Introduction: This study investigates the individual and combined impacts ofloneliness and social isolation on 20-year mortality risks among older men andwomen.Methods: Utilizing data from the Norwegian Life Course, Ageing, and Generationstudy (NorLAG) carried out in 2002, 2007 and 2017, we assessed loneliness viadirect and indirect questions, and social isolation through factors like partnershipstatus and contact frequency with family and friends. Yearly information onmortality was derived from the national registries and was available untilNovember 2022. Gender-stratified Cox regression models adjusted for age andother risk factors were employed.Results: Of the 11,028 unique respondents, 9,952 participants were includedin the study sample, 1,008 (19.8%) women and 1,295 (26.6%) men died. In thefully adjusted models including indirectly assessed loneliness, social isolationincreased the 20-year mortality risk by 16% (HR  =  1.16, 95% CI 1.09–1.24)for women and 15% (HR  =  1.15, 95% CI 1.09–1.21) for men. This effect wasprimarily driven by the absence of a partner and little contact with children forboth genders. Loneliness measured with indirect questions lost its significantassociation with mortality after adjusting for social isolation and other factorsin both genders. However, for men, reporting loneliness via a direct questionwas associated with a higher mortality risk, even in the fully controlled models(HR  =  1.20, 96% CI 1.06–1.36). Interactions between loneliness and socialisolation were not, or only borderline significantly, associated with mortalityrisks in the fully controlled models.Discussion: Social isolation, but not loneliness measured with indirect questionsare associated with a 15–16% higher mortality risk in both men and women.However, loneliness assessed with a direct question is associated with increasedmortality in men, even after controlling for social isolation and other relevantfactors, which might suggest that men may deny loneliness, unless it is (very)severe. These findings emphasize the importance of methodological precisionin the measurement of loneliness and social isolation.

In response to the “Leave No One Behind” principle (the central promise of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development), reliable estimate of the total number of citizens living in slums is urgently needed but not available for some of the most vulnerable communities. Not having a reliable estimate of the number of poor urban dwellers limits evidence-based decision-making for proper resource allocation in the fight against urban inequalities. From a geographical perspective, urban population distribution maps in many low- and middle-income cities are most often derived from outdated or unreliable census data disaggregated by coarse administrative units. Moreover, slum populations are presented as aggregated within bigger administrative areas, leading to a large diffuse in the estimates. Existing global and open population databases provide homogeneously disaggregated information (i.e. in a spatial grid), but they mostly rely on census data to generate their estimates, so they do not provide additional information on the slum population. While a few studies have focused on bottom-up geospatial models for slum population mapping using survey data, geospatial covariates, and earth observation imagery, there is still a significant gap in methodological approaches for producing precise estimates within slums. To address this issue, we designed a pilot experiment to explore new avenues. We conducted this study in the slums of Nairobi, where we collected in situ data together with slum dwellers using a novel data collection protocol. Our results show that the combination of satellite imagery with in situ data collected by citizen science paves the way for generalisable, gridded estimates of slum populations. Furthermore, we find that the urban physiognomy of slums and population distribution patterns are related, which allows for highlighting the diversity of such patterns using earth observation within and between slums of the same city. 

Background: Sexual harassment (SH) in the workplace is prevalent and associated with poor health. Universities are large workplaces with complex formal and informal power relations, which may influence the prevalence of SH. Although employees and students share the university context, few studies on SH have included both groups. The overall aim of the study was to investigate SH among employees and students at a large Swedish public university regarding types of harassment, prevalence in different groups, characteristics of the perpetrators, and the circumstances in which it occurs. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was performed, based on a web-based survey with 120 items that was sent out to all staff, including PhD students (N = 8,238) and students (N = 30,244) in November 2019. The response rate was 33% for staff and 32% for students. Exposure to SH was defined as having experienced at least one of ten defined SH behaviors during their work or studies. Results: Among women, 24.5% of staff and 26.8% of students reported having been exposed to SH. The corresponding figures were 7.0% and 11.3% for male staff and students and 33.3% and 29.4% for non-binary individuals among staff and students. Unwelcome comments, suggestive looks or gestures, and ‘inadvertent’ brushing or touching were the three most common forms of reported harassment, both among staff and students. Attempted or completed rape had been experienced by 2.1% of female and 0.6% of male students. Male and female perpetrators were reported by about 80% and 15%, respectively, of exposed participants. Among staff most reported events occurred during the everyday operation of the university, while among students the majority of the events took place during social events linked to student life. When exposed to a perpetrator from the same group (staff or students), women reported more often being in a subordinate power position in relation to the perpetrator. Conclusions: The results indicate that sexual harassment is common in the university context, and interventions and case management routines of events should consider power relations between victim and perpetrator, as well as the various contexts within which sexual harassment takes place.

Diagnosen Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) är en av de vanligaste diagnoserna inom sitt område. ADHD är en riskfaktor för flera folkhälsoproblem såsom missbruk, kriminalitet och psykisk ohälsa, varför diagnosen bör mötas av tidiga, hälsofrämjande och preventiva insatser samt stöttning till både individen och individens närstående.Det övergripande syftet för den föreliggande studien är att undersöka mående, relationer och missbruk (rökning, alkohol och narkotikabruk) hos ungdomar med diagnosen ADHD med ungdomar utan ADHD som referensgrupp.Data för 4112 stycken ungdomar som, läsåret 2015/2016, gick i årskurs 7 eller årskurs 1 på gymnasiet erhölls ur Elevhälsodatabasen (ELSA) i Värmland, Sverige. Samtlig data baserades på den enkät som, av ungdomen, ifylls i samband med obligatorisk hälsoundersökning. Data innehöll information om diagnos, mående, relationer samt missbruk och analyserades genom deskriptiv statistik och logistisk regression. Av samtliga hade 269 personer diagnosen ADHD.Resultatet visade att ungdomarna med ADHD hade generellt sämre mående (aOR = 6,7), sämre relationer (aOR = 4,94) samt att de i högre utsträckning nyttjade tobak (aOR = 3,49), narkotika (aOR = 10,66) och alkohol (aOR = 1,35).Den föreliggande studiens resultat var i linje med tidigare utländska studier och visade att ungdomar med ADHD är en riskgrupp för flera av de stora folkhälsoproblemen. Resultatet visar vikten av tidiga insatser för målgruppen för att främja hälsa samt förebygga ohälsa och riskbeteende senare i livet.

When a person falls ill, their experience changes - sometimes in a very minor and transient way, sometimes in a decisive and lasting one. ‘Diagnosis’ is often seen as the process of scientifically and objectively identifying the causes of this subjective experience, but is the process and meaning of ‘diagnosis’ really as simple as this implies?

As this volume of The Medical Humanities Companion argues, diagnoses are an answer to complex human needs that spring from being ill, and are in turn a complex, culturally mediated interaction between individuals, scientific discoveries, social negotiation and historical change. This volume makes visible the complexities and ambiguities involved in giving and receiving diagnoses, and how they shape and are shaped by views on what is real and acceptable, and how people relate to the phenomena of illness.

Background: COVID-19 has had a significant impact on the public’s health and well-being due to infections and restrictions imposed during the crisis. Recreational activities are important for the public’s well-being; however, the public’s safety from the COVID-19 virus is the top priority. Sweden, a country with a decentralized public health and welfare system, relied on less stringent approaches for handling the crisis. The limited restrictions in Sweden allowed recreational activities to take place despite the pandemic, which could be attributed to considerations for the public’s well-being. Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate municipal approaches for handling and supporting recreational activities during the COVID-19 crisis. Methods: We conducted an empirical study (qualitative and quantitative), using an online survey for data collection, with 23 participants. They were representatives holding mostly managerial roles in 18 distinct municipalities (18 counties). A thematic analysis was conducted to analyze open-ended responses, and descriptive statistics were used to summarize the closed-ended responses. Results: In this study, we report on the status of municipalities during the COVID-19 pandemic. The highlighted results showed a significant impact on the municipalities as a result of COVID-19, where 78% (18/23) of participants stated significant changes due to the pandemic. Moreover, 91% (21/23) indicated efforts and approaches for supporting recreational activities during COVID-19. Following national guidelines for the public’s health and safety was indicated by 78% (18/23) of participants. Information and communications technology (ICT) was considered significant for dealing with COVID-19 according to 87% (20/23) of participants. Our qualitative results further showed details of the public’s health and safety considerations, the efforts to support recreational activities particularly for youth, and the role and requirements of ICT. Challenges relating to the usability of ICT were also highlighted. Conclusions: Despite the critique of Sweden’s lenient strategy for handling the COVID-19 crisis, our results showed significant considerations for the public’s safety and well-being by the municipalities (regional and local levels) in this study. The Swedish approach to handling the crisis involved trusting the public with safety guidelines in addition to efforts for the public’s safety, supporting the public’s well-being with approaches for maintaining recreational activities, and giving special care to the youth. Despite having technological solutions in place, challenges in using digital solutions and requirements for future development were noted. 

Bisphenol A (BPA) exposure has been linked to neurodevelopmental disorders and to effects on epigenetic regulation, such as DNA methylation, at genes involved in brain function. High doses of BPA have been shown to change expression and regulation of one such gene, Grin2b, in mice. Yet, if such changes occur at relevant doses in animals and humans has not been addressed. We investigated if low-dose developmental BPA exposure affects DNA methylation and expression of Grin2b in brains of adult rats. Furthermore, we assessed associations between prenatal BPA exposure and Grin2b methylation in 7-year old children. We found that Grin2b mRNA expression was increased and DNA methylation decreased in female, but not in male rats. In humans, prenatal BPA exposure was associated with increased methylation levels in girls. Additionally, Iow APGAR scores, a predictor for increased risk for neurodevelopmental diseases, were associated with higher Grin2b methylation levels in girls. Thus, we could link developmental BPA exposure and Iow APGAR scores to changes in the epigenetic regulation of Grin2b, a gene important for neuronal function, in a sexual dimorphic fashion. Discrepancies in exact locations and directions of the DNA methylation change might reflect differences between species, analysed tissues, exposure level and/or timing.

Sammanfattning

Syftet med denna kartläggning har varit att ge en nulägesbild över hur riskanalyser, riskbedömningar och riskvärderingar sker i Räddningsverkets arbete med skydd mot olyckor. Ett syfte har också varit att beskriva de olika strategier för säkerhetsarbete som tillämpas i myndigheten.



Kartläggningen har utförts genom gruppintervjuer under perioden oktober 2004 mars 2005 och har följts upp med hjälp av två seminarier i november 2005. Analysgruppen har bestått av medarbetare vid Räddningsverkets sekretariat för forskning och analys.

Resultaten visar bland annat att:

- verkets arbete utgår från en kompott av olyckor, skador och händelser, var och en med sin egen logik baserad på tradition, lagstiftning och politisk inriktning

- arbetet bedrivs utifrån en mångfald av strategier som i många fall inte är produkten av genomtänkta analyser och medvetna val

- verkets olika roller behöver närmare analyseras och kopplas till tydligare

strategier och metoder för arbetet med skydd mot olyckor

- säkerhetsarbete och riskhantering är inte synonyma begrepp i myndigheten

- det saknas myndighetsgemensamma begreppsdefinitioner inom det kartlagda

området

- det råder en brist i myndigheten på djupare diskussioner och reflektioner kring värdegrunder och principer för riskvärdering.



Rapporten behandlar många olika frågor som på olika sätt är relevanta för Räddningsverkets arbete på kort och lång sikt. I rapporten ges ett tiotal förslag till fortsatt arbete. Några förslag är att:

- utarbeta en begreppspolicy för myndigheten

- utarbeta information till privatpersoner som lagenliga skyldigheter inom det olycksförebyggande området

- satsa på kompetensutveckling internt

- starta ett utvecklingsarbete inom riskvärdering

- utveckla analysförmåga för framtidens olycksrisk

- starta en idéverkstad för framtida säkerhetsarbete



Kartläggningen ska ligga till grund för fortsatt utvecklingsarbete inom Räddningsverket. Delar av materialet kan också komma att utgöra underlag för

utveckling av läromedel för verkets utbildningsverksamhet. Rapporten utgör också en möjlig källa för fortsatt forskning och analys inom området

In the year 2019 the virus Covid-19 began to spread all over the world.

in conjunction with the start of the spreading of Covid-19 in the world in 2019, a collaboration between the Swedish government and The public Health Agency of Sweden was established. They took action to minimize the impact of the virus in Sweden. This process to reduce the spread of infection among the Swedish populatino with the help of restirections and guidelines is studied here from the perspective of Crisis Management theory and the implementation theory. The spread of the infection started to escalate, and the Swedish government delegated the Public Health Agency the tash to secure and increase the safety with stricter restrictions for reducing the spread of this infection. in a short time, the restrictions and guidelines came at short notice which resulted in the time fot follow-ups om the results being excluded. The Swedish government and the public health authority came together and started the corona commission, which would evaluate how operations had used the submitted restrictions. 

BACKGROUND: Numerous studies have demonstrated an association between social support and health, almost regardless of how social support and health have been conceptualised or measured. Even so, the issue of causality has not yet been sufficiently addressed. This issue is particularly challenging for mental health problems such as depressive symptoms. The aim of the present study is to longitudinally assess structural and functional aspects of social support in relation to depressive symptoms in men and women, through a series of competing causal models that, in contrast to many other statistical methods, allow for bi-directional effects.

METHODS: Questionnaire data from the Northern Swedish Cohort (n = 1001) were utilised for the years 1995 (age 30) and 2007 (age 42). Associations were analysed by means of gender-specific structural equation modelling, with structural and functional support modelled separately.

RESULTS: Both structural and functional support were associated with depressive symptoms at ages 30 and 42, for men and women alike. A higher level of support, particularly functional support, was associated with a decrease in depressive symptoms over time among men. Among women, there were bi-directional effects of social support and depressive symptoms over time.

CONCLUSION: Concerning social support and health, the social causation hypothesis seems relevant for men whereas, for women, the associations appear to be more complex. We conclude that preventive and health promoting work may need to consider that the presence of depressive symptoms in itself impedes on women's capability to increase their levels of social support.

Background: Adversity in the family of origin tends to translate into poor health development. Yet, the fact that this is not the always the case has been seen an indicator of resilience. The current study highlights factors outside the context of the family with the potential to counteract the long-term negative influences of social and material adversity in adolescence on general health status.

Methods: The study was based on the Northern Swedish Cohort born in 1965 (n = 1,001). Measures of social and material adversity, health, and protective factors related to school, peers, and spare time, were derived from questionnaires distributed to the cohort members and their teachers at age 16. Self-rated health was measured at age 43. The main associations were examined by means of ordinal regression analysis, with the role of the protective factors being assessed through interaction analysis.

Results: Social and material adversity in youth was associated with poorer self-rated health in midlife among males and females alike, net of health status at baseline. However, having an advantaged situation with regard to school, peers, or spare time – particularly in terms of being seen as having good educational and work prospects, as well as a high-quality spare time – appeared to protect against the detrimental influences of disadvantaged circumstances in the family context on subsequent health.

Conclusions: There are several factors outside the context of the family that seemingly have the potential to buffer against the negative health consequences stemming from having experienced a disadvantaged upbringing. Initiatives targeted at increasing academic motivation and commitment as well as social capital and relationships in youth, may here be of particular relevance.

Key messages:

• While the experience of disadvantageous living conditions in adolescence tends to translate into poor health development across the life course, this is not always the case.
• Advantages related to school, peers, and spare time have the potential of counteracting the negative health impact of an adverse family context.

Disadvantaged circumstances in youth tend to translate into poor health development. However, the fact that this is not always the case has been seen as indicative of differential resilience. The current study highlights factors outside the context of the family with the potential to counteract the long-term negative influences of social and material adversity in adolescence on general health status. This study was based on two waves of questionnaire data from the Northern Swedish Cohort. From the wave in 1981 (age 16), indicators of social and material conditions as well as factors related to school, peers, and spare time were derived. From the wave in 2008 (age 43), information about self-rated health was used. Ordinal logistic regression models (n = 908) showed that adversity in youth was associated with poorer self-rated health in midlife among men and women alike, net of health status at baseline. However, having an advantaged situation with regard to school, peers, or spare time appeared to protect against the detrimental influences of disadvantaged circumstances in the family context on subsequent health. This suggests that health-promoting interventions may benefit from focusing on contexts outside the family in their effort to strengthen processes of resilience among disadvantaged youths.

Detta är en gedigen grundbok om barn, unga och trauma. Tre av Sveriges mest erfarna kliniker och forskare inom området delar här med sig av sin kunskap och sina erfarenheter.

Författarna beskriver utförligt reaktionsmönster och symtombilder, samt samspel mellan barn och föräldrar efter traumatiska påfrestningar. Boken tar bland annat upp barn och unga som har misshandlats, utsatts för sexuella övergrepp, bevittnat våld mot sin förälder, förlorat en närstående och barn som har utsatts för organiserat våld i sina hemländer. Författarna berättar även om olika insatser och behandlingsmetoder som har stöd i forskning.

Boken riktar sig till studerande och yrkesverksamma som vill lära sig mer om hur de ska förstå, möta och hjälpa traumatiserade barn och unga, till exempel inom hälso- och sjukvården, skolan, socialtjänsten och kriminalvården.

Great need of improved training of paediatricians on children at risk of abuse

In 2009 the Swedish Paediatric Society carried out a national survey that examined the training of paediatric specialty registrars concerning child abuse and neglect. The survey was repeated in 2016. Both surveys highlighted considerable deficits. In 2020 a slightly revised version of the original survey was sent to training leads for paediatrics and paediatric surgery in Sweden. The results showed that most paediatric specialty registrars received their clinical training in social paediatrics with actual patients. Most of the clinics cooperated with a Children's Advocacy Centre (»Barnahus« in Swedish) and some were situated in an area with a Child Protection Team. Similar results were obtained for specialty registrars in paediatric surgery. Our survey shows that the training has partly improved and that university hospital clinics perform better than other paediatric clinics. Major educational investments are needed to obtain an equivalent education throughout the country.

ObjectivesIn contemporary urban environments, the intersection between Vulnerable Road Users, specifically unprotected pedestrians, and motor vehicles poses a persistent challenge to road safety. Reversing accidents, characterized by vehicles moving backward, often result in severe consequences for pedestrians due to limited visibility and inherent blind spots for the driver. This paper aims to provide a thorough examination of reversing accidents involving pedestrians in Sweden between 2000-2021; shedding light on the magnitude of the problem, contributing factors, consequences, and potential mitigation strategies.MethodUsing a national database, reversing accidents were compiled by classifying free text descriptions of traffic accidents reported to the Swedish Traffic Accident Data Acquisition. The database was then used to describe reversing accidents and their consequences for struck pedestrians using descriptive epidemiology and cluster analysis.ResultsThe results show that reversing accidents accounted for 12% of all pedestrians injured in a collision with a motor vehicle in Sweden during the studied period. In terms of personal characteristics, the struck pedestrians were more often female and of old or young age, whilst the drivers of the reversing vehicles were more often between 18-54 years and men. Most accidents were non-fatal, with only roughly 2% resulting in fatalities. Through a cluster analysis, four distinct accident types were identified. Two of these were identified as particularly important to prioritize in future preventative work: accidents that are characterized by occur during daylight hours in the urban environment (often low speeds) and often result in fatality or serious injury.ConclusionsDue to the low speeds, reversing accidents are rarely fatal. However, they account for a large proportion of accidents with pedestrians and can be grouped into clearly distinguishable accident types that can function as templates in road safety development in Sweden.

Objective: To investigate the burden of pedestrian injuries, including pedestrian fall injuries (PFI), compared to other transport-related injuries in Sweden and document their characteristics in terms of demographics, causes, type of injuries, and severity level with a focus on long-term consequences. Methods: Data were retrieved from the national Swedish Traffic Accident Data Acquisition register. A total of 361,531 fatalities and injuries were reported by emergency hospitals during 2010–2019, of which 127,804 were pedestrians (35%). We assessed the magnitude of PFIs and conducted comparative analyses to assess differences compared to other types of road users regarding sex, age, severity level, injury circumstances, hospital care, causes of accidents, and type of injuries. Results: Pedestrians were the second largest group of traffic-related deaths in Sweden after car occupants and accounted for just over a quarter of all fatal accidents in the road traffic environment. Of the total number of pedestrian fatalities, three out of four have been in collision accidents and the others in fall-related accidents. In terms of injuries, pedestrians were the largest group among all road users, regardless of the type of accident. PFIs accounted for a third of all injuries in the road traffic environment and nearly half of all injuries resulting in permanent medical impairment (i.e., 2.2 times more long-term consequences among PFIs compared to injured car occupants). Females (particularly middle-aged and older) and older adults were overrepresented, and most PFIs occurred on urban and municipal roads. The causes were often related to maintenance (e.g., slippery surfaces such as ice, snow, leaves or gravel together with uneven pavements and roads are the cause three out of four of PFIs). Among collision injuries, the representation was almost equal for sex and age. Conclusions: Injuries and fatalities among pedestrians are a considerable issue in the road traffic environment in Sweden. Contrary to other traffic groups, the incidence has not decreased over time, meaning that this issue must be met with specific measures and address the specific risk factors they are associated with. Practical Application: Including fall accidents in the definition of traffic accidents increases the chances of getting better information about the accidents and taking preventive measures.

Enligt en nyutkommen rapport från Konsumentverket, så har olyckor som drabbar barn ökat markant, jämfört med för 10 år sedan. De äldre utgör också en så kallad högriskgrupp och står för över 50 procent av vårdfallen inom den slutna vården.

Avsikten med Risklinjen som startades under ledning av Folkhälsoinstitutet år 1993, är ett olycks- och skadeförebyggande arbete, där medborgare genom en tydlig infrastruktur, på ett enkelt sätt ska kunna anmäla upptäckta risker, som sedan kan åtgärdas snabbt. Cirka sjuttio kommuner, främst i norra delen av Sverige är medlemmar i Risklinjen, men i Sörmland har flera kommuner valt utträde ur denna.

Syftet med undersökningen är att öka kunskapen kring två kommuners uppfattning och argumentation kring medlemskap, respektive icke medlemskap i Risklinjen. Kommunernas uppfattningar och argument torde ligga till grund för deras handlande avseende Risklinjen. Intervju har valts som metod, där informanternas resonemang kan ha betydelse för vidare arbete eller förhållningssätt avseende Risklinjen.

I Västerås kommun organiseras Risklinjen genom förvaltningen för Teknik och Idrott. Man har arbetat fram lokala rutiner som gör det enkelt för medborgare att anmäla upptäckta risker, vilket innebär att kommunen snabbt kan åtgärda uppkomna problem.

I Eskilstuna kommun låg ansvaret för tidigare medlemskap i Risklinjen, på en så kallad Utvecklartjänst på Kommunstyrelseförvaltningens Demokrati- och medborgarenhet.  I mars 2002 gick kommunen med som medlemmar i Risklinjen, men ersatte denna senare med den så kallade Synpunktshanteringen, dit allmänheten kan vända sig med alla typer av frågor och synpunkter som rör kommunen.

I Västerås kommun fungerar Risklinjen som en funktion eller redskap för olycks- och skadeförebyggande arbete, medan intrycket från Eskilstuna kommun är att man eftersträvar en ökad kontakt med medborgarna i största allmänhet.

Kan man förebygga anlagda bränder och annan skadegörelse i skolor med miljöinriktade åtgärder? Den bedömningen gör man i Karlstads kommun med stöd i kriminologisk teori och erfarenheter från andra sektorer. Den traditionella ansatsen är annars är att kombinera brandtekniska åtgärder med ett mer individorienterat perspektiv riktat mot gärningspersoner. Syftet med föreliggande rapport är att ge en djupare belysning av den teoretiska grundvalen för en bredare miljöinriktad strategi, samt att peka på möjligheter att följa och utvärdera effekter av en lokal tillämpning. I bilaga redovisas även en forskningsöversikt kring den vetenskapliga evidens som idag föreligger beträffande miljöinriktad brottsprevention.

Bakgrund: Andelen äldre ökar och allt fler blir äldre äldre. Kvinnor lever längre än män. Fysisk aktivitet bidrar till att vara oberoende långt upp i hög ålder och ett friskare liv. Inom golfidrotten har andelen äldre kvinnor ökat och det föranleder denna studie. Syfte: Belysa vad golfen betyder för kvinnor 65+ och äldre utifrån ett hälsofrämjande perspektiv och hur golf påverkar deras livskvalitet. Metod: Studiens design explorativ med kvalitativ ansats. Nio kvinnor över 65 år träffades i två fokusgrupper vid tre tillfällen. Kvalitativ innehållsanalys har använts som analysmetod. Resultat: Kvinnorna upplevde att golfen betyder mycket för dem, fysiskt, psykiskt och socialt, men den gav även upplevelser i form av resor, natur och en bra livskvalitet. Golfens handikappsystem ger möjlighet att spela och tävla med andra oavsett nivå och därmed få utmaningar. Med hjälp av golfbil och el- drivna golfvagnar finns det möjlighet att spela trots fysiska funktionsnedsättningar. Som 65-plussare upplevde de att det var mer av det sociala än resultatet på banan som räknas även om de alltid vill göra sitt bästa.

Barnmisshandel är ett globalt folkhälsoproblem som resulterar i stora hälsokonsekvenser.Flera studier har visat att barnmisshandel kan leda till psykisk ohälsa hos de som utsatts,såsom depression och ångest. Det är dock få studier som har undersökt sambandet mellanbarnmisshandel och psykosomatiska symtom hos skolelever. Syftet med studien var attundersöka förekomsten av utsatthet (fysisk barnmisshandel och/eller barn som bevittnat våld)och psykosomatiska symtom bland elever i årskurs nio. Syftet var också att undersökasambandet mellan utsatthet och psykosomatiska symtom.

Studien var en tvärsnittsstudie och gjordes utifrån redan insamlad data från den nationellakartläggningen om barnmisshandel 2011. Studiepopulationen bestod av 3207 elever i niondeklass och svarsfrekvensen var 84 procent. Specifikt utvalda frågor ur datamaterialetbearbetades utifrån deskriptiva frekvenstabeller, chi²- test och oddskvoter (OR) med 95procent konfidensintervall.

Resultatet beskriver förekomsten av barnmisshandel och/eller bevittnat våld, psykosomatiskasymtom en gång i veckan eller oftare och sambandet dem emellan samt bakgrundsfaktorersom har samband med psykosomatiska symtom. Det var 18 procent av skoleleverna somangav att de någon gång blivit fysisk bestraffade och 7 procent angav att de bevittnat våldmellan föräldrarna. Det var 34 procent av eleverna som rapporterade 1-2 symtom en gång iveckan eller oftare och 26 procent rapporterade 3 eller fler symtom en gång i veckan elleroftare. Det statistsikt signifikanta sambandet mellan fysisk misshandel och psykosomatiskasymtom framkom vara starkare om eleven hade multipla symtom (OR=4,254). Det fannsinget statistiskt signifikant samband mellan att bevittnat våld och 1-2 psykosomatiskasymtom. Däremot fanns ett signifikant samband mellan att ha bevittnat våld hemma och 3eller fler symtom (OR=3,903).