Hur vi tränar och hur vi motiveras till att träna är mycket individuellt. Vissa är lagindivider och trivs bäst i grupp där man kan hålla motivationen uppe emellan sig, andra är ensamvargar och tränar helst utan sällskap. Vad vi än väljer att göra är det viktigaste att vi rör på oss, detta även när vi når en högre ålder. Syftet med studien är att undersöka vilka motivationsfaktorer som är mest betydelsefulla för seniorer  till att delta i gruppträning. Vi utförde en kvantitativ undersökning på ett träningscenter där vår enkät innehöll frågor kring motivation av fysiska, psykiska och sociala faktorer samt vad som leder till att seniorer oftare deltar i gruppträning. Genom studien kunde vi konstatera att de psykiska faktorerna främst motiverar till deltagandet i gruppträning och att det är regelbunden träning som leder till hög motivation. Ett samband mellan ett tidigare fysiskt aktivt liv och hur mycket seniorer är aktiva idag kunde påvisas, därmed vikten av regelbunden träning. Vi vill med detta examensarbete öka förståelsen för hur viktigt det är för äldre att de tränar och behåller god kondition samt lyfta fram vad som kan öka seniorers motivation och vilja till att utföra fysisk aktivitet.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between oral health measures and oral health-related quality of life as captured by OIDP (oral impacts on daily performances). Methods: The study was performed in three dental clinics in Sweden and included 204 patients, 43.8% men and 56.2% women (aged 20-86 years), consecutively recruited in connection with their routine dental examination. The patients were interviewed using the OIDP followed by a clinical examination. Four bite-wing radiographs were taken in two of the clinics (n = 154). A self-administered questionnaire provided information about socio-economic data. Results: Subjects 60 years had significantly more missing teeth, lesser maximal jaw opening, higher number of sites with alveolar bone loss and proportionally more filled teeth than younger individuals. Impacts related to the oral health that affected their daily life were reported in 39.7%. Multivariate logistic regressions analysis showed that missing teeth (>= 10) and a limited jaw opening (<40 mm) were significantly associated with having one or more impact as measured with the OIDP [odds ratio (OR) 6.50, 95% CI 1.48-28.43 and OR 2.87, 95% CI 1.03-7.96, respectively]. Conclusions: Individuals with diminished functional oral health status (missing teeth and limited jaw opening) had significantly more often one or more oral impacts on daily life than those with fewer than 10 missing teeth and a jaw opening >= 40 mm. The OIDP instrument may be valuable for use in routine dental check-ups in patients with related problems to determine possible oral impacts on daily life.

Introduction/Background: Globally, the caries disease is one of the most common diseases in the oralcavity, affecting approximately 3,5 billion people annually. In Sweden, it shown that the children have goodoral health, but within the population the disease is unevenly distributed among different groups.

Aim: The aim of the literature study was to target the prevalence of caries in children with Swedish andforeign backgrounds in Sweden.

Method: A literature study was made in the databases Scopus and PubMed. Review templates to assess therelevance of the studies was used and also for a quality assessment.

Results: A total of 10 studies were included. The result of the study shows that there are clear differencesin the incidence of caries in children and youths with a foreign background. The study also shows that thereare socioeconomic differences, where low socioeconomic status has a strong connection with cariesoccurrence in children and youths. It has also been shown that the parents level of education andemployment have a clear connection to the child’s risk of developing caries.

Conclusion: The literature study shows that children with a foreign background have a higher incidence ofcaries, that there is a difference between children with Swedish and foreign backgrounds. Children ofparents with lower socio-economic status have an increased risk of tooth decay. Children of parents withlower socio-economic status have an increased risk of tooth decay. Children of parents with foreignbackground have a higher intake of sweets and lower tooth brushing frequency, which leads to a higher riskof caries in these groups. Adapted dental interventions can contribute to greater equality in oral health forthe entire population

Background: Hearing loss increases with age and due to increased life expectancy there is an increase in the number of individualsliving with hearing loss. Older people with hearing loss residing in nursing homes are often dependent on healthcare professionals tohelp them with their hearing aids.Objective: The aim of the study was to translate and test the psychometric properties of a Swedish version of a Norwegianquestionnaire and to assess healthcare professionals’ self-reported knowledge, experience, skills, competence, and informationneeds pertaining to residents’ hearing loss and hearing aids in the Swedish context.Materials and Methods: A Norwegian questionnaire was translated and adapted, and thereafter distributed to healthcare professionals in nine nursing homes in mid Sweden between 2020 and 2021, and 313 questionnaires were returned.Results: An exploratory factor analysis demonstrated adequate factorial structure in six factors, satisfying construct validity andinternal consistency for the Swedish version. A confirmatory factor analysis showed a satisfactory model fit. Healthcare professionalsreported having the skills required for handling hearing aids, but reported lower scores for having received information about hearingaids, taking initiatives to refer residents to hearing healthcare units, and checking for earwax. Registered nurses generally reportedlower perceived knowledge and practical skills concerning hearing aids. Seventy-seven percent of the total group reported a need forinformation regarding hearing aid maintenance.Conclusion: Healthcare professionals reported that the majority of nursing home residents need help with their hearing aids, but onlya minority of these professionals had received education on hearing loss and training in hearing aid maintenance. Enrolled nurses and careassistants demonstrated higher levels of competence in handling hearing aids compared to registered nurses. In order to ensure safe and effectivecare, as well as facilitate communication among older adults with hearing loss, healthcare professionals need appropriate education and training.

The unhealthy lifestyles such as poor diets and lack of physical activity can lead to overweight and obesity for children and adolescents today. To not have the unhealthy lifestyles lead to future complications it’s important to give them the help and support they need to get motivated to change theirs behavior. Motivational interviewing (MI) is a method to help people change their behavior, this study will focus on a healthy lifestyle changes. A profession in healthcare uses the MI as a method to support the lifestyle change for children and adolescents with obesity. The purpose of this study is to examine what the professions experiences is concerning how the method works with children and adolescents with overweight. This study has used a qualitative method with six interviews. The interviews were recorded and analyzed. The result of this study showed that professions experiences MI as a very positive and useful method, also that the professions needed to use the method continuity to maintain the knowledge. The potential of MI as a method was that the professions often could see a positive change in the patient and the respondent had a positive view in using MI in the future. The author of this study believes that it’s incredibly important to keep working with MI as it probably can "save" money both for society and the work hours for professions in healthcare.

Introduktion: Sverige är idag ett mångkulturellt land där en stor del av befolkningen har utländsk bakgrund. Flera av dem skattar sin munhälsa sämre än personer födda i Sverige och besöker tandvården mer sällan, trots att tandvårdsbehov finns. Genom att beskriva vilka faktorer som påverkar upplevelsen av svensk tandvård hos individer med utländsk bakgrund kan förståelsen för hur den upplevs öka.

Syfte: Att beskriva faktorer som påverkar upplevelsen av svensk tandvård hos individer med utländsk bakgrund.

Metod: Kvalitativ studie med enskilda intervjuer i en stad i Mellansverige. Urvalet bestod av fyra vuxna informanter i åldrarna 25-50 år med utländsk bakgrund. Intervjuerna analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys.

Resultat: Fyra huvudkategorier framkom vilka var bemötande, kommunikation, tandvårdsorganisation och vårdkvalitet. Bemötandet upplevs som professionellt, dock förekommer vissa motsättningar i patientmötet. Kommunikationen mellan personal och patient upplevs som god men information på andra språk än svenska efterfrågas. Gällande tandvårdsorganisation anses svensk tandvård som dyr och tidskrävande. Den svenska tandvården håller dock en god vårdkvalitet.

Konklusion: Bemötande, ekonomi, kommunikation och vårdkvalitet är faktorer som påverkar upplevelsen av svensk tandvård hos individer med utländsk bakgrund. I de flesta fall var upplevelsen positiv men informanterna framförde vissa brister. 

Pornography has become increasingly prevalent and normalized within society, raising questions about how today's adolescents might differ in their responses to and attitudes toward pornography compared to earlier generations. This study begins to fill this gap by comparing cross-sectional data from two cohorts of high school students in Sweden in 2004 (n = 4,266, mean age = 18.15, SD = 0.74, 53.9% girls) and 2020-21 (n = 3,256, mean age = 18.20, SD = 0.61, 55.4% girls). Gender-stratified bivariate analyses and logistic regression models were performed to examine the impact of survey year on outcomes. Results reveal an increase in frequent pornography use among both genders and a narrowing of the gender gap in responses and attitudes by 2020-21. Boys reported decreased arousal responses, fewer positive emotional responses, and were less inclined to imitate the behaviors seen in pornography. Girls were less averse to and upset by the pornography they encountered. Both genders became more tolerant of pornography, yet more critical of its purported benefits. Notable gender differences remain, especially with girls being more likely to recognize pornography as degrading and exploitative. These findings underscore the need for educational strategies that foster critical understandings of pornography and its societal impact.

Sweden and Finland were the first countries to ban corporal punishment 30years ago. Since then, the prevalence of attitudes supporting the use of corporal punishment and the practice itself have decreased. This study examines the current frequencies of corporal punishment and other humiliating upbringing practices in Finnish and Swedish families. The analysis is based on survey data among 3170 Finnish and 1358 Swedish parents with children from newborn to 12years of age. Data were analysed using univariate tests (chi-square) and logistic regression. According to the analysis, a larger proportion of Finnish parents, and especially mothers, use humiliating upbringing practices compared to Swedish parents. This difference is not found with regard to corporal punishment. A larger proportion of Finnish parents push their children compared to Swedish parents, while a larger proportion of Swedish parents shake their children. In both countries, corporal punishment is more frequently used by fathers, boys are more often victimised than girls, toddlers are more often exposed to corporal punishment and school-age children are more often subjected to psychologically abusive practices. Corporal punishment and other humiliating upbringing practices are strongly correlated in both countries. The differences found between countries were not explained by socio-demographic factors.

Introduktion: Femtonåringar experimenterar mycket med sin livsstil vilket kan påverka den orala hälsan negativt. Studier har även visat att 15-åriga ungdomar med utländsk bakgrund har en ökad kariesförekomst vilket gör det viktigt att få en inblick i ungdomars munhygienvanor och kostvanor.

Syfte: Att undersöka kost- och munhygienvanor hos en grupp 15-åringar i ett mångkulturellt område.

Frågeställningar: Hur såg 15-åringars kost- och munhygienvanor ut? Fanns det skillnader i 15-åringars kost och munhygienvanor i förhållande till etnisk bakgrund? Fanns det några könsskillnader gällande 15-åringarnas kost- och munhygienvanor?

Metod: Kvantitativ enkätstudie där 70 stycken 15-åringar i Mellansverige har deltagit i studien.

Resultat: Majoriteten av ungdomarna hade en intagsfrekvens på 1-3 mål utöver huvudmålen. De flesta respondenterna uppgav att de åt/drack godis/läsk några gånger i veckan. Den största törstsläckaren bland respondenterna var vatten. Av populationen borstade 21,5 % endast tänderna en gång per dag. De flesta respondenterna använde approximala hjälpmedel mer sällan än några gånger i månaden. Det kunde inte ses någon stor procentuell skillnad överlag på vanorna gällande kön eller bakgrund.

Konklusion: Ungdomarna angav goda tandborstvanor och relativt goda kostvanor. Användande av approximala hjälpmedel var bristfällig och användning av fluorpreparat förekom inte i så hög grad. Frekvensen av godis- och läskintag var högre än rekommenderat.

Det finns en delad syn på hur företag inom den privata arbetssektorn ser på hälsofrämjande arbete, där vissa forskare menar att det är medarbetares hälsa som är den primära anledningen till hälsofrämjande åtgärder, medan andra menar att det är den ekonomiska aspekten som styr implementeringen av hälsofrämjande åtgärder. Just detta var något som denna studie önskade undersöka, där syftet med studien var att undersöka hur företag i Sverige inom den privata arbetssektorn ser på hälsofrämjande arbete på arbetsplatsen, samt vilka praktiska åtgärder som görs. Genom kvalitativa intervjuer med sju olika företag, av olika storlek, baserat på antalet anställda, besvarades syftet. Resultaten visar att majoriteten av informanterna har ett ekonomiskt synsätt på implementeringen av hälsofrämjande arbete, men att medarbetarnas hälsa, trivsel och välmående också är med i beräkningen. Vad gäller synen på hälsofrämjande arbete och vilka praktiska åtgärder som implementerats så varierade det beroende på företagens storlek. Något som kan utläsas är att det finns en tydlig koppling mellan storleken på företaget och hur mycket som investeras i just hälsofrämjande arbete. 

Introduction/Background: Dental erosion is an irreversible chemical process that involves the loss oftooth substance. Soft drink sales in Sweden are rising every year, and adolescents’ consumption of softdrinks is a contributing cause of dental erosion. Adolescents who consume acidic drinks have littleknowledge of the drink's impact on the teeth, while adolescents develop health habits that can affect theirhealth.Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate adolescents’ knowledge of dental erosion as well as theirconsumption of acidic drinks.Method: The study was a cross-sectional study, and the data collection was carried out using aquestionnaire. The questionnaire contained 18 multiple choice questions and was answered with single ormultiple answer options. The study was conducted at two high schools, one in Västernorrland and one inVärmland. A total of 164 students participated in the study.Results: The results showed that the majority (82%) of the adolescents had heard of dental erosion, butless than half (47%) knew what it meant. Dental care was the main source (81 %) of information aboutdental erosion. Many adolescents consumed sports/energy drinks (29%) and soft drinks (54%) severaltimes a week, and the main reason for the consumption of these drinks was that the taste was appealing.Conclusion: The study showed that there is a lack of knowledge among adolescents about dental erosion,with dental care being their main source of information about dental erosion. Acidic drinks wereconsumed several times a week by over half of the participants, with taste being strongest driving forcefor consumption of sports/energy drinks and soft drinks.  

All children and adolescents living in Sweden have free dental care with regular check-ups. Yet, missed and cancelled dental appointments are not unusual. The overall aim was to explore potential explanatory factors associated with non-regular dental care and to seek a deeper understanding of why some adolescents fail to attend their dental appointments.

An integrative review (Paper I) identified and summarized different sets of environmental, individual and situational factors that could be associated with dental avoidance or non-attendance. Paper II found similar levels of dental fear between children and adolescents (8-19 yrs) with a Swedish or a non-Swedish background. The occurrence and patterns of missed dental appointments among 16–19-year-olds were investigated in Paper III, where we report that 13.1% of 23 522 booked dental appointments were missed in 2012. Boys had more missed appointments than girls, while no age differences were found. In a case-control design, adolescents with missed appointments more often had sociodemographic load, dental fear or dental behaviour management problems, poor oral health, emergency visits, tooth extractions, operative treatments, and over the past years, more missed and cancelled appointments. A history of missed and cancelled dental appointments predicted future missed and cancelled appointments. Twelve adolescent girls with missed appointments were interviewed in Paper IV and described several potential barriers or facilitators to accessing dental care. They highlighted that knowing what will happen during the dental visit was decisive to whether or not they would attend their appointments.

In conclusion, factors specifically associated with dental avoidance still need to be investigated. Dental fear should still be seen as potential causal factor for dental avoidance. Missed and cancelled dental appointments should never be ignored since they could predict future missed and cancelled appointments. The results indicate that missed dental appointments among adolescents remain a challenge for Swedish dental care.

Introduktion: Kunskapsnivån hos ungdomar gällande den orala hälsan har i flertalet studier undersökts, dessa studier pekar på mer eller mindre skilda resultat. Tidigare studier tyder på att tandborstning med fluortandkräm är den munhälsovana ungdomar utför mest samt att sockerkonsumtionen är hög och att kvinnor har bättre kunskaper om oral hälsa än män.

Syfte: Att undersöka munhälsovanor och kunskaper om oral hälsa bland en grupp ungdomar på gymnasiet.

Frågeställningar: Vilka kunskaper har ungdomarna om oral hälsa?

Vilka munhälsovanor har ungdomarna?

Metod: En tvärsnittsstudie. Datainsamlingen genomfördes med hjälp av en enkät i årskurs 1-3 på gymnasiet i en mellanstor kommun i Sverige.

Resultat: Majoriteten av ungdomarna uppgav användning av manuell tandborste, tandtråd eller plackers i sin munvård. Tandborstning skedde främst 2 gånger/dag, approximal rengöring tycks dock vara en låg prioriterad vana. Fluorskölj används i högst grad bland de tillfrågade ungdomarna. Godis, chips och söt dryck konsumerades minst 1 gång/vecka bland majoriteten av ungdomarna. Kunskapsnivån bland ungdomarna var ojämn.

Konklusion: Studiens resultat liknar föregående studier gjorda på ungdomar. Goda egenvårdsvanor och kostvanor finns hos majoriteten av ungdomarna. Information om oral hälsa, kosten och munvårdsvanornas påverkan på den orala hälsan kan behöva ges i framtiden. Detta för att förbättra förutsättningarna för god munhälsa bland alla ungdomar och unga vuxna.

Background: With their expertise knowledge the Intensive care nurse identify, act and prevent risks for critical ill patients. Research indicate the importance of continuous professional development to make the Intensive care nurse feel confident in their profession and to improve patient safety. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe Intensive care nurses possibilities for competence development related to patient safety. Method: In order to answer the purpose in best possible way, the study was conducted with a qualitative approach. Six interviews were used as data collecting method in two separate Intensive care units. The interviews were analysed with Krippendorff’s (2004) qualitative content analysis. Result: The result revealed three main categories. The first main category illustrates the already existing possibilities and describes improvements, collegiate competence development but also demands individual responsibility. The second category deals with the existing limitations of possibilities such as financial issues, lack of time, attitudes and prestige among colleagues. The third category deals with the lack of possibilities where the Intensivecare nurse felt a need of individualized competence development and a holistic approach. Conclusion: Intensive care nurses described good possibilities of competence development related to patient safety in some areas. Improvements can be made by a holistic approach, individual and professional adaptation. To improve the collegial learning the Patientsafety culture have to be acknowledged and highlighted.

Introduktion: Läpp-käk-gomspalt (LKG) är en av de vanligaste medfödda defekterna. Det beräknas att det i Sverige föds cirka 200 barn per år med olika typer av läpp-käk-gomspalt, drygt 2/1000 födslar varje år. Defekten medför ett stort behandlingsbehov, vanligtvis utfört av ett specialiserat LKG-team. Teamet består av flera specialister inom olika områden, till exempel plastik- och käkkirurger, ortodontister, logopeder med flera då defekten bland annat medför påverkan av ansiktets utseende, talsvårigheter samt bett- och tandavvikelser. Läpp-käk-gomspalt kan påverka livskvaliteten hos barn och ungdomar och behandling och hjälp från olika vårdgivare kan hjälpa till att höja livskvaliteten. Även tandhygienisten, som arbetar förebyggande och hälsofrämjande inom tandvården, utgör en nyckelroll i vårdmötet med dessa patienter då denne kan hjälpa till att främja den orala hälsan hos barnen och ungdomarna och på så sätt höja livskvaliteten.

Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva den orala hälsan hos barn och ungdomar med läpp-käk-gomspalt.

Frågeställning: Skiljer sig den orala hälsan hos barn och ungdomar med läpp-käk-gomspalt från barn och ungdomar utan läpp-käk-gomspalt?

Metod: Litteraturstudie.

Resultat: Hos barn och ungdomar med läpp-käk-gomspalt påverkas både bettfysiologi och tandutveckling samt den orala hälsan. Orala hälsoproblem som exempelvis karies är vanligt förekommande hos dessa individer och då i större utsträckning än hos individer utan läpp-käk-gomspalt. Faktorer av betydelse var kön, ålder samt spalttyp.

Konklusion: I de flesta fall skiljer sig den orala hälsan hos barn och ungdomar med läpp-käk-gomspalt från barn och ungdomar utan läpp-käk-gomspalt. I och med en högre förekomst av orala hälsoproblem hos dessa individer är det viktigt att personal inom tandvården är medvetna om detta för att kunna ge bra och individuellt bemötande. Hos dessa individer kan det finnas ett större behov av stöd och preventiv behandling från tandvårdens sida.

The aim was to investigate pH changes in plaque in vivo during the use of nicotine-free and nicotine-containing snus. The carbohydrate content of the products was also analysed. Ten subjects, all regular snus users, participated in an experimental cross-over study, on eleven occasions with an interval of one week. Six nicotine-free and four nicotine-containing products, which are sold on the Swedish market, were included and a sucrose solution was used as a control. The subjects did not brush their teeth for three days before coming to the laboratory, without eating, drinking or using snus/smoking for two hours prior to the test. pH was measured at three approximal sites up to 45 min with the test product placed under the upper lip. The carbohydrate analysis showed that the nicotine-containing products contained only traces of glucose, fructose and sucrose (0.5-1%) and starch (approximate to 1.5%). Some of the nicotine-free products contained up to 6.5% low-molecular-weight carbohydrates and 26.0% starch. The intraoral pH measurements showed that four nicotine-containing products increased the plaque pH, in contrast to three of the six nicotine-free products, which lowered the pH. These pH changes may have an effect on the caries risk, both positively and negatively, depending on which product is used.

Background: Extensive studies have shown that older people are negatively impacted by impaired eating and nutrition. The abilities to eat, enjoy food, and participate in social activities associated with meals are important aspects of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and recovery after illness. This project aims to (i) describe and analyze relationships between oral health and oral HRQoL, swallowing ability, eating ability, and nutritional risk among older individuals admitted to short-term care; (ii) compare the perceptions that older individuals and staff report on care quality related to oral hygiene and eating; and (iii) study the feasibility and effects of a training program for people with impaired swallowing (i.e., dysphagia). Methods/Design: This project consists of two parts, which will be performed in five Swedish counties. It will include approximately 400 older individuals and 200 healthcare professionals. Part 1 is a cross-sectional, descriptive study of older people admitted to short-term care. Subjects will be assessed by trained professionals regarding oral health status, oral HRQoL, eating and nutritional risk, and swallowing ability. Swallowing ability will be measured with a teaspoon test and a swallowing capacity test (SCT). Furthermore, subjects and staff will complete a questionnaire regarding their perceptions of care quality. Part 2 is a cluster randomized intervention trial with controls. Older participants with dysphagia (i.e., SCT < 10 ml/s, measured in part 1) will be recruited consecutively to either the intervention or control group, depending on where they were admitted for short-term care. At baseline, all subjects will be assessed for oral health status, oral HRQoL, eating and nutritional risk, swallowing ability, and swallowing-related QoL. Then, the intervention group will receive 5 weeks of training with an oral screen for neuromuscular training focused on orofacial and pharyngeal muscles. After completing the intervention, and at six months post-intervention, all assessments will be repeated in both study groups. Discussion: The results will make important contributions to rehabilitation knowledge, including approaches for improving swallowing function, oral health, and food intake and for improving the quality of oral care for older people.

Försäljningen av energidrycken har ökat markant under 2000-talet och många av märkena marknadsför sig intensivt och riktar in sig på en yngre målgrupp. Den innehåller taurin, glukuronolakton, höga halter av koffein, vilket kan vara farligt för barn och ungdomar som är speciellt känsliga för hög halt av koffein. Enligt Livsmedelsverket finns det inget i dagsläget som tyder på att energidryck är en fara för hälsan vid måttlig konsumtion (observera att ”måttlig” konsumtion varierar mellan individer). Däremot görs fler efterfrågade forskningar kring ämnet och myndigheter/forskare varnar för att dricka energidryck om man är barn, ungdom, känslig för koffein eller gravid.        

Syftet med vår studie är att undersöka ungdomars upplevelse av energidryck. Urvalet skedde bland elever på en gymnasieskola som dricker energidryck varje vecka samt druckit i minst sex månader. Underlaget är baserat på hälften killar och hälften tjejer mellan åldrarna 16-18 år. Datainsamlingsmetoden var kvalitativa intervjuer. Dessa analyserades med hjälp av ”kvalitativ innehållsanalys”.

De viktigaste fynden var framför allt att de positiva upplevelserna av energidryck överspeglade de negativa och att de upplever lika många positiva effekter som negativa effekter. Resultatet visar även att de hade dåliga kunskaper kring dryckens innehåll samt de eventuella konsekvenserna. De upplever även att de inte påverkas av varken media, vetenskap eller anhörigas åsikt om ämnet.

Background and purpose: Working collaboratively as a multidisciplinary team in the treatment and care of cancer patients is proven effective in increasing the quality of patient care. A multidisciplinary team (MDT) meeting (MDTM) is the main vehicle that facilitates this collaborative work between different healthcare specialities, and an appropriate meeting record is essential to communicate the meeting's outcomes. There is limited research to date regarding MDTM documentation, and here we report on a sample of healthcare professional's perspectives on current practices. Methodology: A survey, distributed to a purposive snowball sample, is used to collect the perceptions on record-keeping at MDTMs from involved healthcare workers. The survey is descriptive and exploratory in nature and uses closed and open-ended questions offered in both English and Swedish. Results: With a response of 37 healthcare workers, several commonly understood practices of MDTMs are confirmed, documentation is mostly electronic, encompasses suggested information, and the record is mostly acceptable in quality. The issues of responsibility, registering attendance, and verification of documentation can be improved. Conclusion: Electronic documentation is a laudable step that shows advancement in MDTM record-keeping. The highlighted quality of the records suggests that MDTM proceedings are reasonably well documented. There remain some important questions, with regard to standardization, centralization, and the responsibility for record-keeping at MDTMs.

Introduktion: Parodontit diagnostiseras och behandlas av tandhygienister. Behandlingen kan vara smärtsam och kräva anestesi.

Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att kartlägga tandhygienisters användande av anestesi vid scaling och debridering av tandköttsfickor i underkäkens molar- och premolarområde, samt deras anledning till vald anestesimetod.

Frågeställningar: I samband med scaling och debridering i underkäkens molar- och premolarområde, hur ofta använder tandhygienister: enbart ytanestesi/ parodontalgel (exempelvis Oraqix), infiltrationsanestesi samt mandibularblockad? Av vilken anledning väljer tandhygienisten en viss anestesimetod?

Metod: Empirisk kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie där 249 webb-baserade enkäter skickades ut till legitimerade tandhygienister varav 118 besvarade enkäter låg till grund för analys.

Resultat: Studiens resultat visar att subgingival scaling och/eller debridering i underkäkens molar- och premolarområde tillsammans med någon form av anestesi är ett för tandhygienister vanligt behandlingsmoment. Det råder ingen entydighet kring användandet av anestesi vid utförandet av detta behandlingsmoment. Den vanligaste anledningen till att injektionsanestesi helt väljs bort är att patienten avböjer.

Konklusion: Många tandhygienister lägger inte mandibularblockad tillräckligt ofta för att känna sig säkra på det, detta samt patientens vilja är faktorer som påverkar valet av anestesimetod. Mer forskning inom ämnet behövs för att bättre förstå ämnets komplexitet.

Aims: The authors sought to examine associations between urinary exosomal miRNAs (exo-miRs), emerging biomarkers of renal health, and cardiorenal outcomes in early childhood. Materials & Methods: The authors extracted exo-miRs in urine from 88 healthy Mexican children aged 4-6 years. The authors measured associations between 193 exo-miRs and cardiorenal outcomes: systolic/diastolic blood pressure, estimated glomerular filtration rate and urinary sodium and potassium levels. The authors adjusted for age, sex, BMI, socioeconomic status, indoor tobacco smoke exposure and urine specific gravity. Results: Multiple exo-miRs were identified meeting a false discovery rate threshold of q < 0.1. Specifically, three exo-miRs had increased expression with urinary sodium, 17 with urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio and one with decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate. Conclusions: These results highlight urinary exo-miRs as early-life biomarkers of children's cardiorenal health.

Aim: To investigate the experience of Child Health Care Nurses (CHCNs) using language screening for 2.5-year-old children. Design: An exploratory qualitative design with an inductive approach. Method: Data were collected through semi-structured, interviews with Swedish CHCNs who regularly performed language screening for children. The interviews were analysed by thematic analysis. Results: Four themes were identified: ‘The difficult visit’, ‘Explanations for language delay’, ‘Language screening across cultures’ and ‘Language screening with children exposed to adverse life events’. Patient or Public Contribution: Our findings suggest that in routine care a modified procedure is used for the language screening of children aged 2.5 to secure the child’s cooperation and to preserve an alliance with the parents. Consequently, the validity of the screening is called into question, particularly when it comes to children from families with origins outside the dominant culture and children exposed to adverse life events. 

Syftet var att undersöka hälsoorienterade resurser bland 19-åringar och hur dessa interagerar med orala hälsorelaterade attityder och beteenden.Deltagare, 19-åringar som bor i Jönköping, var strategiskt utvalda i samband med den årliga undersökningen på Folktandvården. En strukturerad enkät besvarades innehållande bakgrundsfaktorer och Antonovskys livsfrågeformulär som mäter "känsla av sammanhang" (KASAM), följt av en tematiserad djupintervju. Den kvalitativa analysmetoden var Grounded Theory. Nio informanter (fyra kvinnor) har hittills tagits med i studien.Den preliminära analysen visar en kärnkategori, "Resursrikedom och balans i livet", som tycks vara avgörande för hälsosamma val som påverkar orala hälsorelaterade attityder och beteenden. Denna kärnkategori bygger på fem inbördes relaterade teman som beskriver olika dimensioner av hälsorelaterade resurser. Trygghet och stöd från familj och vänner, interna resurser såsom självtillit men också olika strategier för att hantera vardagen lyftes fram som centrala resurser. Värderingar och förväntningar, egen erfarenhet och behov, men också tankar om framtida orala hälsotillstånd, var viktiga för motivation till hälsosamma val. Dessutom ansågs tillgången till samhällets resurser såsom stormarknader, möjlighet till självhushåll, en hälsosam kost,  men också hälsobudskap från media, skola och tandvård samt den psykosociala miljön som påverkande faktorer för hälsosamma val.Slutsats: Samspelet mellan olika externa och interna resurser beskrevs som avgörande för hälsosamma val och oral hälsa. Fokus på individens resurser kan vara en framgångsfaktor i förebyggande och munhälsofrämjande åtgärder.

Objectives The Sense of coherence (SOC) questionnaire estimate an individual’s degree of an inside strength leading to a health promoting behaviour. The aim was to investigate sense of coherence in relation to oral health status.

Method A stratified random sample of 910 individuals from Jönköping, Sweden, aged 20,30,40,50,60,70 and 80 years old, was used. The investigation contained the Swedish short version of  the SOC questionnaire with 13-items and a self-reported questionnaire about demographic information, oral health related behaviour and attitudes to oral health. In addition a clinical and radiographical examination was performed.

Results A total of 525 individuals participated in the study, 261 men and 264 women. Socioeconomic factors such as age, marital status, income and education had a statistical significant association to SOC.  Bivariate analyse showed that higher mean SOC scores had a statistically significant relationships with more decayed filled surfaces (DFS) and filled surfaces (FS), less caries severity, less teeth with calculus and a better periodontal health. Logistic regression analysis showed that Individuals with high SOC score were predictive of high DFS and FS but low gingivitis scores. After controlling for age, high SOC scores showed a protective effect for gingivitis and plaque.

Conclusions Socioeconomic factors had an association with SOC. Statistical associations were found between SOC scores and oral health status with regard to several  important oral clinical variables and high SOC scores may indicate a protective determinant for gingivitis and plaque.

The aim was to explore health-oriented resources among 19-year-olds and, specifically, how these resources interact with oral health-related attitudes and behaviour. To represent individuals with various psychosocial environments and socioeconomic areas, the participants were selected from different geographical locations of the Public Dental Service clinics in the county of Jönköping, Sweden. A structured questionnaire was distributed, including the instrument ‘sense of coherence’, for description of the study group, followed by a semi-structured thematized interview. The qualitative method used for sampling and analyses was grounded theory. Data sampling and analysis were performed in parallel procedures and ended up in a sample of ten informants (five women). In the analysis of interview data, a core category was identified, ‘Resources of Wealth and Balance in Life – a Foundation for Healthy Choices’, describing the central meaning of the informants’ perceptions of resources with an essential beneficial impact on oral health. The core category was built on five themes, which in turn had various subthemes, describing different dimensions of resources interacting with beneficial oral health-related attitudes and behaviour: ‘Security-building Resources and Support’, ‘Driving force and Motivation’, ‘Maturity and Insight’, ‘Health Awareness’ and ‘Environmental influences.’ The results elucidate personal and environmental health-oriented resources with influence on oral health-related attitudes and behaviours of young individuals. Such beneficial recourses should be recognized by dental personnel to promote oral health.

Objectives: The aim was to explore health oriented resources among 19-year olds and in specific how these health oriented recourses interacts with oral health related attitudes and behaviors.Methods: Participants, 19-year olds living in Jönköping, were strategically selected in connection with the annual examination at the Public Dental Service. A structured questionnaire included background factors and Antonovsky´s 13-items Life-orientation questionnaire measuring ‘Sense of coherence’ (SOC), followed by a thematized in-depth interview. The qualitative method chosen was Grounded Theory (GT). In accordance with GT, datasampling and analyses is performed in a parallel procedure that continues until new data do not bring anything vital into the analysis model. Nine informants (four women) have so far been included in the study.

Preliminary results: The preliminary analysis model suggests a core category labeled ‘Resources of Wealth and Balance in Life’ which seemed to be essential for healthy choices influencing oral health related attitudes and behaviors. This core category is built on five interrelated themes describing different dimensions of health related recourses. Security and support from family and friends, internal resources such as self-efficacy but also different strategies to coop with everyday life were highlighted as central resources.  Values and expectation within life context, your own experience and needs but also thoughts about future oral health conditions, were important for motivation towards healthy choices. Moreover, availability to community resources such as supermarkets, opportunity for self-cooking and a healthy diet, but also health messages from media, school and dental care as well as the psychosocial environment were described as influencing factors for healthy choices.  Conclusions: The interplay between different external and internal resources were described as essential for healthy choices and oral health. Focusing on such beneficial resources could be a success factor in prevention and oral health promotion strategies. 

Objectives The Sense of coherence (SOC) questionnaire estimate an individual’s degree of an inside strength leading to a health promoting behaviour. The aim was to investigate sense of coherence in relation to oral health status. Method A stratified random sample of 910 individuals from Jönköping, Sweden, aged 20,30,40,50,60,70 and 80 years old, was used. The investigation contained the Swedish short version of  the SOC questionnaire with 13-items and a self-reported questionnaire about demographic information, oral health related behaviour and attitudes to oral health. In addition a clinical and radiographical examination was performed. Results A total of 525 individuals participated in the study, 261 men and 264 women. Socioeconomic factors such as age, marital status, income and education had a statistical significant association to SOC.  Bivariate analyse showed that higher mean SOC scores had a statistically significant relationships with more decayed filled surfaces (DFS) and filled surfaces (FS), less caries severity, less teeth with calculus and a better periodontal health. Logistic regression analysis showed that Individuals with high SOC score were predictive of high DFS (OR=3.3, CI 1.14-9.36) and FS  (OR=2.1, CI 0.98-4.31) but low gingivitis scores (OR=0.54, CI 0.30-0.95). After controlling for age, high SOC scores showed a protective effect for gingivitis (OR=0.52,  CI 0.29-0.94) and plaque (OR=0.61, CI 0.36-1.04). Conclusions Socioeconomic factors had an association with SOC. Statistical associations were found between SOC scores and oral health status with regard to several  important oral clinical variables and high SOC scores may indicate a protective determinant for gingivitis and plaque.

Objectives: Research are suggested studying the complex causal processes to understand and explain people’s behaviour and actions in their living context, which both can be promoting or unfavourable for oral health. A way to measure health related behaviour is with sense of coherence (SOC), which estimate a person’s degree of an inside strength and attitude to the world around, and by that maintaining health. A person with high level of SOC have been seen to have an adaptive health behaviour. The aim was to investigate a person’s ability to maintaining health, in terms of Sense of coherence in relation to oral health. Method: A stratified random sample of 910 individuals from Jönkping, Sweden, aged 20,30,40,50,60,70 and 80 years old, was used. The investigation contained the Swedish short version of The orientation to life questionnaire (SOC) with 13-items and a self-reported questionnaire about demographic information, oral health related behaviour and attitudes to oral health. These questionnaires were distributed in addition to the clinical and radiographical examination. Results: A total of 525 individuals participated in the study, 261 men and 264 women. Mean SOC scores increased with age, and the youngest group (20-year-olds) had a significantly lower SOC score compared to the other age groups. Bivariate results showed that individuals with higher SOC scores had statistically significant relationships with oral clinical status such as more decayed filled surfaces (DFS), less caries severity, less teeth with calculus and a higher degree of periodontal health. SOC was also significantly associated with gingivitis and dental plaque, after controlling for socioeconomic and demographic factors. Conclusions: Younger individuals had lower SOC scores compared to elderly individuals. Some statistical associations were found between SOC scores and oral health with regard to several important oral clinical variables and higher SOC scores may indicate a protective determinant for gingivitis and plaque.

Stress-related exhaustion has been associated with selective and enduring cognitive impairments. However, little is known about how to address cognitive deficits in stress rehabilitation and how this influences stress recovery over time. The aim of this open-label, parallel randomized controlled trial (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03073772) was to investigate the long-term effects of 12 weeks cognitive or aerobic training on cognitive function, psychological health, and work ability for patients diagnosed with exhaustion disorder (ED). One-hundred-and-thirty-two patients (111 women) participating in multimodal stress rehabilitation were randomized to receive additional cognitive training (n = 44), additional aerobic training (n = 47), or no additional training (n = 41). Treatment effects were assessed before, immediately after and one-year post intervention. The primary outcome was global cognitive function. Secondary outcomes included domain-specific cognition, self-reported burnout, depression, anxiety, fatigue and work ability, aerobic capacity, and sick-leave levels. Intention-to-treat analysis revealed a small but lasting improvement in global cognitive functioning for the cognitive training group, paralleled by a large improvement on a trained updating task. The aerobic training group showed improvements in aerobic capacity and episodic memory immediately after training, but no long-term benefits. General improvements in psychological health and work ability were observed, with no difference between interventional groups. Our findings suggest that cognitive training may be a viable method to address cognitive impairments for patients with ED, whereas the effects of aerobic exercise on cognition may be more limited when performed during a restricted time period. The implications for clinical practice in supporting patients with ED to adhere to treatment are discussed

Introduction: Operating theatre nurses have limited opportunities to meet the patient and studies focuses mainly on the intraoperative care. Operating theatre nurse meets the patient briefly just before the surgery together with other members of the surgical team. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe operating theatre nurse´s experiences of meeting with the patient during the perioperative nursing process.Method: The study was a qualitative interview study. In total six interviews with operating theatre nurses with at least three years of professional experience and were working at a hospital in central Sweden. The data was analysed through a content analysis. Results: The analysis revealed three categories with associated subcategories that described the operating theatre nurses´ meeting with the patient in the perioperative care: To establish a first contact – to make themselves known, to create a care relationship, making the patient involved in care; To ensure patient care – to prevent patient exposure to injuries, having the opportunity to evaluate the implemented care measures; To preserve patient privacy – wanting to do good. Conclusion: In the meeting with the patient a care relationship is created, which makes the patient involved in the care and the operating theatre nurse is given the opportunity to plan, to implement and to evaluate the implemented care measures, which contributes to the development of the patient´s care and the operating theatre nurse´s competence.

Background Older adults are insufficiently physically active, despite its importance for healthy aging. To develop appropriate physical activity interventions, it is necessary to understand their physical activity. This study applies a theoretical perspective, the COM-B model, and a mixed-method design to examine what influences older adults' physical activity levels with three questions: (1) What individual and external factors predict older adults' physical activity levels? (2) What do older adults perceive as influencing their levels of physical activity? (3) To what extent do the quantitative results on older adults' physical activity levels agree and disagree with the qualitative findings on older adults' physical activity levels? Methods A convergent mixed-method design was used with questionnaire (n = 334) and interview (n = 14) data from adults 65 years and older. Regression analyses were used for quantitative measurements: physical activity, age, subjective socioeconomic status, health status, capability, opportunity, motivation, and depression. Content analysis was applied to the qualitative data. The two forms of data were then integrated to provide greater insights than would be obtained by either dataset separately. Results The regression analyses showed that previous physical activity, current motivation, health status, and age significantly predicted older adults' physical activity levels. The content analysis revealed that participants addressed all subcomponents of the COM-B model, indicating its pertinence in understanding how older adults discuss their current physical activity levels. The integrated findings showed convergent and divergent results. Overall results indicated that previous physical activity engagement, present motivation, capability, and opportunity influenced older adults' physical activity levels. Conclusions This study is the first to use this mixed-methods design to examine factors influencing physical activity levels among older adults living in rental apartments with community hosts. The integrated result reveals convergence for findings on motivation and physical capability but divergence on psychological capability, opportunity, and previous physical activity. The findings underscore a complex interplay of factors influencing older adults' physical activity levels and indicate relevance for the COM-B model. The results can guide future research on theoretically informed interventions to promote physical activity and healthy aging. Future research should clarify the role of opportunity for older adults' physical activity.

Bullying causes substantial suffering for children and adolescents. A number of bullying prevention programs have been advocated as effective methods for counteracting school bullying. However, there is a lack of economic evaluations of bullying prevention programs assessing the “value for money.” The aim of this study was to assess the cost-effectiveness of the Finnish bullying prevention program KiVa in comparison to “status quo” (treatment as usual) in a Swedish elementary school setting (grades 1 to 9). The cost-effectiveness analysis was carried out using a payer perspective based on a Markov cohort model. The costs of the program were measured in Swedish kronor and Euros, and the benefits were measured using two different metrics: (1) the number of victim-free years and (2) the number of quality adjusted life years (QALYs). Data on costs, probability transitions, and health-related quality of life measures were retrieved from published literature. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were carried out to establish the uncertainty of the cost-effectiveness results. The base-case analysis indicated that KiVa leads to an increased cost of €829 for a gain of 0.47 victim-free years per student. In terms of the cost per gained QALY, the results indicated a base-case estimate of €13,823, which may be seen as cost-effective given that it is lower than the typically accepted threshold value in Swedish health policy of around €50,000. Further research is needed to confirm the conclusions of this study, especially regarding the treatment effects of KiVa in different school contexts

Abstract 

Workplace bullying in the health and social care systems in Sweden. A descriptive study.

Aims

This study aims to map and describe the problem of bullying within the health and social care systems as a foundation for an intervention. In this presentation we will present the study and preliminary results concerning negative acts and work-place health in Sweden.   

Methods

Baseline data for this quantitative study was collected at nursing wards at five hospitals and five wards for eldercare in municipalities. Questionnaires were sent by post to 2810 employees.  Response-rate was 55% (n=1550).

Bullying was measured both with an operationalized and a self-labelling method. The instrument used in the former were The Negative Acts Questionnaire, NAQ-R, and bullying was assessed according to the operational criterion suggested  by Leyman (1996) “exposure to at least one negative act/week during six months” and a stricter criterion by Mikkelsen & Einarsen, (2001)  suggesting 2 negative acts/week during six months.  

As for the self-labelling of bullying a definition of bullying was presented and questions were asked whether the person had been bullied or had witnessed bullying the last 6 months. A further question was asked regarding previous life-time experiences of bullying.

To assess work-place environment the Nordic Questionnaire for Psychological and Social Factors at work, QPSNordic34+ was utilized. In addition a questionnaire made for this study concerning demographic information and specific workplace related questions were included.

Primarily descriptive statistics was used.

Results

Bullying measured by NAQ-R, using the operational criterion, reported results of bullying at 18,5 % (Leyman) and for the stricter criterion 6.8% (Mikkelsen & Einarsen). Four percent (4 %) reported bullying relating to the self-labelling question. A higher proportion, 22%, had witnessed bullying and an even higher proportion, 38%, reported having experienced bullying earlier in life.

 An association was shown between having been bullied earlier in life and experiencing bullying at the work-place at the present time. Also work-place environment, age, where you were born, living in a relationship, education and length of employment were, respectively, associated to more negative acts in the workplace.

Conclusion

The operationalized method yields a higher percent of bullying compared to the self-labelling method. This is also shown in earlier studies and might be due to bullying being stigmatizing and shameful and therefore difficult to express in a straight-forward way.

A significant relationship was observed between being bullied earlier in life-time and current exposure. As far as we know this represents new knowledge and should be further investigated.

Introduction/Background: Dental caries and periodontal disease are the two most common oral diseases globally and can lead to pain, difficulty when chewing and reduced quality of life. Psychological stress affects an individual both physiologically and psychologically. Psychological stress has increased in society and longterm psychological stress negatively affects various organ systems in the body, which can lead to vulnerability to disease. In addition, psychological stress can pose a risk för dental caries and periodontal disease.

Aim: The aim of this literature study was to describe the impact of psychological stress on dental caries and periodontal disease.

Method: A literature study was carried out by systematically retrieving current knowledge in the subject area from the databases PubMed and CINAHL. Review templates for quantitative studies were used in the quality review of the included studies. A total of ten studies were included in the result, all of which were quantitative with mixed methods.

Results: The results are presented in the following themes; “Psychological stress and biological influence”, “The psychological stress influence on behavior and coping strategies”, and “Psychological stress and the influence of social factors”. The study results report that high levels of psychological stress have an impact on dental caries and periodontal disease.

Conclusion: Psychological stress together with periodontal disease cause reduced bone-level of the alveolar bone and worsened results in periodontal treatment. Psychological stress is associated with social factors and contributes to negative oral health behaviors, which pose a risk for dental caries and periodontal disease. Coping strategies for psychological stress can be protective against the development of these oral diseases.

I och med en ökande psykisk ohälsa i samhället samtidigt som att användandet av sociala medier bara ökar är dessa ämnen relevanta att studera. Syftet med studien var att undersöka sambandet mellan användandet av sociala medier och psykisk hälsa och eventuella skillnader avseende män och kvinnor i olika åldrar. Studien var en kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie med en enkätundersökning. Enkäten delades på Facebook och var tillgänglig för respondenterna i sju dygn. Sammanlagt ingick 108 respondenter i studien.

Analysen i studien resulterade inte i något signifikant samband mellan användandet av sociala medier och psykisk hälsa. Däremot var sambanden signifikanta mellan psykisk hälsa och kön och ålder. Likaså sambanden mellan användandet av sociala medier och kön och ålder. Kvinnor i åldern 20-25 var de som upplever sig ha mest symtom på psykisk ohälsa jämfört med män i samma ålder och män och kvinnor över 25. Det var även kvinnor i åldern 20-25 som uppger sig använda sig av sociala medier i störst utsträckning jämfört med män i samma ålder och män och kvinnor över 25.

Introduction: Ethical care in the operating room is an essential knowledge for operating theatre nurses (OTN). Ethical care aims to promote safe care for patients. It should therefore help the OTN to meet patients’ single needs by preserving their dignity. Previous research describes patients’ positive and negative experiences and expectations of good care in the operating room. OTN’s responsibility is strengthened by laws and documents aiming to preserve ethical care. Aim: the aim was to describe OTN’s experiences of different approaches about ethical care in the operating room. Methods: A qualitative meta-synthesis. It’s established in 17 qualitative articles. which were reviewed and analysed according to Braun and Clarke’s theoretical approach. Findings: The first theme identified was Fundamentals of ethical care in surgery, with subthemes Caring for the patient and Accomplishing a common ethical responsibility. The second theme was Reasons behind ethical dilemma, with subthemes Caring in a dysfunctional environment, Disregarding the single patient and Facing challenges. Conclusion: OTN’s experiences show a clear anchoring with theory and evidence about ethical care. There were however experiences of external factors that compromise ethical care, where the interaction with the colleagues and an inadequate work environment lead to a lack of ethics and thus the focus on patients risks being lost.

Background: The need for advanced home healthcare (HHC) is expected to increase, with registered nurses (RNs) as key figures. Given the difficulties recruiting and retaining RNs in the HHC sector, understanding their work satisfaction is imperative. Aim: This study aimed to explore RNs’ experiences of work satisfaction in the municipal HHC. Methods: Individual interviews were conducted with RNs (n = 8) in four municipalities in Norway. The data were evaluated using qualitative content analysis. Results: Work satisfaction in HHC was organised into one theme ‘alone and together’ under four categories—the patient, the co-worker, the registered nurse, and the organisation—and 15 subcategories, including patient diversity, supportive co-workers and professional environment, appropriate workload and responsibilities, and provision of preconditions for self-management. Conclusions: Patients, co-workers, and organisations were identified as crucial areas affecting RNs’ work satisfaction in the municipal HHC. Awareness of these areas is essential to promote RNs’ work satisfaction. Patients’ diversity adds positively to RNs’ work satisfaction. Notably, RNs working alone can affect their work satisfaction not only negatively but also positively.

Syfte: Att undersöka munhygiensvanor och kunskaper kring oral hälsa hos vuxna individer med utländsk bakgrund. Frågeställning: Finns det någon skillnad mellan män och kvinnors egenvårdsvanor samt kunskaper kring oral hälsa? Metod: Kvantitativ studie. Empirisk enkätstudie. Enkäten omfattar frågor om munhygienvanor, kunskap om karies och kunskap om parodontit. Urvalet bestod av vuxna män och kvinnor som har en utländsk bakgrund och är över 18 års ålder. Med utländsk bakgrund menas att individerna är födda utomlands och har utländska föräldrar. Studiedeltagarna befann sig på en SFI skola i Mellansverige. Resultat: Antal studiedeltagare som deltog i studien var 78, (n=36 män), (n=29 kvinnor), (n=13 som inte angav kön). Majoriteten av studiedeltagarna visade sig ha goda vanor med antalet gånger de borstar tänderna per dag, hur ofta de använder fluor och användning av orala munhygiensprodukter utöver tandborste. Studien visar även att en mindre del av studiedeltagarna känner de största riskfaktorerna för att få orala sjukdomar. Konklusion: De flesta individer med utländsk bakgrund har bra munhygiensvanor men har saknar tillräcklig kunskap kring varför man får orala sjukdomar som karies och parodontit.