Outdoor education is becoming an increasingly larger subject in Swedish schools.  It makes up about a third of the curriculum in Physical education. In this quantitative study, the result shows that physical education teachers believe they have enough material resources to teach in outdoor education. However, this not applies to the students and the material they bring from home. The teachers feel that they have enough knowledge about outdoor education to teach in the subject and most considers that they have an area close to the school there they have opportunity to teach outdoor education. When it comes to how the school and colleagues are working with or against the physical education teachers, the teachers responded that a small majority of the schools work together with success regarding the curriculums in outdoor education. When it comes to how involved their colleagues are in planning and implementing outdoor activates the majority answered that they receive help from their colleagues.  

The purpose of this thesis was to find out how teachers can develop the psychological ability of their pupils within the subject of physical education. To find an answer to this, two researchers were interviewed in a qualitative way and four teachers in physical education were interviewed structurally. Current literature was also red. I tried to answer if there are any differences, or similarities, between two scientists’ and four teachers’ in physical education perspectives regarding methods to develop pupils’ psychological ability. The thesis also tries to answer which practical exercises in mental training that could be used in the teaching of physical education and how teachers in physical education can use mental training to motivate the pupils to strive for high grades.

This study shows that the pupils’ psychological ability can be developed through different mental exercises. To develop the pupils’ self-confidence by giving theme suitable exercises with a degree of difficulty that are on a slightly higher level than what the pupils think they can manage is one way. A similarity between the opinions of the scientists and the teachers in physical education is the importance of good communication with the pupils. Further, the two scientists emphasized the importance of making the pupils involved in the planning and contents of the lessons. The teachers in physical education did not share this opinion.

To develop the pupils’ self-knowledge and make theme strive for a grade, reasonable for their personal abilities, may increase motivation. In my thesis I have realised that a teacher’s behaviour is also important. The teacher needs to have a sensitive ear, use constructive feedback to the pupils and, to a reasonable extent, get the pupils involved in the planning and the contents of the lessons.

This study is based on a lot of previous studies about assessment in the subject sports and health, as well as personal experiences of assessment in the school environment. Assessment is an important part of the job that teachers have to execute, but it’s not always easy to follow the curriculum’s instructions which are there to make sure it is done in a fair way.The objective for this study has been to determine if its possible to show some factors that affects the grading process, and creates differences, in the assessments between teachers in physical education and health. There has been previous studies that has shown that this work differs from one teacher to another, but less about why it is so. The hypothesis of this study is that teachers with a longer work experience with grading under the previous curriculum (Lpo94) in greater numbers build their assessments to components that are not part of the current curriculum’s knowledge requierments.In this study a survey has been sent out to junior high schools, randomly chosen, over all of Sweden. The survey has been voluntary, and only currently active teachers in sports and health has participated. All in all 122 people decided to participate.The results in this study suggest age and a longer experience with working with assessments under the previous curriculum (Lpo94) seems to be contributing factors to the different ways assessment is performed.

Syftet med undersökningen var att få en bild av högstadieelevers uppfattning om hur fysisk aktivitet påverkar psykisk hälsa samt idrottsundervisningens påverkan på psykisk hälsa.

Det var en kvantitativ undersökning med enkäter, där 124 högstadieelever från två mellansvenska skolor besvarade enkäten.

Resultatet visade att 85.5% av eleverna upplevde att fysisk aktivitet påverkar psykisk hälsa positivt när det gäller att känna sig avslappnad, humöret, självuppfattning och bättre livskvalitet. 71. 5 % av eleverna ansåg att de i idrottsundervisningen fick de lära sig om hur fysisk aktivitet har betydelse för hälsan hela livet.

Däremot upplevde flertalet av eleverna att det som händer i omklädningsrummet och i samband med duschen samt kamraternas påverkan i samband med idrottsundervisningen var stressande faktorer.

The purpose of this study was to examine how the Swedish elite juniors in the high

jump use goals based on current research. Most are setting up goals, but few

understand how they can best use them. Goal setting can help the individual to a

higher level of motivation, which in turn promotes a higher intensity for a longer

period of time in the relatively tough training as an elite athlete commits. However,

there is also the risk that the objectives hamper performance if used incorrectly.

Which means it probably requires a good knowledge and experience to succeed. 10

athletes were interviewed that in 2009 competed in the junior classes and formed the

country's primary. The results show that there were well-developed thoughts of most

on their goals that also was the fundamental reason to why they competed. However,

there were indications that these goals were not used optimally for the active

achievements. Some of this was a lack of communication between the coach and

active in the goal setting process. A discussion took place on this basis of how goals

can be optimized for a high jumper. In addition an opinion that goals of specific

heights is negative was found which led to a discussion of goal focus at different

times.

The aim with this report has been to study if physical movement is used as an activity in a South African preschool and how, where and when physical movement is used in the preschool and also why they use the physical movement. I have under ten days been in a preschool in the black township Lingelihle to follow the teachers work. My view of literature treats following theme: What is physical movement and the meaning of physical movement for the child. The methods that I have used are qualitative interviews and observations. The result that I have found out from the interviews and observations shows that physical movement is used as an activity in the preschool. The teacher’s and the principal means that the child through physical movement develops socially and motor skill.

In this qualitative interview study PE-teachers perceptions of outdoor teaching in schools in the North-West region of Götaland, in Sweden, were examined. The following key issues were examined; attitudes and experiences, frameworks, as well as didactic approach, which prevails in outdoor education, and the aim was to investigate outdoor education related to these factors. The study reveals, among other things, that:

• The teachers have similar attitudes and experiences for outdoor recreation. Their vision seems to have been marked by experiences in later ages.

• The teachers are relatively satisfied with the constitutional, organizational and physical frameworks of today, but that those frames are factors that affect outdoor teaching.

• The teachers try to prioritize the field of outdoor activities to a greater extent than in the past, but they have slightly different didactical approaches.

In order to investigate these issues, qualitative and semi-structured interviews were used as a method for data collection. Five different teachers at five different schools, in North-West of Götaland, has been interviewed. The study was anchored in three theoretical frameworks; habitus theory, frame factor theory and didactics.

Abstract: 

Elite soccer in combination with education is a unique and demanding task. The path towards a glory career in sports takes hard mental and physical training. The objectives in this study are 6 elite focused high school students studying high school education programs in combination with football profile. They are 3 of each gender. The purpose of the study was to find out more about their perspective of motivation and what makes them keep going towards a career in football in beside their education.

The study is of empiric hermeneutic survey used qualitative method and interviewing to collect data. The results have shown several patterns and similarities, also differences. They all see motivation as a mental force. They appreciate the social factors from parents through support and commitment in their football. Several of them found their interests in football through their parent’s interest in football. They are motivated by development and promotion in divisions. They are all experiencing a need of having fun towards their elite focused career. 

Syfte. Psykisk ohälsa verkar vara ett alltmer vanligare fenomen bland elitidrottare. 30 procent av Sveriges elitidrottare har någon gång under sina karriärer upplevt psykisk ohälsa menar Åkesdotter och Kenttä (2015). Därför har jag avsett med denna undersökning att analysera elitsatsande idrottares mentala förmågor.Metod. Studien baserades på en kvantitativ undersökningsmetod där 54 elitsatsande idrottare deltog i studien. Studien undersökte fyra dimensioner av mentala förmågor som operationaliserades ner till underdimensioner med hjälp av Hassméns, Kenttäs och Gustafssons (2009) tolkningar av de olika dimensionerna. Avslutningsvis analyserades datan med hjälp av beskrivande analyser och korrelationsanalyser.Resultat. Undersökningens resultat indikerade höga medelvärden för respondenternas självuppskattade förmåga inom de olika mentala förmågorna. Korrelationsanalyserna kunde främst visa på starka signifikanta samband mellan koncentrationsförmågan och självförtroende-förmågan samt självförtroende-förmågan och spänningsregleringsförmågan.Diskussion. Idrottarna verkade ha goda mentala förmågor, men med möjligheter till förbättring. Utifrån resultaten kan man tolka att självförtroende, koncentrationsförmåga och spänningsreglering är tre betydelsefulla förmågor för att utveckla prestation samt för att behålla ett gott välmående.

Everyone should have the right to movement and to participate in team sports associations. Within team sports, individuals learn responsibility, teamwork, and several other social skills that can be useful in everyday life. Sports have always been significant, and the joy that team sports bring should be shared with others. 

The purpose was to examine the importance of team sports in developing social competence among individuals with intellectual disabilities. The study is based on a qualitative research method. A total of six semi-structured interviews were conducted, involving four individuals working with the target group and two para-football players. 

The results showed that individuals with intellectual disabilities and those working with the target group experienced an improvement in social competence after engaging in team sports. Regarding leadership within para-football, the results indicated the importance of being clear and pedagogical in coaching individuals with intellectual disabilities. 

The discussion relates the results to theory and previous research. The study, similar to earlier research, demonstrates that the target group can develop various necessary social competences through team sports to better cope with everyday life. Together, this knowledge can be further disseminated to highlight how team sports develop social competence in individuals with intellectual disabilities

Genom massmedia kommer ständigt nya rapporter om hur fel dagens unga lever. Att det är mycket stillasittande, ohälsosam kost, och att barnen inte leker eller rör på sig naturligt. Det pågår mycket forskning om detta, hur barnen påverkas motoriskt sett, och då även inlärningsmässigt. Jag har tittat närmare på motoriken. Till grund för detta arbete, hur den motoriska utvecklingen bland 10- åringar är, ligger ett rörelseprojekt, kallat SMARTIS. Det är en skolsatsning från Handslaget, via riksidrottsförbundet som ska pågå under tre år för att få in mer rörelse i skolan. I projektets början gjordes en videoinspelning där 43 elever filmades i tolv olika rörelsemoment. Filmen har jag tillsamans med anställda inom projektet tagit del av och analyserat. Syftet med observationen var att se om det fanns några motoriska brister hos eleverna, och utforska vad man kan göra för förebyggande åtgärder. Av de observerade mellanstadiebarnen visade det sig att motoriken var förhållandevis god.

Ishockeyspelare ställs inför varierande krav kopplade till fysiska, tekniska, taktiska och psykologiska förmågor. Detta till trots verkar prestationsfrämjande träning endast relatera till och lägga vikt vid utveckling de tre förstnämnda. Mot bakgrund av denna upplevelse genomfördes en intervention hos ishockeyspelare på elitnivå i form av mental träning med ett digitalt träningsprogram för utveckling av mental tuffhet.

Syftet med detta arbete är att utifrån spelarnas upplevelser från och erfarenheter av deltagande utvärdera interventionen. Frågeställningarna behandlar tidigare erfarenheter av och inställning till mental träning och mentala förmågors inverkan på idrottslig prestation, upplevelser av implementeringen och genomförandet av programmet och effekter från deltagandet.

Semistrukturerade intervjuer utformades och analyserades tematiskt utifrån ett teoretiskt ramverk i form av en teori- och förklaringsinriktad utvärderingsmodell. Huvudresultaten visade att spelarna hade varierande erfarenheter av mental träning men en gemensam bild av mentala förmågors stora inverkan på prestation, att programmet var användarvänligt och att deltagande i interventionen resulterat i en ökad kunskap, medvetenhet och reflektion kring tankar, känslor och beteende.

En slutsats som kan dras av denna utvärdering är att den mentala träningen varken haft eller har en naturlig roll inom ishockeyn trots att goda mentala förmågor anses ha indirekt och direkt inverkan på idrottslig prestation. Träningsprogrammet ansågs användarvänligt och den mentala träningen bör med fördel planeras men genomföras i egen takt. Träning med programmet gav en ökad kunskap, medvetenhet och reflektion kring tankar, känslor och beteende och förstärkte även spelarnas syn på vikten av mental träning.

The main aim of this study was to investigate if exercisers' personality characteristics were associated with exercise dependence. Specifically, the purpose was to examine if anxiety, obsessive passion, and physical appearance orientation were associated to an increased risk for exercise dependence. Participants were 330 exercisers from exercise groups, sport clubs and university sport science classes in the southwest of Sweden. Data were analysed using CHAID (Chi-squared Automatic Interaction Detection) analysis. The CHAID analysis indicated that anxiety was the main predictor of exercise dependence. More specifically, 12.7% more exercisers who experienced high levels of anxiety symptoms (i.e. scores above 6), were, in comparison to the exercises experiencing low levels of anxiety, classified as ?at risk for exercise dependence?. For exercisers that reported low levels of anxiety symptoms (i.e. scores below 7), obsessive passion for exercise was a positive statistically significant predictor (absolute risk difference?=?8.6%). Overall, the results highlight anxiety as a main risk factor behind exercise dependence. Also, the risk of exercise dependence may increase either from obsessive passion or as a coping strategy for anxiety. Furthermore, results may illustrate two types of exercise dependence; ?primary? exercise dependence driven mainly by an obsessive passion for exercise and ?secondary? exercise dependence where exercise function as a strategy to cope with anxiety.

In recent years an increased drop-out rate in adolescents' soccer participation has been observed. Given the potentially adverse consequences of drop-out from soccer, more information about risk factors for drop-out is warranted. In the current study, Classification and Regression Tree (CRT) analysis was used to investigate demographic and motivational factors associated with an increased risk of drop-out from adolescent soccer. The results of this study indicate that older age, experiencing less autonomy support from the coach, less intrinsic motivation, being female, and lower socioeconomic status are factors associated with an increased risk of drop-out. An interpretation of the results of this study is that coaches play a central part in creating a sports context that facilitates motivation and continued soccer participation. Based on the findings of the current study we propose that soccer clubs implement theoretically informed coach education programs to help coaches adopt autonomy-supportive coaching strategies.

Wegner's theory of ironic processes of mental control emphasizes how the implementation of cognitive load-induced avoidant instructions can cause inefficient motor cognition in sports, thereby inducing so-called ironic effects where an individual-ironically-does precisely what s(he) intended not to do. This systematic review synthesizes relevant existing research and evaluates the effectiveness of experimental manipulations and cognitive load measurements for investigating ironic effects on motor task performance under pressure conditions. This review identified twenty-four empirical studies published before January 2022, including studies with experimental (21%) and quasi-experimental (79%) within- and between-subject designs. The most common reported pressure (i.e., cognitive load) manipulations fell into two categories: anxiety (77%) and dual-task (33%) techniques. The review also identified positive action-oriented instructional interventions to reduce ironic errors. Although most reported findings supported Wegner's assumptions about ironic performance effects, the review also identified inconclusive evidence (8%), which indicates a need for more research with a greater focus on: robust experimental design; the inclusion of competitive stressors; expert athletes; elite athletes; and intervention-based studies. These additions will clarify the mechanisms of ironic effects and assist in the development of interventional programs to diminish the likelihood of ironic effects in sports performance.

Background: Mental illness is a major problem in society and is also increasing in sports. More and more professional football players have started talking about their mental well-being and mental illness. This generates questions, whether the situation is the same within youth football? According to research, it is also increasing in that area. Is that true? How does mental well-being manifest itself in youth football in general? With experience from an active football career, there is an interest in more knowledge about mental well-being in youth football and indications of mental illness.

Purpose: The main purpose of this research is to investigate mental well-being and to what extent there are indications that mental illness can occur among youth football players between 13 - 17 years from several regions in southern Sweden. The sub-purpose is, with the help of basic psychological needs theory, investigate the connection between perceived satisfaction of basic psychological needs and perceived mental well-being among youth football players.

Method: The study has had a quantitative starting point and has taken part in collected data from an ongoing research project. The project used a cross-sectional design in the form of questionnaires for data collection and a secondary analysis was performed on all data. The study involved 353 young football players between the ages of 13 and 17.

Results: The results of the study showed that the mental well-being among youth football players is overall good, where large parts of the participants experienced good mental well-being and only a small part experienced poorer mental well-being, which indicates that a small degree of football players may have indications of mental illness. The results also showed a positive relationship between psychological needs satisfaction and mental well-being.

Discussion: The results of the study are consistent with previous research and with Basic Psychological Needs Theory. The mental well-being in youth football is generally good. More studies are needed within the field of mental illness to contribute to a deeper understanding of the concept. Qualitative research could help contribute to this by collecting more personal interpretations of the subject. 

Sports research in the field of social science has shown that regular physical activity leads to wellbeing and positively affects the quality of life. A natural part of being an athlete is learning the functions of the human body, and what’s harmful and destructive, such as drugs (RF 1995). Doping is a constant problem in professional sport. Doping and manipulation of medical preparations in order to maximise performance is one of modern sport’s major problems, according to Blom and Lindroth (1995).

I thought it would be interesting to see what the next generation of athletes thinks of doping. The purpose of this survey is to investigate the views on doping among adolescent athletes in ages 15-19. What do they think of it? Are they for or against it? Do they believe that doping is commonly used in elite competition? Would they consider using these substances themselves, if they were legalised?

The selection of participants is 130 adolescents in ages 15-19. (83 boys, 47 girls.) All respondents are students at upper secondary sports schools, competing in the following events: Alpine sports, soccer, track and field, ice hockey, biathlon, and cross-country skiing.

The foundation “Ren Idrott” has conducted a survey showing that as many as 86,3 percent of the respondents in ages 15-21 believe that doping is commonly or very commonly used in elite sports (RF 2005). The notion that using enhancements is necessary to become world champion did not have much support in this survey. Only 4 % stated that they would use preparations if it guaranteed them the world champion title. A whole 73% believed it would be easy to obtain preparations if one wanted to. Their primary reason to refuse preparationwas the risk of physical injury. A majority of the respondents felt that it is everyone’s individual choice whether to use them.All respondents considered doping in sports unacceptable. 11% of the respondents would however consider using preparations if they were legalised.

Physical activity is vital for an adequate health, and the Swedish residents’ health is getting poorer. Karlstad municipality’s aim is that all residents of Karlstad municipality shall have the right to an adequate health on equal terms, and the municipality offer financial support to spontaneous sports. Karlstad municipality have the aim to be one of the country’s most equal municipalities, as well. The aim with this study was to investigate how the outdoor gyms in Karlstad municipality are used and by whom. The study mainly based on a gender theoretical perspective. The main question at issue, which was answered to, was if the Karlstad municipality’s financial support was used right to generate equality in spontaneous sports. The research methods used in this study was qualitative interviews with six respondents, and quantitative observations with 147 people were observed.

The main results in this study showed that Karlstad municipality’s financial support was used right in an equality perspective since the gender divide was equal with 47% women and 53% men at the observed outdoor gyms. Men did focus more at using equipment made for exercising the upper body. The respondents wished to be able to adjust the weight and fit at the equipment. Women did experience discouragements to not work out in an outdoor gym in a greater extent, which can be linked to insecurity. Further research should investigate the question in larger studies, to get a greater basis of how the gender divide is divided, and to be able to in a more profound way investigate male and female preferences of the equipment and how discouragement linked to insecurity can be reduced.

In the beginning of my clinical education I got the chance to spend time in the school and act as a teacher in physical education. That made me learn a lot of different teaching methods sincerely because earlier years I’ve acted pupil.For me it’s important to pay attention on experiences and opinions on how teachers and pupils are reacting to different teaching methods so I later on can teach pupils on a effective way as a future physical teacher.

The purpose with my investigation is to investigate physical educated teachers in Varmland and two pupils in the ninth grade to take part from their experiences and opinions related to integrated groups respective mixed groups.I’ve investigated this through interviews with teachers in physical education as well as pupils to obtain detailed and depth to the answers that were given related to my purpose.

The result from my investigations meant that teachers in physical education as well as pupils have different opinions about different theoretical concepts.One of the schools are using integrated groups because it’s traditional whilst the other school is using mixed groups because it’s important for the future so they can be interacting with different genders.

The aim of this study was to check if there is a connection between personality and sports, if the personality is different between team- and individual sports and how the sport influence their personality.

This is a quantitative study that with the help of a personality test and a questionnaire will answer the purpose and questions of this study. The personality test is the base to get five personality aspects and the questionnaire will show their own views on how their personality has affected their sport and how the sport has affected their personality. It will be analyzed in the program SPSS and with the five-factormodel.

The result didn’t show a big difference between individual and team sport when it came to personality traits and their answers about how personality affected their choice. Those in a team sport prefered a sport that their friends also played. Those in an individual sport didn’t care that much about that.

The conclusion of this study is that it’s individual if the personality affect the choice of sport. There is no big difference between team and individual sport, it’s from person to person.

The purpose of the study is to make teachers' perspective visible on the concept of physical ability in the subject PE, especially linked to assessment. Fair assessment and teachers' interpretation of the governing documents are central in my study, they have highlighted how everyone's individual opinion affects their grading, etc. A theoretical starting point is Liu and Chen's (2021) study where they describe what Physical literacy is and why it could be developed into an asset for the Swedish system as well.Several other studies point to how the teachers find it difficult to interpret the concepts and that teaching that takes place at the same school between physical education teachers looks different, that the teachers do not assess in the same way and that the assessment is not fair for the students. The results from my qualitative study showed that all teachers have different views when it comes to defining concepts such as physical ability, but that they all have similar connections between them. Also, how some of the teachers highlight how the curriculum is too open to interpretation and that it affects the fair assessment. Furthermore, the results strengthened how the teachers are affected by their professional time, that the experience creates a sense of security and sometimes safety when grading. The result shows that too high demands are placed on the teachers and that they need more direct directives and clearer explanations of concepts to strive for a fairer assessment, with which you can analyze my result with.

Cardio machines are used to a relatively large extent at the gym and it varies between people. Today more cardio is being trained at gyms, but the question is in what extent on machines? The purpose of the study is to investigate what view members of the gym have on cardio machines and what motives are used to use them. The study takes a socioculturally perspective on learning that is based on cooperation and interaction between human beings; and that is crucial for all learning. This perspective is based from Säljö (2000) and is the theory that this work is based on, with focus on education and also to some extent previous sports, with a connection to choices and taste of motivation that can influence training. A quantitative survey examines the work, where 125 members have answered the questionnaire with a certain drop, considering three gyms in a medium-sized city in western Sweden.

The results show that cardio machines are usually used, mostly for the purpose of warming up and/or varying their training between endurance and weight training. The majority of the members have a good relationship with the cardio machines, with a good knowledge of who they are and where the treadmill is the most used machine. The reason why they are not used to a very large extent is because many people find it more fun to do cardio outside and that the motives for exercise are for both physical appearance, like losing weight or getting stronger, as well as good well-being like feeling good. The discussion shows that earlier experiences influences the choices one does at the gym and that cardio machines are being used by different purposes, so that members can warm up and variate their training.

Motivation plays a significant role when it comes to why people choose to exercise. The aim off the study was to see if young athletes between 18-30 years of age and older athletes of 65 years and older exercise on training facilities for the same motivation factors, and to see which of the five motivation factors (physical, psychological, social, feel good and external factors) is most important, and even if there are any gender differences. Through a quantitative survey 40 respondents from two different training facilities in Karlstad, Friskis och svettis and Livskraft have participated and the results have shown that there are no major differences between either age groups or gender in the selection group. In addition, the results showed that the “feel good”-factor was the main motivation, closely followed by the “psychological” that includes coping with stress, be happy and self-confident; and the “physical” which means that they want to improve their body appearance, getting in shape and also want the body to feel good. This shows that health is important for the respondents; in terms of that “physical” and “psychological” have been valued highly. The results also showed that there were no connection between gender and age in relation to motivation factors and the external factors are not as relevant to the respondents as the other motivational factors. 

Abstract

Sports in Sweden has its foundation among voluntary coaches. Those coaches are very important for Swedish sports as they are often seen to be very important to the sport. A voluntary engagement is something done in your spare time and it is unpaid. This study is aimed at smaller sports clubs, especially in the sport of cycling. Often it is the same person that is a coach for training and also are involved in organization, this differs from larger sport clubs.

The aim of this study is to examine voluntary coaches in smaller cycling clubs. Understanding how to keep these coaches with great motivation is important also in other places within the organization because of the smaller club. To do this I have used a motivational theory named Self-Determination Theory.

In this study I have used qualitative approach as well as I have done six interviews among coaches in cycle clubs. I have used semi-structured interview method and then I have analyzed my data with a qualitative content analysis.

The main finding of this study shows that voluntary coaches often are inspired by an intrinsic motivation, and that the coaches often meet their followers with openness.

In the discussion, the results of this study get related to earlier research and theories. There I also show a concrete tip for how to strengthen intrinsic motivation in voluntary coaches. This can be useful by voluntary clubs and organizations.

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine alcohol and tobacco habits in men's soccer in the in Sweden and compare those habits in different divisions. The method we used in the study was aquantitative survey report. Two teams participated in the survey, one team from the fifth divisionand one from the second division. The respondents (n=34) are born between 1977 and 1996. The results turned out to be very interesting because it both confirm and denies our hypothesis that players in higher divisions use less tobacco and alcohol than players in lower divisions. For example we found out that 21 % of division two players use snus regularly compared with only 10 % of division five players. We have also examined alcohol habits in both a general way and also compared those habits between the divisions, and we have also investigated how and if alcohol is consumed during parties that are held at the season finales.

Abstract

Stress related psychological health-problems such as burn-out syndrome are complex issues which have been much debated. Much have been published on this topic but only a handful of studies have been conducted where individuals diagnosed with burn-out syndrome have been given the opportunity to describe the cause-effect of their condition. Different explanations and perspectives are described in the literature concerning this topic but the current view as to why people are afflicted by burn-out syndrome is based on a work-related perspective. We wanted to explore if the current view on the topic is in accordance with the diagnosed individuals view on the causes of their symptoms. Our intention was also to investigate into the possibility that there could be more or other causality behind the burn-out process.  

The purpose of this study is twofold. First, to investigate how individuals with burn-out syndrome rate different causes in terms of importance to their process of burning out. Second, to try to describe and analyze these statements in a wider context.

For this study, we chose to use a qualitative methodology. Data were collected from interviews where adapted research questions were asked. Seven respondents diagnosed with burn-out syndrome or other stress related disorders participated.

The results show that work-related factors often are the triggers for the process of burning out, but hidden factors, such as conditions in the childhood and traumatic life events which can contribute to performance-based self-esteem, are even more significant. Overall patterns for burn-out syndrome show an inability to create personal boundaries, “dysfunctional personal boundaries”. This dysfunction is, in our opinion, the consequence of the hidden factors and in itself plays a crucial role in the burn-out process.

This study is about how offensive deeds takes place in the subject of physical education in school, which affects all who find themselves in this arena. The purpose of the essay is to gain knowledge about the frequency of abusive acts occur, what are the different forms which are found and if these differ depending on gender and on which sites these actions mainly occurs in the subject of sport and health. The study is directed to people who are 20-30 years old and how they experienced abu- sive acts took place at the high school. The empirical material consists of 69 questionnaires an- swered by (34 male, 35 female).

The main conclusions of the study show that abusive conduct is a common problem in sports educa- tion but that can be difficult to detect. There is always a social power game between students that take shape in various abusive forms, which are difficult and some are easier to notice as an outsider. Another conclusion is that girls and boys express their aggression in different ways, subtle and visi- ble. A commonly used form offensive acts manifesting itself is verbal in the two sexes. Further in- vites the sports hall as many situations where the teacher does not have sufficient supervision and attendance so that violations are detected. Places such as in the locker room, at sports activities in the team classification, queues for activities created room so that violations can occur. 

The complexity of the menstrual cycle is considered a major barrier to the inclusion of women in sports research. This limits the studies of how women’s menstruation cycle and health are affected by exercise, along with limitations in studies concerning women’s experiences of exercising during the different phases of the cycle. These are all important parts to consider among women who are physically active due to decrease both short-term and long-term health effects that intensive physical activity can lead to. The study is based on a holistic health perspective with support in KASAM. The study is investigating women’s experiences of exercising during the different phases of the menstrual cycle. The aim is to investigate the health effects of exercise and lifestyle in connection with the menstrual cycle, from a health perspective. 

A qualitative method in the form of interviews was used. The material was analyzed with the support of Kvale and Brinkman (2014) also Hassmén and Hassmén (2008). Three main categories were identified during the analysis; experiences, adaptation and menstrual disorders. The categories report the women's experiences of exercising during the different phases of the menstrual cycle, as well as the adaptation of exercise and lifestyle along the menstrual cycle, and the menstrual disorders experienced by the women.

The conclusion is that women who are physically active experience that the menstrual cycle affects their exercise in such a way that they feel both psychological and physiological effects of where in the cycle they are. The menstrual cycle can also be affected by the woman's training in connection with not enough recovery or a deficiency in calorie intake.  Menstrual cycle based periodizing training can from a health perspective, as well as for performance optimization be a possible solution. 

The aim of this qualitative study was to study high school PE teachers´ experience of health in high school and how they work with health in their physical education. This was examined by interviewing five high PE school teachers. The results show that all teachers were in the category humanistic approach. They saw health as more than only absence of sickness. The methods for using health in their physical education were divided into three different categories; physical health, improve the individual and theoretical health. In these categories, different specific methods to work with health, appeared, for example letting the students keeping a diet- and exercise journal, fitness exercises and talking about mental health.  The results of the research has increase the comprehension for teachers’ perspectives on health and which methods they are working with.

The unhealthy lifestyles such as poor diets and lack of physical activity can lead to overweight and obesity for children and adolescents today. To not have the unhealthy lifestyles lead to future complications it’s important to give them the help and support they need to get motivated to change theirs behavior. Motivational interviewing (MI) is a method to help people change their behavior, this study will focus on a healthy lifestyle changes. A profession in healthcare uses the MI as a method to support the lifestyle change for children and adolescents with obesity. The purpose of this study is to examine what the professions experiences is concerning how the method works with children and adolescents with overweight. This study has used a qualitative method with six interviews. The interviews were recorded and analyzed. The result of this study showed that professions experiences MI as a very positive and useful method, also that the professions needed to use the method continuity to maintain the knowledge. The potential of MI as a method was that the professions often could see a positive change in the patient and the respondent had a positive view in using MI in the future. The author of this study believes that it’s incredibly important to keep working with MI as it probably can "save" money both for society and the work hours for professions in healthcare.

The interest for travelling and exploring the world is huge and at same time a large population of the world is struggling with inactivity. The aim of this study is to examine a possible healthy balance between physical activity and mental health in our everyday life. It is made through a focus of how exercise-travels may affect motivation to a new training routine in the home environment. More specifically of why individuals are choosing to travel on exercise-travels and if they consider it to fulfil their expectations.

This study is made by a qualitative method theory made through interviews. The selection of respondents is made of a specific exercise-travels organizer through comfort and accessibility, but also through a snowball selection. There are six respondents in total whereof five are participant of the exercise-travels and one is the one who organize them.

All respondents had a physically active background and therefore the result did not show an increased motivation to/or increased physically activity after coming home. Although the results can be interpreted to mean that exercise-travels have a positive impact on motivation and that the concept of predetermined activities, motivating coaches and nature promotes the participants' physical, mental health and motivation. The amount of different types of exercise that are planned in the exercise-travels has been shown to give inspiration to the participants that they may add to their everyday life. The study of whether there is a healthy balance between physical activity and mental health in everyday life cannot be substantiated, but it cannot be denied either. There are many indications that the healthy balance exists, but the question is in what way, which may be for future studies to investigate.