In this paper, we discuss end user requirements that we elicited for the use of malleable signatures in a Cloud-based eHealth scenario. The concept of a malleable signature, which is a privacy enhancing cryptographic scheme that enables the redaction of personal information from signed documents while preserving the validity of the signature, might be counter- intuitive to end users as its functionality does not correspond to the one of a traditional signature scheme. A qualitative study via a series of semi-structured interviews and focus groups has been conducted to understand stakeholders’ opinions and concerns in regards to the possible applications of malleable signatures in the eHealth area, where a medical record is first digitally signed by a doctor and later redacted by the patient in the cloud. Results from this study yielded user requirements such as the need for suitable metaphors and guidelines, usable templates, and clear redaction policies. 

In recent years, more teachers from different educational backgrounds have started working in Swedish schools. This creates new challenges for principals who, as pedagogical leaders, must lead and create appropriate opportunities for collegial learning among their educators. Through a phenomenological approach, immigrant teachers' experiences of collegial learning have been examined. Semi structured interviews were conducted with five immigrant teachers.  These teachers were given the chance to discuss their experiences of collegial learning, their expectations, opportunities and challenges that they encountered in connection with collegial learning at the school. The way the term immigrant teacher is used in my study is explained in the introduction. 

The main results show that the interviewed teachers view collegial learning as a collaboration between those who are part of the college, but this collaboration differed in approach. Some teachers saw it as a collaboration to save time or facilitate planning while others saw it as a way to develop their own and others' practice. The interviewed teachers feel that commitment from school leaders and colleagues is the primary factor when it comes to collegial learning, but the way the two professional groups were expected to show their commitment was different. Colleagues are expected to be prepared and participate actively, while school leaders were expected to be experienced, create conditions for and value this work. Furthermore, they felt that they could only contribute to collegial learning after they had strengthened their academic language and immersed themselves into the Swedish school context, which, according to the interviewed teachers, only happened once they started working in Swedish schools. The study also shows that the immigrant teachers initially do not feel equipped for the Swedish school despite having acquired a Swedish teaching degree.

The study shows that principals need to strengthen their guidance of immigrant teachers when they start working in the Swedish schooling system. This guidance should primarily be about supporting immigrant teachers to adapt into the Swedish school context. Immigrant teachers also need to be supported in the development of their academic language from an early stage, in order to be able to be part of the schools collegiate learning.

Over the last decade, free labor has emerged as a key analytical tool for understanding new or semi-new forms of labor in the contemporary digital economy. This paper critiques and develops this concept, with specific reference to work in the media industries, by presenting a historically grounded typology of free labor that also highlights some of the analytical problems with the current use of the concept. Our typology presents eight metaphors of free labor based on historical instances of roles people have taken on when performing unpaid labor: those of The Slave, The Carer, The Apprentice, The Prospector, The Hobbyist, The Volunteer, The Agent and The Patsy. A key conclusion is that free labor is performed by different actors at either end of increasingly complex and temporally stretched out value chains. This should motivate, or so we argue, a more fine-grained scholarly use of the concept of free labor.

The use of native advertising has sparked a heated debate within traditional news media. While similar formats have a long history within journalism, this new iteration furthers the blurring of boundaries between news and ads by producing ads that look and feel like news but that are clearly labeled as advertising. The novelty of native advertising is that it advocates for openly merging commercial and editorial content, aggravating an existing tension between the professional and commercial logics of journalism. This open relationship between journalists and marketers calls for revisiting the traditional narrative that sustains journalistic autonomy.

The purpose of this paper is to develop a usable configuration management for Archistar, whichutilizes secret sharing for redundantly storing data over multiple independent storage clouds in a secure andprivacy-friendly manner. Selecting the optimal secret sharing parameters, cloud storage servers and othersettings for securely storing the secret data shares, while meeting all of end user’s requirements and otherrestrictions, is a complex task. In particular, complex trade-offs between different protection goals and legalprivacy requirements need to be made.

Public cloud providers process data on behalf of their customers in data centres that typically are physically remote from their users. This context creates a number of challenges related to data privacy and security, and may hinder the adoption of cloud technology. One of these challenges is how to maintain transparency of the processes and procedures while at the same time providing services that are secure and cost effective. This chapter presents results from an empirical study in which the cloud customers identified a number of transparency requirements to the adoption of cloud providers. We have compared our results with previous studies, and have found that in general, customers are in synchrony with research criteria for cloud service provider transparency, but there are also some extra pieces of information that customers are looking for. We further explain how A4Cloud tools contribute to addressing the customers’ requirements.

Previous research on citizen journalism has an Anglo-Saxon bias and frequently studies specific cases that focus on conflict, crisis events or war creating a selection bias of existing and, at least modestly, successful examples. In this study, situated in Sweden, we reverse the process and examine how actual communities are served by digital citizen community journalism in an everyday context. The study has a particular focus on how events are portrayed in terms of news topics dimensions, framing, presentation style, geographical focus and the authorship of news items. Preliminary findings indicate that the citizen journalists’ only present one perspective, rarely refers to policy plans or talks to the actors involved and provide individual and episodic news frames. Their focus is mostly on the local level and they have embraced the impersonal and unemotional presentation style from mainstream news. Half of the news items are being written by citizens while representatives from organisations or politicians author a quarter of them.   All in all, citizen journalism in general falls short from both traditional journalistic standards and many scholarly claims of being alternative.

The purpose of this study is to examine how teachers in the 1^st –3^rd grade describe how they teach to develop the students’ reading comprehension. In this quantitative study one hundred teachers working in the 1^st – 3^rd grade have answered a web survey. To be able to answer my initial questions in the study I have been taking part of research done and literature in the subject. The study contains a review of some teaching models for reading comprehension and the significance of the teacher, together with a review of the latest PIRLS report from 2016 and the national competence campaign “Läslyftet”.

The result shows that the teachers seem to lean on known teaching models within reading comprehension, partly as a support in the teaching practice and partly as a support of the teaching content. A teaching model contains a number of reading comprehension strategies which the students shall be able to use when reading. It is common that the teacher is modelling reading comprehension strategies for the students. The result also shows that the teachers use other teaching activities to stimulate the reading development, i.e. reading aloud. The teachers think that it is important to start the reading comprehension education as early as in the 1^st grade. The goal is to make the students read with good comprehension.

Privacy notices and consent forms are the means of conveying privacy policy information to users. In Europe, a valid consent needs to be confirmed by a clear affirmative action. Despite previous research, it is not yet clear whether user engagement with consent forms via different types of interactions for confirming consent may play a significant role in effectively drawing user attention to the content, even after repeated exposure. We investigate, in a laboratory study, how different types of interactions that engage users with consent forms differ in terms of their effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction. In addition, we examine if and how habituation affects user attention and satisfaction, and the time they spend on giving their consent. We conducted a controlled experiment with 80 participants in four different groups where people either were engaged actively with the policy content via Drag and Drop (DAD), Swipe, or Checkboxes, or were not actively engaged with the content (as the control condition) in a first-exposure phase and in a habituation phase. We measured user attention to consent forms along multiple dimensions, including direct, objective measurements and indirect, self-reported measures. Our results show that the different types of interactions

may affect user attention to certain parts of policy information. In particular, the DAD action results in significantly more user attention to the data items compared to other groups. However, with repeated exposure to consent forms, the difference disappears. We conclude that user engagement with policy content needs to be designed with care, so that attention to substantial policy information is increased and not negatively affected.

Although considerable efforts have been pursued in studying online news no studies so far have investigated how the actual news content is affected by digitalization in general, if at all, or compared different media traditions. Instead, changes in content are assumed or illustrated anecdotally rather than systematically assessed. This empirical study, covering Swedish and UK news sites with a tabloid, quality morning, and local/regional background between 2002-2012, shows that there is a tabloidization effect in general but that it is stronger in tabloids and in Sweden compared to the UK. Further, this tabloidization can be more precisely described as a lifestylization and de-politization process as it is in these areas where the biggest growth and decline are. In addition, the study reveals that it is the slower news that increases most suggesting that the immediate character of online news is mediated by production conditions.

Scholars have been studying online journalism for well over fifteen years theorizing how this new environment affects news. A reoccurring argument is that a combination of real time tracking of the audience behavior in conjunction with a lack of viable business models fosters a journalistic culture with increasing sensational and shallow news. In effect, leading to a lesser-informed citizenry and a weaker democracy. Although considerable efforts have been pursued in studying online news no studies so far have investigated how the actual news content is affected in general, if at all, or compared different media traditions. Instead, changes in content are assumed or illustrated anecdotally rather than systematically assessed. This study, covering Swedish and UK media from 2002-2012, shows that there is a tabloidization effect in general but that it varies across publishing contexts and reveals some unexpected results.

Transparency has been proposed to both change the way journalism is being produced and increase its credibility. However, little research has been conducted to assess the connection between transparency and credibility. This study utilizes an experimental setting (N=1320) to measure what impact transparency have on source and message credibility from the user perspective. The results reveals an almost absence of any transparency effect on both source and message credibility although some small significant effects could be observed primarily regarding internal hyperlinks, comments and contextual information. Although further research is desperately needed in this area the study suggest that transparency does not affect the credibility of journalism in the eyes of the contemporary audience and thus have limited appeal as a new norm in journalism.

Transparency has been proposed to both change the way journalism is being produced and increase its credibility. However, little research has been conducted to assess the connection between transparency and credibility. This study utilizes an experimental setting with, in total, 1320 respondents to measure what impact transparency have on source and message credibility from the user perspective. The results reveal an almost absence of any transparency effect on both source and message credibility although some small significant effects could be observed primarily regarding internal hyperlinks, comments and contextual information. Although further research is needed in this area the study suggest that transparency does not affect the credibility of journalism in the eyes of the contemporary audience and thus have limited appeal as a new norm in journalism.

Although hyperlinks is essential both in the Internet architecture and pointing out pertinent material in an ocean of information abundance remarkably little research have been committed to this area. Furthermore, few studies have been conducted scrutinizing the long-term impact of communication technology on journalism and journalistic practices. The purpose of this study is to contribute to the research on one specific area of online journalism – the practice of hyperlinking. The study utilizes a longitudinal content analysis of hyperlinking practices in Swedish online news from 2006 to 2012 that allows for comparison if and to what extent publishing tradition and ownership shapes journalistic practice. Five hypotheses are posed and three research questions are asked, all relating to how the news sites make use of hyperlinks, and to what extent. The findings show an erratic pattern in the use of hyperlinks as well for internal as external, and between publishing traditions. The general conclusion is that hyperlinks are not an important aspect of online journalism practice.

Hyperlinks are considered vital to both Internet and digital journalism. This study utilizes a longitudinal content analysis of hyperlinking practices in Swedish online news from 2007 to 2013 to see how hyperlinking evolves over time. It also compares if and to what extent publishing tradition shapes journalistic practice. The findings primarily shows that the over all impact of hyperlinks remain rather unchanged over time but that internal links, while still being most common, decrease in relative importance while external links increase. The general conclusion is that hyperlinks are not an important aspect of online journalism practice.

Editorial offices are being shut down in small municipalities, raising the question of whether hyperlocal media can fill the gap left by legacy media. However, very little is known about the shape of this gap and thus to what extent it can be filled by hyperlocal media. To inform this line of research, this study asks: what happens to the news coverage of a municipality when there is no permanent presence of journalists? A quantitative content analysis (N = 606), measuring news topics, framing, style, original reporting and sourcing practices, was performed regarding the news coverage of 12 Swedish municipalities - six with editorial offices of a legacy media organisation and six without. The results indicate that municipalities receive less original coverage, community news receives less attention and institutional actors are quoted more often when there is no permanent presence of journalists. Implications for communities and hyperlocal media are discussed.

During the summer of 2013 the municipal public bus system, Karlstadbuss, installed television sets (BUSS-TV) on all city buses. These TV sets are airing user-generated content, and traffic information, weather forecasts as well as news from the hybrid commercial/public service broadcaster TV4. This paper addresses the phenomenon from the theoretical intersection of communication geography and journalism studies. This means understanding the city-buses, at once mobile and semi-public spaces, as decorated with a new “communicative texture” that is renegotiating the time-space nexus traditionally tied to news consumption. Furthermore, it potentially implies that a basic news diet become more or less dispersed amongst commuters across the city, and across previous class-demarcations that would engender divergent news diets. This constitutes a potential challenge to the notion of the fragmented news audience and related worries over the increased number of “news avoiders”. From previous research we know that news consumption, even accidental, is linked with political and civic engagement. In an era where media consumption is increasingly fragmented or even avoided, the buss-news reinstalls the almost inescapable news of the 1970’s albeit in a highly situated and limited context. Nevertheless, this new space of ‘news on the move’ is yet to be explored theoretically and empirically. Thus, we ask about the role of Karlstadbuss as a carrier of omnibus news in the media ecology. The paper uses data derived from representative surveys (Värmlands-SOM) conducted before (2010) and after (2014) the introduction of BUSS-TV to study the impact of travelling with the city-buses on political interest and civic engagement as well as general news interest and consumption.

The digital infrastructure of media production, dissemination and consumption is becoming increasingly complex, presenting the challenge of how we should research the digital journalism environment. Digital journalism takes many forms – we therefore need to revise, improve, adjust and even invent methods to understand emerging forms of journalism.

In this book, scholars at the forefront of methodological innovations in digital journalism research share their insights on how to collect, process and analyse the diverse expressions of digital journalism, including online news, search results, hyperlinks and social media posts. As digital journalism content often comes in the form of big data, many of these new approaches depart from the traditional methods used in media research in significant ways. As we move towards new ways of understanding digital journalism, the methods developed for such purposes also need to be grounded in scientific rigour. This book aims to share some of the emerging processes by which these methods, tools and approaches are designed, implemented and validated. As such, this book not only constitutes a benchmark for thinking about research methods in digital journalism, it also provides an entry point for graduate students and seasoned scholars aiming to do research on digital journalism. This book was originally published as a special issue of Digital Journalism.

The move to a variety of online environments has affected the ways in which journalism is produced, distributed, and consumed. Such transformations have had clear effects on journalism research. Specifically, these developments into what is sometimes labeled ‘liquid journalism’ have had repercussions for how scholars are able to access, accumulate, and analyze the online presences of, and traces made by, journalists and those citizens who consume their products.

The purpose of this study is to examine educational aid´s perceptions of social inclusion in the compulsory school for pupils with learning disabilities in training school classes. The chosen method of this study is a qualitive research approach. Five educational aid´s currently working with pupils with intellectual disabilities in the compulsory school for pupils with learning disabilities have been interviewed. A relational and categorical models of special education has been used to analyze the interviews and a comparison between the relational, categorical approach, the thoughts of the educational aids and the regulatory documents from the Swedish National Agency for Education is taking place in the study.

The result of the study shows that most of the educational aid´s in the study thinks that they can both support and obstruct social inclusion for pupils with learning disabilities. The study also shows that pedagogical guidance and discussions in the work crew about social inclusion are important to promote social inclusion. The educational aid´s believe that the pupils have little interest in participate in social interaction with other pupils.

Furthermore the paraprofessionals believe that the teachers should have a comprehensive view over the pupils and their school day and that the educational aid´s thinks that they have a closer relation with the pupils because they spend more time with them than the teachers do. The informants indicated that learning environments, the ability to back away, and cooperation within the teaching team are important factors to promote social inclusion.

Recent cryptographic research has devised several new algorithms and protocols with a potential of mitigating several of the most ardent security and privacy threats, existing in currently available public cloud services. Nevertheless, such cryptographic schemes often exhibit counterintuitive functionality to end users, or they work differently to other already established traditional schemes with which users are already familiar. A practical solution to address these problems involves a human centered design approach, deriving Human Computer Interaction (HCI) requirements from consultations and extensive testing with experts, prospective end users, and other stakeholders. The European Horizon 2020 project PRISMACLOUD “Privacy and Security Maintaining Services for the Cloud” uses such an approach and provides HCI patterns as part of its proper cloud service development methodology CryptSDLC to communicate HCI requirements to cloud service designers and user interface implementers. In this article, we present several new cryptographic cloud services, e.g. for redacting digitally signed data, and for redundant storage and sharing of confidential data in a public cloud scenario, together with three example HCI patterns for specific interactions of end users with these services. We show how these patterns were elaborated and validated in practice to prove the suitability for their intended purpose. To summarize, we give an account on our practical experience during the actual prototype development and implementation and show how they constitute an essential element of the CryptSDLC development methodology.

Genomförandet av övningar är en nyckel till stärkt förmåga att agera effektivt i kris. CriseIT-projekten har haft som mål att bidra till detta genom att skapa möjligheter för kommuner och andra aktörer med krisövningsbehov att öva enklare och oftare.

Det finns en önskan om, och en medvetenhet om behoven av, att öva mer än vad som görs i nuläget i många organisationer. Digitala verktyg är ett sätt att göra det möjligt att öva oftare, med lägre resursåtgång och kortare tid för planering och genomförande. Corona-pandemin har ytterligare gjort det tydligt vilka möjligheter digitaliseringen innebär för att effektivisera processer som tidigare varit inramade av tids-och rumsbegränsningar –t.ex. övning.

Denna rapport syftar till att på ett lättillgängligt sätt redogöra för och diskutera utmaningar och möjligheter med den digitala övningsprocessen, så som den kommit till uttryck i CriseIT-projekten, genom att beskriva metodiska arbetssätt för design, genomförande och utvärdering av digitala krisövningar samt några perspektiv på implementering av digital övningsmetodik i organisationer. Målgrupp för rapporten är den som arbetar med krisberedskap i offentlig eller privat verksamhet, och som önskar lära sig mer om möjligheten att digitalisera sin övningsprocess. Arbetsrapporten är del av resultatredovisning för CriseIT2.

One of the defining features of contemporary zeitgeist is that we live in an era of mediatization – a metaprocess, through (and by) which all everyday relations increasingly depend on networked media technologies and online communication channels.

Due to rapid developments in digital electronics, all these Internet- or mobile-enabled platforms, and devices, are prone to the processes of quantification and datafication, and as such, surveillance is a principal dimension that lies at the core of mediatization.

Through five peer-reviewed academic articles and the cover text, this dissertation provides a multi-faceted analysis of the complex relationships – built by Azerbaijan’s and Turkey’s state intelligence, security and law enforcement agencies with a number of local, and global, private information, entertainment and telecommunications companies. The articles are focused on different cases: the complete dispersion of commercial social media based oppositional activists in Azerbaijan, and the arrests of Anonymous led hacktivists in Turkey, both happening in 2011; and, the mass mobilization of millions of Turkish citizens during the Gezi Park protests of 2013. The current compilation puts forth in-depth accounts and scrutiny of how various social movements (in general), and individual activists (in particular), are affected by an amalgamation of public, political; and, private, economic, surveillance practices and seeks to illuminate the abusive extents of this transformation – vis-à-vis the changing media and communication environment – by way of using mediatization as an analytical tool.

Overall, this dissertation contributes a nuanced understanding of the complex interplay between the increasingly mediatized natures of activism and surveillance in semi-authoritarian states. The conclusions have relevance and significance – in considering both similar country contexts and on a global scale – in the light of contemporary technological and political transformations.

This article explores the conduct of video activism in Turkey through a case study on now dispersed Karahaber, an Ankara-based video activist collective formed in 2005 - through a question of whether the group’s videos provided an empowerment for the socially excluded strata of Turkish society or did they further facilitate the spectacle/surveillance culture? The main source of information for the article comes from the semi-structured in-depth interviews conducted with eight core Karahaber members in Istanbul and Ankara. The secondary source is comprised by the 175 Karahaber videos, published on collective’s website http://www.karahaber.org. Relying on the theoretical framework structured by the works of Guy Debord, David Lyon and Thomas Mathiesen, article claims that Karahaber’s practices of video activism created an enforcement of synoptic urge through the facilitation of voyeuristic tendencies of protesters, thus reinforcing the effect of unintentional surveillance.

The revelations of otherwise confidential intelligence files by Chelsea Manning, Edward Snowden and journalistic organization WikiLeaks showed once more that we live in an era of intensified and all-encompassing communications surveillance, conducted by secret services, intelligence agencies and private companies. This is an era of rapid transformations in the sphere of media and communication, which, according to Robert W. McChesney, “veers toward a classic definition of fascism” (McChesney 2013, 171). Thus it becomes urgent that better sociological conceptualizations of the stance of media and communication as an academic field within these metamorphoses is conducted - together with the explorations of what comprises the fast growing field of surveillance studies.

Within such scope this presentation attempts to sociologically map the academic branch of surveillance studies from the perspective of the scholarly field of media and communication, and to seek out boundaries, limitations, strengths, and weaknesses of the currently conducted research. To be able to properly map out the field and mark important points within the landscape, the Journal of Surveillance & Society, a premier interdisciplinary journal in the field of surveillance, is chosen as a point of departure. Analysis of reiterating topics within the surveillance studies field is conducted based on 296 articles from 40 issues published between 2002 and 2013. While providing the analysis of the frequent topics and thus mapping out the field, the article also engages in the argumentative discussion of the missing points and aspects believed to be in the need of fortification and wider coverage.

Most of the current research conducted within the scope of information and communication technologies for development (ICT4D) looks at ICTs and more general media usage in non-European, developing country contexts and frequently employs technologically deterministic perspectives. There are very few studies applying the ICT4D perspectives within the Western societies and by focusing solely on developing countries scholars often neglect the fact that the demographics, social structure and context of developed countries have dramatically changed during the course of last few decades. Yet, as Ngomba (2013) points out, the impacts and implications of the recent financial and economic crises in Europe and USA, as well as resulting rigorous austerity policies constitute significant ‘shocks’ that should shape the future of academic and popular research about the role communication technologies play within the social change processes.

This paper is focused on the ongoing doctoral research at Karlstad University, which in line with Morley (2009)’s call for de-Westernized, non-media centric and materialist approaches to media studies, is focused on transnational migrant communities living in Sweden, their daily media usage, and related individual development and communal empowerment changes. Paper argues that only through the analysis of empirical data focused on how people actually use media and ICTs within the context of everyday life, of “how media do, and do not, figure in people's lives" (Couldry, 2006, p. 177), better and more pinpointed strategies for welfare development, urban poverty reduction and elimination of growing social inequalities can be elaborated on, thus leading to sustainable future.

The turbulent Arab Spring, blustering across the Middle East between the years 2011 and 2012, has inspired various sorts of new insurgent oppositional movements around the world. Azerbaijan’s online opposition, enthused by the initial success of revolutions in North Africa and organized almost exclusively on social networking sites, was not an exception within this scope. As the socio-political transformation of primarily Muslim geographies of the region was gaining pace, it was not long before that Azerbaijani activists, impressed by the possibilities purportedly brought about by social media’s online networking affordances, started to organize their resistance mainly on mediated social networks.

The response of the Azerbaijani government to the events, where hundreds of activists took to the streets of Baku to protest against corruption and demand respect for human rights was very harsh. State officials immediately halted all demonstration authorizations, and police officers quickly, and quite often violently, dispersed unauthorized ones. Thus, with all the demonstrations forcefully dismantled, and a number of protesters taken into custody or arrested, the Azerbaijani government was able to completely liquidate these protests in a short period of time,.

The reproduction of the state rule was achieved through a series of digital interventions into the Azerbaijani Internet and mobile telecom infrastructures, with close collaboration of and intensive help received from a range of global companies specializing in various surveillance hardware, software and service provision.

Focusing on the case of Azerbaijan, this presentation details and discusses interlinked aspects of increased mediatization of activism on the one hand, and state backlash on the other – thus aiming to contribute to an empirically based, nuanced conception of the shortcomings of mediatized activism today.

Despite its post-Soviet history, Azerbaijan is an under-investigated country in academic research—compared with the other former constituencies, such as the Baltic countries or Russia, of the USSR—and gender questions of the contemporary Azerbaijani society are even less touched on. Within the current context of the post-“Arab Spring” era of mediatized connectivity and collective political engagement, this article looks into and analyzes how Azerbaijani women participate in different online and offline social and political movements, and if (and how) they are impeded by the increased state authoritarianism in Azerbaijan. Using data, obtained from online information resources, yearly reports of human rights organizations, focus group discussions, and interviews, the study detects four major activist constellations within the Azerbaijani field of gendered politics. Based on the analysis of conditions of detected groups, the article claims that flash mobs, a tactic employed mainly by liberal activists, emerge as the promising way in overcoming the normative nature of Azerbaijani patriarchal society, thus providing an opportunity for normalization and internalization of the feeling of being on the street and acting in concert with others—the practices which might lead towards an increasing participation of (especially young) women in the political processes of the country.

From its early introduction in mid60s, video camera has been an important tool of self-representation, political activism and alternative media production in the hands of numerous individuals, groups and movements all around the world. Whereas in the early years of the 'video age', video art and video activism was inseparable from each other, with the following decades the two became associated with quite separated spheres of daily life, video art becoming the common practice of high-culture and high-end museums and art centers, and video activism moving more into the marginal sectors and stratas of society, focusing more on oppressed and underrepresented people. However, as video becomes a more common tool of resistance in the hands of political movements of the developing countries, these two separated spheres, art and politics with the means of video, are now once more becoming more connected with each other. This paper will focus on practices of video, conducted by the Turkish video collective Karahaber, and how its videos function as an interconnected interplay of video art and video activism.

Introduction of video device in mid-1960s in the form of Sony Corporation's Portapak sparkled new kind of political activism and new type of community media: video activism. Probably the most technologically dependent form of activism, video activism created whole new way of expressing otherwise unheard voices through self-representation of video and "own" media. However this innovative activism also came at high cost as early video activist experimentations contributed a great deal to the formation of 'Reality TV', emotional monster of modern television. Basing itself on the theoretical perspective formed by Guy Debord, and his notion of 'spectacle', this presentation will try to find an answer for the question of whether, unintentionally, alternative media and video activism, as a particular form, may serve as a contribution into modern spectacle. This quest is important in the sense of trying to prevent mistakes of early times and instead establishing video activism as a true form of empowering and emancipatory practice. Case study conducted with Turkish video activist collective Karahaber will serve as the main source of this presentation. The main source of information was provided by interviews with eight core members of Karahaber in Istanbul and Ankara, which were conducted in July to November 2009. The secondary source of information was obtained through a content analysis of 175 videos of Karahaber, published on its website http://www.karahaber.org. Content analysis of video works and interviews with group members were mostly analyzed together in order to provide better panorama and understanding of the practices of video activism as conducted by Karahaber members.

This philosophical paper is an attempt of trying to map surveillance studies as a subfield within the media and communication studies research field, and to seek out boundaries, limitations, strengths, weaknesses, advantages and disadvantages of the currently conducted research. To be able to properly map out the subfield and mark important points within the landscape, the Journal of Surveillance & Society, a premier interdisciplinary and peer-reviewed journal in the field of surveillance, is chosen as a point of departure. Brief analysis of reiterating topics within the surveillance studies field is conducted based on journal's specialized issues and articles appearing in them. While providing the analysis of the frequent topics and thus mapping out the subfield, article same timely engages in the argumentative discussion of the missing points and aspects  believed to be in the need of fortification and wider coverage.

This theoretical paper is an attempt of trying to look at universal aspects of music, especially as outlined by Philip Tagg, and engaging into articulation on how music can universally be pleasurable for people who are total strangers to its origins and roots. Main argument of the paper, driving its conclusions from analysis of historical and recent studies concentrating on bio-emotional perception of psychophysical dimensions of musical cues within the different tonal systems, is that only the emotional part of the music, only the hidden emotions of joy and sorrow, unconsciously decoded by audience members listening to it, are responsible for this fascination and nothing else can be counted in when trying to understand the universality of music and musical codes. Paper focuses on critique of semantic interpretations of music and instead calls for shifting focus of attention on biological perception of music by human brain and nervous system. Paper ends with a call for a more crosscultural research on emotional perception and interpretation of music, both Western and non-Western.