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  • 1.
    Al-Hazmi, Hussein E.
    et al.
    Gdańsk University of Technology, Poland.
    Łuczak, Justyna
    Gdańsk University of Technology, Poland.
    Habibzadeh, Sajjad
    Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Iran.
    Hasanin, Mohamed S.
    National Research Centre, Egypt.
    Mohammadi, Ali
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences (from 2013).
    Esmaeili, Amin
    College of the North Atlantic—Qatar, Qatar.
    Kim, Seok-Jhin
    Oklahoma State University, United States.
    Khodadadi Yazdi, Mohsen
    Gdańsk University of Technology, Poland.
    Rabiee, Navid
    Murdoch University, Australia; Macquarie University, Australia.
    Badawi, Michael
    Universit´e de Lorraine, France.
    Saeb, Mohammad Reza
    Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland.
    Polysaccharide nanocomposites in wastewater treatment: A review2024In: Chemosphere, ISSN 0045-6535, E-ISSN 1879-1298, Vol. 347, article id 140578Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In modern times, wastewater treatment is vital due to increased water contamination arising from pollutants such as nutrients, pathogens, heavy metals, and pharmaceutical residues. Polysaccharides (PSAs) are natural, renewable, and non-toxic biopolymers used in wastewater treatment in the field of gas separation, liquid filtration, adsorption processes, pervaporation, and proton exchange membranes. Since addition of nanoparticles to PSAs improves their sustainability and strength, nanocomposite PSAs has gained significant attention for wastewater treatment in the past decade. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of PSA-based nanocomposites used for efficient wastewater treatment, focusing on adsorption, photocatalysis, and membrane-based methods. It also discusses potential future applications, challenges, and opportunities in adsorption, filtration, and photocatalysis. Recently, PSAs have shown promise as adsorbents in biological-based systems, effectively removing heavy metals that could hinder microbial activity. Cellulose-mediated adsorbents have successfully removed various pollutants from wastewater, including heavy metals, dyes, oil, organic solvents, pesticides, and pharmaceutical residues. Thus, PSA nanocomposites would support biological processes in wastewater treatment plants. A major concern is the discharge of antibiotic wastes from pharmaceutical industries, posing significant environmental and health risks. PSA-mediated bio-adsorbents, like clay polymeric nanocomposite hydrogel beads, efficiently remove antibiotics from wastewater, ensuring water quality and ecosystem balance. The successful use of PSA-mediated bio-adsorbents in wastewater treatment depends on ongoing research to optimize their application and evaluate their potential environmental impacts. Implementing these eco-friendly adsorbents on a large scale holds great promise in significantly reducing water pollution, safeguarding ecosystems, and protecting human health. 

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  • 2.
    Andersson, Ragnar
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Center for Societal Risk Research, CSR (from 2020).
    Gell, Thomas
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Center for Societal Risk Research, CSR (from 2020).
    Vision zero on fire safety2022In: The Vision Zero Handbook / [ed] Karin Edvardsson Björnberg, Sven Ove Hansson, Matts-Åke Belin, Claes Tingvall, Springer, 2022, 1st, p. 1143-1164Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    There is a growing interest in addressing global waste problems by applying innovative ideas and philosophies such as zero-waste and circular economy. As a new sustainability paradigm, zero-waste challenges the common assumption of waste as a valueless and unavoidable by-product created at the end of the product’s life phase. Instead, it acknowledges that waste is a "misallocated resource" or "resource in transition" produced during the intermediate phases of production and consumption activities. Waste should be recirculated to production and consumption processes. Therefore, zero waste means no "waste" would be wasted under the circular economy system. This chapter presents various examples of zero-waste practices derived from family, community, business, and city levels. In addition, zero-waste implementation strategies and actions are also discussed in the chapter. Despite its potential, the visionary zero-waste goals cannot be achieved without responsible global stewardship and active citizens’ role. 

  • 3.
    George, Regan
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Energy, Environmental and Building Technology.
    Production of polymers from a papermills wastewater using HTC substrate.: Investigating the viability of using wastewater sludge from Skoghalls’ papermill in combination with filtrate from HTC of sewage sludge to produce biological plastic producing polymers.2023Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 15 credits / 22,5 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Since their conception, plastics have been a dominant product due to the versatility of use, and readily available raw materials. However, the production and consumption of synthetic plastics have continued to increase over the years, leading to a significant rise in plastic waste and its associated environmental impacts, such as the detrimental effects plastic waste has on ecosystems, including the presence of toxic microplastics and risks to marine life, are becoming the focus of criticism. Moreover, the contribution of plastic production to global warming through the usage of petroleum as a raw material cannot be understated. Solutions are being sought after to reduce the impact of this plastic waste, with one such solution being the replacement of the raw materials involved in plastic production. If a biologically degradable plastic product can be produced, then even if the dangers associated with plastic waste cannot be removed, they can be reduced. One method is the production of plastics using polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) as a replacement as these are shown to have similar properties as synthetic plastics while being 100% degradable. PHA production has existed since the 1960’s, but the process has always been too expensive to be a viable alternative to the cheaper petroleum-based products. A reduction of the production costs is needed for PHA to be an economically viable alternative, and there are two areas that contain the highest costs; The usage of expensive monocultural bacteria, and specially crafted carbon sources used to feed these bacteria to stimulate PHA accumulation. By switching to a multi-cultural bacterium and using readily available organic carbon sources can the costs of production be brought down, allowing the prospective biological plastics a chance to compete in the plastic market. 

    This thesis focuses on the usage of a multi-cultural bacterium collected from the water purification plant of a papermill, and the filtrate from the hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC) of sludge as the organic carbon source as materials in the production of PHA. The aim of the thesis is to investigate how successful PHA accumulation can occur using these two readily available waste products, and if successful to analyse the characteristics of any biological plastic that could be produced. The trials were performed in a cylindrical tank; one benchmark trial using acetic acid as the carbon source to be used as a reference for successful PHA accumulation, and five trials investigating the PHA accumulation that occurred using the HTC filtrate as the carbon source. The trials were analysed by extraction, TGA, FT-IR, TOC, and SS. During the trials pH, temperature and concentration of diffused oxygen was monitored.

    The trials indicated that the accumulation of PHA was possible, with various results. The most successful accumulation was observed in trial I-1, where PHA reached 12.45%, only slightly lower than the benchmark trials accumulation of 13.6%. Trials I-2 and I-3 also showed potential for high PHA content according to FTIR analysis. However, trials F-1 and F-2 failed to accumulate any PHA, and the inhibiting factors behind this were not fully understood. Possible reasons included high ammonia levels, incompatible bacteria, or imbalanced nutrient ratios. Various extraction methods were attempted to isolate the polymers found within the biomass for use in plastic production. While one extraction method was successful and used to analyse the PHA content found in the biomass, the amount of polymer that was extracted via this method was too small for use in plastic production, and as such the characteristic investigation of the plastic was unable to be completed.

    Overall, the study identified successful PHA accumulation in some trials but faced challenges and uncertainties regarding inhibiting factors and extraction methods. Future improvements should focus on standardizing experimental conditions and optimizing extraction techniques for better results.

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  • 4.
    Govindarajan, Venkatesh
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences (from 2013). Norwegian University of Science & Technology.
    A critique of the European Green City Index2014In: Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, ISSN 0964-0568, E-ISSN 1360-0559, Vol. 57, no 3, p. 317-328Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In 2009, Siemens (Germany) sponsored the research by the Economist Intelligence Unit (London), which resulted in the publication of the European Green City Index report, in which the environmental performance of 30 large cities in Europe was analysed. It provided city administrations with an idea of where they stood vis-a-vis their European counterparts. However, while adopting such performance evaluation methodologies, it is important to set targets and goals, and to be aware of pitfalls that may exist in the course of a blind pursuit of a higher Green Score. City administrations are usually segmented into different divisions and departments; often each division strives towards its own set of targets and goals, without being aware (or without being concerned, even if it is aware) of the overlaps, conflicts and synergies that may exist with the targets and goals of the others. The Green City Index needs to be considered together with an Urban Socio-Economic Index, which can be suitably structured with the inter-linkages with the indicators of the Green City Index explicitly described.

  • 5.
    Govindarajan, Venkatesh
    Norwegian University for Science & Technology, Norway.
    ABC of Sustainable Development2015 (ed. 1)Book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Sustainable development is a field of thought, learning, research and endeavour, which has entrenched itself in the 21st century. This book is certainly very very far from being the be-all and end-all of knowledge about sustainability and sustainable development, as readers will appreciate. This modest effort is something which I hope provides some food for thought…and then hopefully, purposeful action. This book is about 90 pages long, and is split up into 9 chapters, and dwells on the different aspects of sustainable development and the challenges associated with integrating these so that development is truly and holistically sustainable….Chapters begin with Learning Objectives which at once tells the reader what to expect from it, and some Exercises at the end, which one may wish to attempt, en route.

    As Prof Genon Giuseppe from Turin, Italy, in the Foreword to the book, says, ‘This book is useful to university curricula, aimed at grooming professionals capable of considering all the aspects of sustainable development and of course, can very well be integrated into a host of academic disciplines, as the author has pointed out in one of the chapters.’

    As Dr Håvard Bergsdal from Trondheim, Norway, says, in his review comments, ‘The book makes for good reading and serves as a useful summary for readers who are new to the topic of sustainability.’

  • 6.
    Govindarajan, Venkatesh
    Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol NTNU, Dept Hydraul & Environm Engn, Trondheim, Norway.
    Analysis of stocks and flows in Indian households, associated with water consumption2013In: Journal of Industrial Ecology, ISSN 1088-1980, E-ISSN 1530-9290, Vol. 17, no 3, p. 472-481Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 7.
    Govindarajan, Venkatesh
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences (from 2013).
    Can India establish a circular bioeconomy by 2050?2021In: Science Reporter, ISSN 0036-8512, Vol. 58, no 6, p. 31-33Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
    Abstract [en]

    A sustainable bioeconomy is only feasible if, and only if, all three pillars of sustainability – economic, environmental and social – are accounted for from the very beginning and if synergies between these pillars can be achieved.

  • 8.
    Govindarajan, Venkatesh
    Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, S P Andersensv 5, Valgrinda, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
    Changes in material flows, treatment efficiencies and environmental load-shifting in the wastewater treatment sector Part II: Case study of Norway2009In: Environmental technology, ISSN 0959-3330, E-ISSN 1479-487X, Vol. 30, no 11, p. 1131-1143Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 9.
    Govindarajan, Venkatesh
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences (from 2013).
    Environmental Life-cycle Analysis as a tool for sustainability studies: A complete learning experience.2019In: Problemy Ekorozwoju, ISSN 1895-6912, E-ISSN 2080-1971, Vol. 14, no 1, p. 79-85Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 10.
    Govindarajan, Venkatesh
    Norwegian University for Science & Technology, Norway.
    Environmental systems analysis of urban water systems - limited historical account of published work in scientific journals2015In: Vatten, ISSN 0042-2886, Vol. 71, no 4, p. 209-222Article in journal (Other academic)
  • 11.
    Govindarajan, Venkatesh
    Norwegian University for Science & Technology, Norway.
    Future prospects of industrial ecology as a set of tools for sustainable development2012In: Problemy Ekorozwoju, ISSN 1895-6912, E-ISSN 2080-1971, Vol. 7, no 1, p. 77-80Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 12.
    Govindarajan, Venkatesh
    Norwegian University of Science, Oslo, Norway.
    Triple bottom line approach to individual and global sustainability (Translated into Polish).2010In: Problemy Ekorozwoju, ISSN 1895-6912, E-ISSN 2080-1971, Vol. 5, no 2, p. 29-37Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Industrial ecology is founded on analogies and lateral thinking, borrowing and adapting, and opening up the frontiers of imagination and innovativeness to make the road to sustainable development more tractable. Talking of the key role mankind needs to play to make sustainable development a reality, a wonderful analogy is uncovered – between holistic individual human development and the triple bottom line approach (economic, social and environmental) to sustainable progress of humanity as a whole on the surface of the earth. An individual starts off from gross materialism (body) but needs to aim for the right blend of physical, emotional and spiritual advancement in life. When all individuals do so, a lop-sided socio-economic techno-sphere will gradually metamorphose into a fully-evolved one. Paradoxically, individuals need to delve in and comprehend their spiritual selves, for the technosphere to fan out and embrace the earth of which it is just a small component.

  • 13.
    Govindarajan, Venkatesh
    Department of Hydraulic and Environmental EngineeringNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway.
    Typifying cities to streamline the selection of relevant environmental sustainability indicators for urban water supply and sewage handling systems2013In: Environment, Development and Sustainability, ISSN 1387-585X, E-ISSN 1573-2975, Vol. 15, no 3, p. 765-782Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 14.
    Govindarajan, Venkatesh
    et al.
    Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
    Brattebo, Helge
    Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
    Changes in material flows, treatment efficiencies and shifting of environmental loads in the wastewater treatment sector.: Part I: Case study of the Netherlands2009In: Environmental technology, ISSN 0959-3330, E-ISSN 1479-487X, Vol. 30, no 11, p. 1111-1129Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The material that is separated from wastewater in wastewater treatment plants has to be transferred from the water phase to the atmosphere, lithosphere, and/or biosphere (and also the technosphere). After the initial discharges into the different environmental media (and the technosphere), there are further 'inter-sphere' leakages or redirections. However, these happen over protracted periods of time and have not been accounted for in this paper. The paper presents a case study on the wastewater treatment plants in the Netherlands, examines how the degree of separation of COD (BOD), nitrogen, phosphorus and heavy metals from the wastewater have increased over time, and studies the changes in proportions separated out to the atmosphere and lithosphere. The hydrosphere has benefited from a decline in the degree of eutrophication and marine/fresh water toxicity, owing to the favourable combination of higher degrees of separation, over time, and source control, especially in the industrial sector. Global warming is a major concern owing to the increasing conversion of COD to carbon dioxide (and methane). Heavy metal and nitrogen emissions have been curbed thanks to source reduction within industries. Technologies have, of course, enabled some mitigation of the problems associated with atmospheric (global warming and toxicity) and lithospheric (toxicity) pollution, though these are beyond the scope of this paper, which assumes a hypothetical worst-case scenario in this regard for the study period 1993-2005.

  • 15.
    Govindarajan, Venkatesh
    et al.
    Norwegian University for Science & Technology, Norway.
    Brattebo, Helge
    Norwegian University for Science & Technology, Norway.
    Environmental impact analysis of chemicals and energy consumption in wastewater treatment plants: Case study of Oslo, Norway2011In: Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, ISSN 1606-9749, E-ISSN 1607-0798, Vol. 63, no 5, p. 1081-1031Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 16.
    Govindarajan, Venkatesh
    et al.
    Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Hydraul & Environm Engn, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
    Brattebo, Helge
    orwegian Univ Sci & Technol, Energy & Proc Engn Dept, Ind Ecol Programme, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
    Studying the demand-side vis-a-vis the supply-side of urban water systems - Case study of Oslo, Norway2014In: Environmental technology, ISSN 0959-3330, E-ISSN 1479-487X, Vol. 35, no 18, p. 2322-2333Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 17.
    Govindarajan, Venkatesh
    et al.
    Norwegian University for Science & Technology, Norway.
    Chan, Arthur
    NTNU, Energy & Proc Engn Dept, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
    Brattebo, Helge
    Norwegian University for Science & Technology, Norway.
    Understanding the water-energy-carbon nexus in urban water utilities: Comparison of four city case studies and the relevant influencing factors2014In: Energy Journal, ISSN 0195-6574, E-ISSN 1944-9089, Vol. 75, no 1, p. 153-166Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 18.
    Govindarajan, Venkatesh
    et al.
    Norwegian University for Science & Technology, Norway.
    Dhakal, Shobhakar
    Natl Inst Environm Studies, Global Carbon Project, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
    An international look at the water-energy nexus2012In: Journal of American Water Works Association, ISSN 0003-150X, Vol. 104, no 5, p. 93-96Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 19.
    Govindarajan, Venkatesh
    et al.
    Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Hydraul & Environm Engn, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
    Elmi, Rashid Abdi
    Economic-environmental analysis of handling biogas from sewage sludge digesters in wastewater treatment plants for energy recovery: Case study of Bekkelaget wastewater treatment plant in Oslo, Norway2013In: Energy Journal, ISSN 0195-6574, E-ISSN 1944-9089, Vol. 58, no 10, p. 220-235Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 20.
    Govindarajan, Venkatesh
    et al.
    Norwegian university of science and technology, Trondheim, Norway.
    Hammervold, Johanne
    Brattebo, Helge
    Norwegian university of science and technology, Trondheim, Norway.
    Combined MFA-LCA for analysis of wastewater pipeline networks: Case study of Oslo (Norway).2009In: Journal of Industrial Ecology, ISSN 1088-1980, E-ISSN 1530-9290, Vol. 13, no 4, p. 532-550Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Oslo's wastewater pipeline network has an aging stock of concrete, steel, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipelines, which calls for a good portion of expenditures to be directed toward maintenance and investments in rehabilitation. The stock, as it is in 2008, is a direct consequence of the influx of pipelines of different sizes, lengths, and materials of construction into the system over the years. A material flow analysis (MFA) facilitates an analysis of the environmental impacts associated with the manufacture, installation, operation, maintenance, rehabilitation, and retirement of the pipelines. The forecast of the future flows of materials-which, again, is highly interlinked with the historic flows-provides insight into the likely future environmental impacts. This will enable decision makers keen on alleviating such impacts to think along the lines of eco-friendlier processes and technologies or simply different ways of doing business. Needless to say, the operation and maintenance phase accounts for the major bulk of emissions and calls for energy-efficient approaches to this phase of the life cycle, even as manufacturers strive to make their processes energy-efficient and attempt to include captive renewable energy in their total energy consumption. This article focuses on the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions associated with the wastewater pipeline network in the city of Oslo.

  • 21.
    Govindarajan, Venkatesh
    et al.
    Norwegian University for Science & Technology, Norway.
    Saegrov, Sveinung
    Norwegian University for Science & Technology, Norway.
    Brattbo, Helge
    Norwegian University for Science & Technology, Norway.
    Dynamic metabolism modelling of urban water services - demonstrating effectiveness as a decision-support tool for Oslo, Norway2014In: Water Research, ISSN 0043-1354, E-ISSN 1879-2448, Vol. 61, no 1, p. 19-33Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 22.
    Jaldell, Henrik
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Karlstad Business School (from 2013).
    Measuring Productive Performance Using Binary And Ordinal Output Variables: The Case of the Swedish Fire and Rescue Services2019In: International Journal of Production Research, ISSN 0020-7543, E-ISSN 1366-588X, Vol. 57, no 3, p. 907-917Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Fire protection is an example of a complex production process. This study measures efficiency by constructing binary and ordinal output variables from information on residential fires in Sweden about how a fire spreads from when the fire and rescue brigade arrives to when a fire is suppressed. The motivations behind this study are that there are only a few studies trying to estimate production efficiency for fire and rescue services, that data on a more detailed level is interesting for some public services, and there is a need to be able to measure efficiency differences even if only a binary or ordinal output variable is available. Using a logit random parameter model, the random effects are interpreted as efficiency differences. The conclusions are that fire and rescue services with a more flexible fire organisation with first response persons, working in collaboration with other municipalities and with larger populations are more efficient.

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  • 23.
    Johnston, Matt
    et al.
    University of Glasgow, Scotland.
    Darkey, Dan
    University of Pretoria, South Africa.
    Ibsen, Hilde
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Department of Political, Historical, Religious and Cultural Studies (from 2013).
    Environmental justice and dissent for postcolonial urban sustainability transitions2023In: International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, ISSN 0309-1317, E-ISSN 1468-2427, Vol. 47, no 4, p. 645-664Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Environmental justice principles are widespread at national and global levels of transition discourse, but this is sometimes irrelevant to marginalized communities. To address this issue, we apply environmental justice theory to a participatory postcolonial urban case study where poverty, unemployment and inequality continue to incentivize unregulated exploitation of vulnerable environments and people. It is unclear how national legislation can provide for indiscriminate access to environments that promote wellbeing in complex postcolonial communities, where xenophobic and economic discrimination reproduces colonial-style inequalities. To resist this injustice, the combination of academic and ordinary expressions of critique that confront regressive praxis and orthodoxies becomes a valuable and constructive political innovation for transitions. Empirical results suggest that enfranchising the most vulnerable proponents of transformation could advance their political capital to advocate for themselves, formulate and enculturate decolonized visions of urban sustainability, demand governmental and commercial accountability and foster urban reform that is relevant to them.

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  • 24.
    Kazmi, Bilal
    et al.
    University of Karachi, Pakistan.
    Sadiq, Tooba
    University of Karachi, Pakistan.
    Taqvi, Syed Ali Ammar
    NED University of Engineering and Technology, Pakistan.
    Nasir, Sidra
    NED University of Engineering and Technology, Pakistan.
    Khan, Mahwish Mobeen
    University of Karachi, Pakistan.
    Naqvi, Salman Raza
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences (from 2013).
    AlMohamadi, Hamad
    Islamic University of Madinah, Saudi Arabia.
    Towards a sustainable future: Bio-hydrogen production from food waste for clean energy generation2024In: Process Safety and Environmental Protection, ISSN 0957-5820, E-ISSN 1744-3598, Vol. 183, p. 555-567Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    To address climate change, energy security, and waste management, new sustainable energy sources must be developed. This study uses Aspen Plus software to extract bio-H2 from food waste with the goal of efficiency and environmental sustainability. Anaerobic digestion, optimised to operate at 20–25 °C and keep ammonia at 3%, greatly boosted biogas production. The solvent [Emim][FAP], which is based on imidazolium, had excellent performance in purifying biogas. It achieved a high level of methane purity while consuming a minimal amount of energy, with a solvent flow rate of 13.415 m³ /h. Moreover, the utilization of higher temperatures (600–700 °C) during the bio-H2 generation phase significantly enhanced both the amount and quality of hydrogen produced. Parametric and sensitivity assessments were methodically performed at every stage. This integrated method was practicable and environmentally friendly, according to the economic assessment. H2 generation using steam reforming results in a TCC of 1.92 × 106 USD. The CO2 separation step has higher costs (TCC of 2.15 ×107 USD) due to ionic liquid washing and CO2 liquefaction. Compressor electricity consumption significantly impacts total operating cost (TOC), totaling 4.73 × 108 USD. showing its ability to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, optimize resource utilization, and promote energy sustainability. This study presents a sustainable energy solution that addresses climate and waste challenges.

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  • 25.
    Kristianssen, Ann-Catrin
    et al.
    Örebro University, Sweden.
    Andersson, Ragnar
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Center for Societal Risk Research, CSR (from 2020).
    What is a vision zero policy?: Lessons from a multi-sectoral perspective2022In: The Vision Zero Handbook: Theory, Technology and Management for a Zero Casualty Policy / [ed] Karin Edvardsson Björnberg, Sven Ove Hansson, Matts-Åke Belin, Claes Tingvall, Springer, 2022, p. 151-175Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Vision Zero is a term mainly connected with road traffic safety and has its roots in the Swedish road safety strategy. It was formally adopted by the Swedish parliament in 1997, and due to the initial success of lowering the number of deaths in traffic crashes significantly, it has become a role model for road safety strategies in countries and cities all over the world. In Sweden, Vision Zero for road safety has also inspired the introduction of Vision Zero policies in other sectors, and this chapter focuses on Vision Zero from a multi-sectoral perspective. The purpose of this chapter is twofold: to present five different cases of Vision Zero policies and to discuss what constitutes a Vision Zero policy based on these five cases. The five cases are found in road traffic safety, fire safety, patient safety, suicide, and workplace safety. Every case has its unique preconditions in terms of laws, actors, scope, etc., but they are also similar in relation to injury prevention and the ambition to decrease the number of deaths and serious injuries. The five Vision Zero policies are summarized by presenting the problem and problem framing, the goal, measures, and solutions as well as leading actors and governing structures. We find that the problem itself is quite self-explanatory in each case but that the problem framing and attribution of responsibility differ. All cases have on paper been inspired by the road safety strategies, but the systems approach, so intimately connected with Vision Zero, is more or less absent in the cases of fire safety and suicide. Furthermore, in the field of fire safety, responsibility is placed on the individual and on the business sector rather than based on a shared responsibility and ultimately on the system designers. In all five cases, there are a set of measures in place, but there are differences in implementation due to temporal factors and also what kind of governing and steering structures are in place. There is also a difference in internal support where the Vision Zero for suicide stands out as having less support among agencies working with the issue. Finally, the monitoring systems differ from case to case. The Vision Zero for road traffic safety stands out as having a monitoring and evaluating system based on specific safety targets ultimately aiming toward zero (management by objectives). Based on the empirical findings, we argue that besides having a clear problem and problem framing, a toolbox of measures, a monitoring system, and a governing structure, a policy based on a visionary approach with an ambition to reach zero needs additional perspectives or criteria in order to be successful: (1) a scientific approach to problem framing and solutions, (2) a comprehensive approach, (3) a long-term commitment, and (4) a system and structure based on governance. These criteria do not necessarily have to be in place in order to adopt Vision Zero, but they are a prerequisite for building a system based on Vision Zero.

  • 26.
    Lund Björnås, Kristine
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Environmental and Life Sciences (from 2013).
    Spatially explicit models: planning salmonid habitat restoration in regulated rivers2019Report (Other academic)
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  • 27.
    Mattsson, Lisa
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences (from 2013).
    [Manuscript] Longitudinal follow-up on fruit and vegetable waste reduction efforts in three Swedish supermarketsManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
  • 28.
    Mohammadi, Ali
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences (from 2013).
    Govindarajan, Venkatesh
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences (from 2013).
    Eskandari, Samieh
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences (from 2013).
    Rafiee, Shahin
    University of Tehran, Iran.
    Eco-Efficiency Analysis to Improve Environmental Performance of Wheat Production2022In: Agriculture, E-ISSN 2077-0472, Vol. 12, no 7, p. 1-16, article id 1031Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Though increasing food supply in order to meet the rising demand for nutrition is a global social imperative, reducing the dependence on imports of essential food commodities is both an economic and a geo-political imperative for national governments. However, in light of the Sustainable Development Goals, although Zero Hunger (SDG2) and Good Health and Well-Being (SDG3) can be ensured within a country when the inhabitants are well-nourished and staple food items remain affordable to one and all, oftentimes, there are trade-offs in the process, with the environmental dimensions—SDGs 13 (Climate action), 14 (Life below water) and 15 (Life on Land). In this paper, using a combination of Environmental-Life Cycle Assessment (E-LCA) and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), the authors have evaluated the eco-efficiency of 169 wheat cultivation systems in the Golestan province in the north of Iran. Benchmarking performance based on the best-performing wheat farms and optimizing (decreasing essentially) the consumption of resources, will enable an average reduction of between 10% and 16% in global warming, acidification, eutrophication, and non-renewable energy usage of the wheat cultivation systems in the case study region. The authors recommend the use of this combination not only for wheat cultivation in other regions of the world, but also for other agricultural systems.

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  • 29.
    Moniruzzaman, Syed
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Environmental and Life Sciences (from 2013).
    Divergent trends in emergency department visits for poisonings by intent in Varmland, Sweden2016In: Injury Prevention, ISSN 1353-8047, E-ISSN 1475-5785, Vol. 22, p. A227-A227Article in journal (Other academic)
  • 30.
    Mörtberg, Ulla
    et al.
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology.
    Deal, Brian
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology.
    Cvetkovic, Vladimir
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology.
    Balfors, Berit
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology.
    Azcarate, Juan
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology.
    Haas, Jan
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Environmental and Life Sciences (from 2013). KTH Royal Institute of Technology.
    Pang, Xi
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology.
    Integrating ecosystem services in urban energy trajectories2015In: Biwaes 2015 9Th Biennial International Workshop Advances In Energy Studies: Energy and urban systems / [ed] Hans Schnitzer, Olga Kordas, Sergio Ulgiati, Verlag der Technischen Universität Graz , 2015, p. 89-Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Changes in urban development trajectories towards renewable energy sources and compact, energy- efficient urban agglomerations will have major impacts on ecosystem services, which cities are dependent on but tend to overlook. Such ecosystem services can be provisioning, regulating and cultural ecosystem services, around which competition over land and water resources will increase with energy system shifts. Much of the land and water use conflicts can be foreseen to take place within urbanising regions, which simultaneously is the living environment of a major part of the human population today. In order to inform critical policy decisions, integrated assessment of urban energy system options and ecosystem services is necessary. For this purpose, the model integration platform Land Evolution and impact Assessment Model (LEAM) is built and empowered with models representing urban form, energy supply and use, transportation, and ecological processes and services, all related to the land and water use evolution. These types of analyses of interacting sub- systems require an advanced model integration platform, yet open for learning and for further development, with high visualisation capacity. Case studies are performed for the cities of Stockholm, Chicago and Shanghai, where urbanisation scenarios are under development. In the case study LEAMStockholm, scenarios for urban compaction and urban sprawl with different energy and water system solutions are being developed, in order to explore the sustainability of urban policy options. This will enable integrated policy assessment of complex urban systems, with the goal to increase their sustainability.

  • 31.
    Naqvi, Salman Raza
    et al.
    National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan.
    Beig, Bilal
    National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan.
    Naqvi, Muhammad
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences (from 2013).
    Circular Economy Approach to Address the Industrial Solid Waste Management2022In: Handbook of Solid Waste Management / [ed] Chinnappan Baskar, Seeram Ramakrishna, Shikha Baskar, Rashmi Sharma, Amutha Chinnappan, Rashmi Sehrawat, Springer, 2022, p. 421-440Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Industrial activities continuously generate diverse characteristics of various types of wastes. Industrial wastes varied from various process residues, wastes from pollution, or decontamination from operations and materials resulting from activities for contaminated soil remediation, ashes, oil, acidic wastes, plastic, paper, wood, fiber, rubber, metals, and glass. The circular tools indicate a restorative and regenerative system in which the streams of materials and products take place in a circular way. Considering social pressures, major industrial enterprises perceived the need for readjusting their production chains according to circular chains, which are more sustainable and consider the generated waste. This study aims to present the factors for sustainable waste management in major industrial enterprises based on the circular economy approach. The available data of a waste company is considered, and the model of circular economy such as fault tree analysis is applied to figure out the implementation of a circular process to industrial waste, especially those of lower value that have greater difficulties in being processed. The last section will propose a framework, opportunities, challenges, and trade-offs promoting circulatory industrial waste management.

  • 32. Osorio, Andrea Diaz
    et al.
    Govindarajan, Venkatesh
    Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
    Integrated Management Spells Success for Medellin, Colombia's, Water and Wastewater Utility2013In: Journal - American Water Works Association, ISSN 0003-150X, E-ISSN 1551-8833, Vol. 105, no 3, p. 78-82Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The city of Medellin is the second largest urban area in Colombia. The state-owned company, Empresas Publicas de Medellin E.S.P. (EPM), provides water supply and wastewater treatment services to more than 3.5 million people in the city and nine other smaller towns in the conurbation. EPM also provides public services other than water supply and wastewater treatment. Eduardo Cadavid Restrepo, director of the department of water management at EPM, described the current status, challenges, and future plans for the water supply and sanitation system in Medellin in this interview (conducted by e-mail in Spanish and later translated to English) with Andrea Diaz Osorio and Govindarajan Venkatesh.

  • 33.
    Vestblad, Jennifer
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013).
    Cirkulerande återanvändning av sportartiklar: Resursflöden för framställning och avfallshantering av sportartiklar2016Independent thesis Basic level (university diploma), 15 credits / 22,5 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    A clear pattern shows that the amount of waste increases with the increasing consumption. The consumption leads to more manufactured products which later on must be disposed as waste. Except trying to prevent the amount of waste, reusing products is a great option for waste managements.

    Fritidsbanken started 2013 in Deje Värmland and works like an organized lending system with sporting goods. The operation is largely based on advocating reuse. Fritidsbanken works like a library with sporting goods where anyone can borrow equipment for free. By giving the chance to practice activities and sports, Fritidsbanken creates conditions for spontaneous sporting. The study is based on the business premises in Deje, where three different sporting goods were examined: downhill skis, cross country skis and ice skates.

    The study examined the resource flows, production- and waste processes with the business as a base. The submitted articles were compared with the corresponding number of articles submitted, reused and discarded. Also the waste disposal of that time was reviewed and alternative improvements were presented. 

    The study was based on a separate survey of how waste management of products were carried out at the study’s start. The survey emanated from the central parts of Värmland in Sweden. Additional a sensivity analysis was performed and based on the materials found in the articles, presenting an increased mass of 5, 10 or 15 %.  The method for the study consisted largely of contacts with producers, recyclers, authorities and recycling centres. Information about the articles and its content were collected from CES – Edu Pack and Fritidbanken in Deje.

    The result of the study shows that the reuse gives a positive impact on the production of materials, waste management and resource flows. A total amount of 1480 kg material, 9.3 tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions and 122 GJ amount of energy, were avoided in material production. The proposal regarding the waste disposal of articles can lead to 34 GJ energy derived from combustion and a recycled amount of 263 kg steel.

    The study was based on three different sporting goods which were collected from Fritidsbanken in Deje during autumn 2015. Similar products may contain other types of materials and should be examined accordingly. The sensitivity analysis shows that steel, epoxy-fiberglass and nylon were the materials that required the most energy in material production. It was also the material that produced the most carbon dioxide for the same process. The result from the sensitivity analysis also shows that epoxy-fiberglass may contain dangerous substances. Because of this the amount of epoxy-fiberglass should not increase or be used with a higher consumption. With that said, improved material selection can be considered from the article’s life cycle perspective.

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  • 34.
    Wikström, Fredrik
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences (from 2013).
    Karli, Verghese
    RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.
    Rafael, Auras
    Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
    Olsson, Annika
    Lund University, Lund.
    Williams, Helén
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences (from 2013).
    Wever, Renee
    Linköping University.
    Grönman, Kaisa
    Lappeenranta University of Technology, Lappeenranta, Finland.
    Kvalvåg Pettersen, Marit
    Nofima AS,Ås, Norway.
    Møller, Hanne
    Ostfold Research, Kråkeröy, Norway.
    Risto, Soukka
    Lappeenranta University of Technology, Lappeenranta, Finland.
    Packaging Strategies That Save Food: A Research Agenda for 20302019In: Journal of Industrial Ecology, ISSN 1088-1980, E-ISSN 1530-9290, Vol. 23, no 3, p. 532-540Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Summary Thoroughly considering and optimizing packaging systems can avoid food loss and waste. We suggest a number of issues that must be explored and review the associated challenges. Five main issues were recognized through the extensive experience of the authors and engagement of multiple stakeholders. The issues promoted are classified as follows: (1) identify and obtain specific data of packaging functions that influence food waste; (2) understand the total environmental burden of product/package by considering the trade‐off between product protection and preservation and environmental footprint; (3) develop understanding of how these functions should be treated in environmental footprint evaluations; (4) improve packaging design processes to also consider reducing food waste; and (5) analyze stakeholder incentives to reduce food loss and waste. Packaging measures that save food will be important to fulfill the United Nations Sustainable Development goal to halve per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels and to reduce food losses along production and supply chains.

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  • 35.
    Wikström, Fredrik
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Energy, Environmental and Building Technology.
    Williams, Helén
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Energy, Environmental and Building Technology.
    Potential environmental gains from reducing food losses through development of new packaging – a life cycle model.2010In: Packaging technology & science, ISSN 0894-3214, E-ISSN 1099-1522, Vol. 23, no 7, p. 403-411Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The environmental concern and development issues regarding packaging has for 20 years to a high extent been on packaging when it has become waste. To reduce the environmental impact from the whole food packaging system it is also important to develop the packaging’s ability to reduce food waste. In some cases it may be necessary to increase the environmental impact of packaging in order to reduce food waste. In this paper, the environmental impact of packaging and food losses and the balance between the two has been examined for five different food items. The results show that packaging’s that reduce food waste can be an important tool to reduce the total environmental impact, even if there is an increase in impact from the packaging itself. This is especially true for food items where the environ- mental impact of the food is high relative the packaging, for example cheese, and for food items with high losses, for example bread. It is important to analyse the risk of increasing food losses when pack- aging design changes, for example, when the aim is less packaging material, which is the main intention of the packaging and packaging waste directive of the European Union.

  • 36.
    Wikström, Fredrik
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences (from 2013).
    Williams, Helén
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences (from 2013).
    Govindarajan, Venkatesh
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences (from 2013).
    The influence of packaging attributes on recycling and food waste behaviour – An environmental comparison of two packaging alternatives2016In: Journal of Cleaner Production, ISSN 0959-6526, E-ISSN 1879-1786, Vol. 137, p. 895-902Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper analyses how user behaviour influences the environmental comparison of two different packages for minced meat - a lightweight tube and a tray. The direct and indirect environmental effects are evaluated using simplified LCA. A number of packaging attributes with regard to food waste and recycling behaviour are analysed for the packages, and then used for the scenario calculations. The results show that the tube is the superior environmental alternative when only the direct effects are considered. When indirect effects and user behaviour are included in the comparison, the tray is the better alternative due to higher recycling rates and, most importantly, less food waste during the process of emptying. However, the environmental impacts due to the food waste in the tube may be compensated for, if the longer shelf-life of the tube results in lower wastage in the households. It is concluded that indirect environmental effects and user behaviour should be included in environmental assessments of packaging to obtain meaningful results.

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  • 37.
    Wikström, Fredrik
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences (from 2013).
    Williams, Helén
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences (from 2013).
    Trischler, Jakob
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (starting 2013), Service Research Center (from 2013).
    Rowe, Zane
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences (from 2013).
    The importance of packaging functions for food waste of different products in households2019In: Sustainability, E-ISSN 2071-1050, Vol. 11, no 9, p. 1-16, article id 2641Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The United Nations sustainability goal SDG 12.3 is to reduce the amount of food that is wasted by half, due to environmental and social reasons. This paper aims to analyse the most important packaging functions that affect food waste in households for different products, as the reason for wastage can be expected to differ between different products. The reasons for food wastage of different categories and products have been compiled through literature studies, and possible improvements of packaging functions to reduce food waste have been identified. In addition, an expert workshop judged the most important packaging functions to reduce food waste for a number of products. They also discussed the obstacles and possibilities to realise the packaging improvements. This study confirms that how packaging functions influence food waste on the product level is a highly unexplored question. Most likely, there is high potential to reduce food waste through better adaptions of packaging functions to user needs and habits. Both the literature study and the expert workshop show that less food per pack and better information regarding food safety and storage have high potential to reduce food waste, but also that product specific considerations are necessary.

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  • 38.
    Williams, Helén
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences (from 2013).
    Global market trends and how packaging can support for reducing food waste2013In: International Research Workshop on Food Waste Prevention. Oslo 19th November 2013, 2013Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In order to feed an increasing world population with good and safe food it is important to reduce the amount of food waste. The global population is expected to grow to 9 billion and over the same period food production will be under threat from climate change, competing land uses, erosion and diminishing supplies of clean water. Packaging plays an important role in containing and protecting the food as it moves from agriculture to households. This work is a summary from an international literature review and interviews from 15 organisations in the Australian food and packaging supply chain. It considers food waste in the supply chain with emphasis on food waste prior to consumption, and also food rescue through charities.

    A number of global trends and there effect on packaging development for reducing food waste was identified and analysed, these include:

    Longer supply chains-With longer supply chains there are increased risks of product damage which make the packaging even more critical. Distribution packaging should provide better protection and shelf life for fresh produce as it moves from the farm to the processor, wholesaler or retailer. This may require the development of tailored solutions for individual products. This also requires more collaboration between manufacturers and retailers to improve the industry’s understanding of food waste in the supply chain. More use of intelligent packaging and data sharing can be useful .

    More on-line shopping- Online expenditure in Australia was estimated to be around $8.4 billion in 2010 and is forecast to reach $26.9 billion by 2016. Online shopping requires more secondary packaging to protect the product during transport from the retail or manufacturer to the household, but it doesn’t need to be ‘shelf ready’ which may save resources. This increases the amount of packaging requiring recycling in the home but there could be some potential benefits for food waste.

    Consumption of meals out of the home- This trend shifts waste away from the home to a restaurant and/or processing facility and may give both pros and cons for reducing food waste and how packaging are recycled.    

    More small households- Product and packaging development need to cater for smaller households. Single and smaller serve products will reduce waste by meeting the needs of single and two person households, however this need to be environmentally analysed in relation to increased amount of packaging. . 

    More convenience- The trend from loose fresh produce to more pre-packed and processed food products has implications for packaging. With a better primary packaging a simpler and less robust secondary packaging may be sufficient. This may require adoption of new packaging materials and technologies, such as modified atmosphere packaging and oxygen scavengers, to extend the shelf life of foods.

    Food recovery for charity- It is important with distribution packaging that supports recovery of surplus and unsaleable fresh produce from farms and redirects it to food rescue organisations. These packaging systems will need to be flexible to accommodate the transport of bulk quantities from farm to food recovery organisations, as well as smaller orders from distribution centres to individual charities. The issue need to be addressed when developing new secondary packaging.

    The packaging itself also needs to be recoverable to minimise overall environmental impacts in the country where it is consumed.  

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  • 39.
    Zappine, M
    et al.
    Politecnico di Torino, Italy.
    Fiore, S
    Politecnico di Torino, Italy.
    Govindarajan, Venkatesh
    Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway.
    Brattebö, L
    V.
    Meucci, L
    Research Center, Torino, Italy.
    Life-cycle energy and greenhouse gas emissions within the Turin Metropolitan Urban Water Cycle2014In: Procedia Engineering, ISSN 1877-7058, E-ISSN 1877-7058, Vol. 89, no 1, p. 1382-1389Article in journal (Refereed)
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