    Said, Muzafar
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Karlstad Business School (from 2013).
    Roos, Inger
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013).
    Improve the Communication Quality by Understanding Switching Behavior2015In: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 12TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INNOVATION AND MANAGEMENT / [ed] Wang Yingming, Xu Hongyi, Wuhan University of Technology Press, 2015, p. 62-73Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Instant paper aims to analyze telecom customer relationship by delving into customer switching behavior and identifying preferred communication type to help companies in designing appropriate communication in order to prevent the customer switching and enhancing customer loyalty. Two staged qualitative research has been conducted by interviewing 13 telecom customers who had experienced telecom service provider switching and data is analyzed by coding technique. Findings reveal that telecom customers chose distinctive sources of information while making switching decision. Active customers chose newsletter based on rich content including innovative services information whereas passive customers chose newsletter primarily based on competitive prices. Managers can communicate active and passive customers according to the respective communication preferences. Moreover, marketers can study switching determinants, triggers and sources of information in order to design the customized communication so as to prevent triggers from happening in the first place, thereby enhancing customer loyalty. This paper synthesizes insights from the extant literature on relationship marketing, customer switching behavior and contemporary communication channels to develop comprehensive customer-driven loyalty enhancing communication.

  • 45.
    Baldassarre, Brian
    et al.
    Delft University of Technology, Netherlands; Maastricht University, Netherlands.
    Calabretta, Giulia
    Delft University of Technology, Netherlands.
    Karpen, Ingo Oswald
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013). University of Adelaide, Australia.
    Bocken, Nancy
    Maastricht University, Netherlands.
    Hultink, Erik Jan
    Delft University of Technology, Netherlands.
    Responsible Design Thinking for Sustainable Development: Critical Literature Review, New Conceptual Framework, and Research Agenda2024In: Journal of Business Ethics, ISSN 0167-4544, E-ISSN 1573-0697Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In the 1960s, influential thinkers defined design as a rational problem-solving approach to deal with the challenges of sustainable human development. In 2009, a design consultant and a business academic selected some of these ideas and successfully branded them with the term “design thinking.” As a result, design thinking has developed into a stream of innovation management research discussing how to innovate faster and better in competitive markets. This article aims to foster a reconsideration of the purposes of design thinking moving forward, in view of the sustainable development challenges intertwined with accelerating innovation in a perpetual economic growth paradigm. To this end, we use a problematization method to challenge innovation management research on design thinking. As part of this method, we first systematically collect and critically analyze the articles in this research stream. We uncover a prominent focus on economic impact, while social and environmental impacts remain largely neglected. To overcome this critical limitation, we integrate design thinking with responsible innovation theorizing. We develop a framework for responsible design thinking, explaining how to apply this approach beyond a private interest and competitive advantage logic, to address sustainable development challenges, such as climate change, resource depletion, poverty, and injustice. The framework contributes to strengthening the practical relevance of design thinking and its theoretical foundations. To catalyze this effort, we propose an agenda for future research. 

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  • 46.
    Becker, Larissa
    et al.
    Tampere University, Finland.
    Karpen, Ingo Oswald
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013). The University of Adelaide, Australia.
    Kleinaltenkamp, Michael
    Freie Universität Berlin, Germany.
    Jaakkola, Elina
    University of Turku, Finland.
    Helkkula, Anu
    Hanken School of Economics, Finland.
    Nuutinen, Maaria
    VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Finland.
    Actor experience: Bridging individual and collective-level theorizing2023In: Journal of Business Research, ISSN 0148-2963, E-ISSN 1873-7978, Vol. 158, article id 113658Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Many marketing phenomena involve a group’s collective experiences; however, marketing research largely focuses on an individual’s experiences. This research argues that individual-level theorizing alone is inadequate to capture collective experiences, such as how families, teams, or business customers experience good and/or services. This article thus aims to conceptualize actor experience as encompassing both individual and collective experiences. We draw on S-D logic and phenomenology to describe how experience emerges for individual and collective actors. We then demonstrate the application of our conceptualization by informing a central marketing notion: the determination of value. More specifically, we delineate two types of value determination, value experience and value attribution, and discuss how social interaction and institutional factors influence them. This study contributes to marketing literature with the conceptualization of actor experience that can be applied to the study of collective phenomena and to S-D logic metatheory by advancing the understanding of value determination.

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  • 47.
    Beckman, Linda
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Health Sciences (from 2013).
    Unenge Hallerbäck, Maria
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Health Sciences (from 2013). Region Värmland, Sverige; Örebro universitet, Sverige.
    Persson, Louise
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Health Sciences (from 2013).
    Bäccman, Charlotte
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Department of Social and Psychological Studies (from 2013). Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013).
    Hur föräldrar med psykisk ohälsa upplever sitt behov av stöd i föräldraskapet2023Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Det finns ett starkt samband mellan psykisk ohälsa hos föräldern och psykisk ohälsa hos barnet. Barnen tycks även ha en förhöjd risk att utveckla psykisk och fysisk ohälsa som unga vuxna. Eftersom en stor del av patienter med psykisk ohälsa finns i öppenvårdspsykiatrin eller primärvård är andelen barn som lever med föräldrar med psykisk ohälsa  förmodligen mycket större än vad vi tror. Föräldrar med psykisk ohälsa kan behöva stöd i sitt föräldraskap för att bli den bästa föräldren de kan. Syftet med projektet är att identifiera behov av stöd i föräldraskapet som föräldrar eller blivande föräldrar med psykisk ohälsa upplever. Vi genomförde tio intervjuer med föräldrar med psykisk ohälsa och skickade ut en enkät. Slutsatserna från resultatet var att det finns ett behov av stöd i föräldraskapet bland föräldrar med psykisk ohälsa. Vi fann att Familjecentralen lyfts fram som ett gott exempel och här skulle ett samarbete med psykiatrin främja relationen barn - förälder, samt att patient-anhörigförening spelar en viktig roll för föräldrar med psykisk ohälsa. Att synliggöra dessa ännu mer kan bidra till situationen på ett positivt sätt. Slutligen, det behövs inte några komplexa insatser, för många handlar det om att få träffa likasinnade i grupp, eller en samtalskontakt i svåra situationer.

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  • 48.
    Bergkvist, Linda
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Karlstad Business School (from 2013). Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013).
    Digitalisering – för användarens, organisationens eller bådas bästa?2018Conference paper (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 49.
    Bergkvist, Linda
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013).
    Distributed IS development projects: Significant relational-oriented conditions2015In: Modern Techniques for Successful IT Project Management / [ed] Shang Gao and Lazar Rusu, Hershey: Business Science Reference , 2015, 1, , p. 24p. 221-244Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The management of teams in a distributed IS development project is challenging. It has even been suggested that a new breed of managers for the management of dispersed teams is needed, especially when relationships cross national boundaries. Challenges in distributed, global IS development are understood as related to three dimensions of distance: geographic, temporal, and cultural distance, which affect the manager’s ability to control and coordinate distributed IS development projects. This chapter argues that combining a relationship perspective with a success perspective is fruitful for understanding distributed IS development projects. In this context there are several significant conditions that draw the attention to the challenges in the practice of distributed IS development projects. The chapter ends with the provision of a conceptual framework addressing relational-oriented conditions for the management of distributed IS development projects. Using the framework, managers can identify the relational-oriented conditions for realizing the benefits of distributed IS development projects.

  • 50.
    Bergkvist, Linda
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Karlstad Business School (from 2013). Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013).
    Ahlin, Karin
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Karlstad Business School (from 2013). Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013).
    Humble, Niklas
    University of Gävle, Sweden.
    Mozelius, Peter
    Mid Sweden University, Sweden.
    Johansson, John
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Karlstad Business School (from 2013).
    Redesigning Professional Development on Digital Transformation Using Andragogy as a Theoretical Lens2023In: Proceedings of the 22nd European Conference on e-Learning - ECEL 2023, Academic Conferences and Publishing International Limited, 2023, Vol. 22, p. 25-32Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Regarding the ongoing digitalisation in the knowledge society, professional development seems more crucial than ever. The need for upskilling and reskilling is described as continuous lifelong learning, which must be combined and synchronised with the life of full-time working learners. Content, pedagogical models and instructional design in university courses are often created for students in Bachelor's and Master's programs instead of tailored for adults working full-time. This study describes and discusses andragogy as a potential knowledge base for redesigning professional development courses on digital transformation. Evaluations from two instances of a course for professionals on digital transformation showed that the course participants overall are satisfied with the course. However, only a few course participants take the exam to get credits. Therefore, the research question that guided this study was, "What redesign options for increased pass rates and learner satisfaction in professional development for adult learners can be identified using andragogy as a theoretical lens?" The course is on distance and contains four modules with synchronous and asynchronous learning activities, resulting in five European Credit Transfer System (ECTS). The empirical material consisted of course participants' check-in presentation before the course started, mid-term evaluation, final evaluations, and a learning diary containing 58 entries. The data was deductively analysed using the theory of andragogy as an analytical lens. The findings imply that instructors should put effort into how different parts of the course are connected, supporting learners' need to know. Further, to enhance the course participants' prior experience as a resource for learning by adding learning activities, they exchange experiences and examples with each other, adding to their learning process and networking. The pedagogic parts of understanding the theoretical course material could be split into pieces through exercises where the participants apply conceptual models and concepts to real-situation problems. The learning diary could help the participants align the new knowledge with their prior knowledge with a focus on professional roles and work situations. The identified redesign options create opportunities to increase pedagogical parts like readiness, orientation, and motivation to learn according to the current higher education system.

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