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  • 1.
    Andersson Nykvist, Atle
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
    New design and construction of hightemperature tribology testingequipment: in the context of hard coatings2023Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    There are two main goals of this thesis. Firstly, to improve and develop an existing hot weartester at Karlstad University so that it may test more samples of different sizes. Secondly, totest previously impossible samples and investigate their tribological properties and measurethe coefficient of friction with high reproducibility. The development work on the tribometer wasdone by a prestudy including; Investigating the hot wear tester, idea generation in CAD andcollecting information from the creator and prior users of it. After a few rounds of conceptgeneration and discussion with the supervisor and workshop staff, a new sample holder withdifferent sample adapters was created. Five tests of four different materials were conductedand their friction was measured. The new sample holder was able to solve the mainconcerns with the old design and showed great promise in producing reproducible results,better than any previous versions. The friction of the different TiAlN samples, at roomtemperature, seemed to indicate that there is a certain amount of Al% that maximizes frictionand that there is no simple linear relationship between Al% and coefficient of friction. Finallyit can be concluded that the initial goals of the thesis have been met, and that a newscientific instrument has been created to aid in the further understanding of tribology. 

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  • 2.
    Domare, Emma
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013).
    Generating gear grinding: An analysis of gringing parameters's effect on gear tooth quality2018Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Generating gear grinding is a method used for hard machining of gearbox gears. It facilitates a productive gear manufacturing with tight tolerances regarding surface roughness and geometrical accuracy. However, if the grinding is done with incorrect parameters, so called grinding burns can arise with consequences such as changes in surface hardness, changes in residual stress levels, surface embrittlement and compromised fatigue strength. This thesis investigates the gear tooth quality resulting from grinding parameters contributing to an improved grinding time. A literature study will cover gear geometries and material, grinding wheel properties, influences by grinding parameters and several verification methods. An experimental test will then be used to put four different grinding parameters to the test. The results showed that an increased cutting speed indicated finer surface roughness andincreased Barkhausen noise but showed no influence on gear geometry. Increasing both rough and fine feed rates resulted in a minor increase in geometry deviation but no significant difference in surface roughness. Large variations within the different verification method results related to grinding burns madeit difficult to draw conclusions regarding the experimental factors chosen. However, several factors apart from the experimental ones varied in the testing were believed to have significant influence, such as the flow of the cooling fluidand the amount of retained austenite from the carburizing process. In fact, the trends which seemed to be connected to these factors could be seen in both Barkhausen noise analysis, hardness measurementsand microstructure.

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    Generating gear grinding
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  • 3.
    Gåård, Anders
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics (from 2013).
    Damage mechanisms for tools used in applications subjected to combined impact and wear2017Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 4.
    Gåård, Anders
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics (from 2013).
    Damage mechanisms for tools used in applications subjected to combined wear and impact2017Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 5.
    Gåård, Anders
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Materials Science. Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics (from 2013).
    Early stages of tool damage in sheet metal forming2013Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 6.
    Gåård, Anders
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics (from 2013).
    Environmental and Application Factors in Solid Friction: Friction in Metal Forming2017In: ASM Handbook vol. 18: Friction, Lubrication, and Wear Technology, ASM International, 2017Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 7.
    Gåård, Anders
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics (from 2013). Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Materials Science.
    Galling resistance evaluation of tool steels by two different laboratory test methods for sheet metal forming2011Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 8.
    Gåård, Anders
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics (from 2013).
    Influence of tool microstructure and sheet mechanical properties on galling initiation2011In: / [ed] K.C. Ludema, S.J. Shaffer, 2011Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 9.
    Gåård, Anders
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics (from 2013).
    Wear mechanisms in thread joints of rock drill, a case study2017Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 10.
    Gåård, Anders
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering. Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Materials Science.
    Wear of tools sliding against carbon steel sheets2006Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 11.
    Gåård, Anders
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics (from 2013).
    Karlsson, Patrik
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics (from 2013).
    Krakhmalev, Pavel
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics (from 2013).
    Broitman, Esteban
    Linköpings universitet, Tunnfilmsfysik.
    Nano-scale friction of multi-phase powder metallurgy tool steels2015In: Advanced Materials Research, ISSN 1022-6680, E-ISSN 1662-8985, Vol. 1119, p. 70-74Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Friction is a fundamental phenomenon in tribology involving complex mechanisms between thecontacting surfaces. Measurements of friction are often made using devices with substantially largercontact area than dimensions corresponding to microstructural features of the materials. Hence, for multi-phase materials,influence of particular microstructural constituents is not resolved. In the present work, a tribometerwith a contact area in the nano-scale range was used to map friction for different types of tool steelswith different chemical- and phase composition. Owing to the small tip radius, frictionalcharacteristics of primary carbides and the steel matrix were measured and compared. Dependingon chemical composition, a difference was observed where the coefficient of friction wasapproximately twice higher for the steel possessing highest coefficient of friction, including bothcarbides and the steel matrix.

  • 12.
    Gåård, Anders
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
    Sarih, Rahim M.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
    Influence of Tool Material and Surface Roughness on Galling Resistance in Sliding Against Austenitic Stainless Steel2012In: Tribology letters, ISSN 1023-8883, E-ISSN 1573-2711, Vol. 46, no 2, p. 179-185Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Transfer and accumulation of adhered sheet material, generally referred to as galling, is a major cause for tool failure in sheet metal forming. In the present work, the galling resistance of three different tool materials was evaluated in lubricated sliding against austenitic stainless steel using a SOFS tribometer. All tool materials were prepared to four different surface roughnesses, ranging from a polished surface with R (a) = 0.05 mu m to a ground surface with R (a) = 0.3 mu m. The overall best performance was obtained for polished nitrogen alloyed powder metallurgy (PM) tool steel, where galling was detected only at the highest load evaluated, 700 N. However, for both the D2 type tool steel and nodular iron, best performance was observed for the surface possessing a surface roughness of 0.1 mu m. The improved galling resistance for the rougher surfaces was related to filling of grinding scratches with sheet material during the initial stage of sliding, prolonging the development of protruding sheet material on the tools surface. Similar trend was not observed for the PM steel, which was related to width of the scratches originating from the surface preparation, in relation to tool microstructure.

  • 13.
    Hahlin, Mattias
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013).
    Evaluation of variations of the frictional force between a bullet and a case in a loaded cartridge2018Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    To ensure that manufactured cartridges is safe to use, a tensile test is performed. The frictional force between the bullet and the case is required according to Normas standard to be between 15 – 75 Kg. Variations of the frictional force, with values outside of the standard had been noted by Norma Precision without understanding the cause. The aim of this report was to investigate and evaluate possible causes of the variations measured by tensile tests, difference between extreme values and to find a solution to what can be done to prevent the variations. Two different cases and three different bullets were used by request from Norma in the scope of this report. Different combinations of the bullets and cases was tested by alternating process parameter, surfaces and loading procedures. The loaded cartridges went through tensile tests to investigate differences. Bullets and cases with extreme values from the measured frictional force were chosen for further investigation in SEM and profilometer. To be able to draw further conclusions four different simulation models was created in Abaqus and different parameters was calculated. The dimensions and shape of the bullet resulted as the cause of changes of the tensile test curves. The smallest frictional force was found to differ from the largest by a change in wear mechanism from mainly abrasive ploughing to cutting and adhesion that caused transfer of material from the bullet to the case. The change in wear mechanism was found to be caused by an increased bullet diameter. The loading procedure was found to cause variations in plastic deformation on the neck of the case and damage the bottom of the bullet. The loading procedure was assumed to have the largest impact on the variations in frictional force. To minimize the variations the central axis of the case was suggested to be in line with the central axis of the bullet.

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  • 14.
    Hultman, Christian
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013).
    Evaluation of Refined Tribological Properties of Diamond Coated Cutting Tools Used in Machining of High-Strength Aluminum Alloys: Master thesis report regarding refined frictional & wear behavior of uncoated & CVD diamond coated WC-Co cemented carbide cutting tools used for machining of Al 7xxx alloys.2022Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    High strength aluminum alloys have for a long time been a popular material utilized in the automotive and aerospace sector due to coveted mechanical properties in terms of weight, strength, fatigue, and corrosion. However, tribological mechanisms such as tribo-film formation and material transfer during the metal cutting manufacturing process of aluminum impose significant reduction of machining and tool-life performance. Additionally, environmental aspects associated with metal cutting manufacturing has got more interest and pushed cutting tool development in new directions to meet increased customer demands. One possible way of achieving this, is the implementation and utilization of diamond based cutting tools which has been shown to perform well in machining of high strength aluminum. However, in depth knowledge regarding the tribological properties of diamond based cutting tools is currently lacking. Thus, the aim of this master thesis has been to investigate the refined tribological characteristics and properties of WC-Co cemented carbide cutting tools coated with synthetically grown CVD diamond. Tribological testing methods, such as frictional scratch/sliding, pin-turning, contact-zone temperature measuring, and longitudinal turning have been conducted to acquire extensive amount of research material in the form of test samples and data information. Furthermore, pin-turning tests were performed using a newly developed Tribojan pin-turning equipment and the performance of this was evaluated as a subgoal task. Specimen sample analysis have primarily been performed through LOM and SEM/EDS microscopy techniques. The results acquired from testing, microscopy analysis and data set evaluation have showed promising results in terms of frictional characteristic and material transfer properties regarding CVD diamond coated surfaces. The average CoF of CVD diamond sliding against an Alumec 89 aluminum alloy surface were somewhat lower as compared with similar sliding of a conventional uncoated WC-Co cemented carbide material. Furthermore, the frictional behavior and characteristic of CVD diamond appears to be more consistent and regular over longer sliding distances. The contact interaction between the CVD diamond coated surface and Alumec 89 appears to have a more abrasive nature due to the rough surface structure and material properties of the coating. The corresponding tribo-pair contact interaction with WC-Co cemented carbide shows more adhesive tendencies. Additionally, the contact-zone temperature development during pin-turning is shown to be somewhat lower during CVD diamond/Alumec 89 surface interactions. Regarding material transfer properties, CVD diamond are shown to perform well when interacting with high-strength aluminum. The amount of material adherence is significantly reduced on CVD diamond coated surfaces. During longitudinal turning using CVD diamond coated cutting tools, no significant wear was observed. On the other hand, evidence of both adhesive and abrasive wear was observed during turning using conventional uncoated WC-Co cemented carbide tools. Finally, tribological mechanisms acting during Tribojan pin-turning tests was shown to be relatively comparable with an actual machining operation, which indicate that the testing method perform well as compliment to standard frictional sliding and machining testing. 

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  • 15.
    Karlsson, Patrik
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics.
    The influence of tool steel microstructure on galling2014Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In sheet metal forming (SMF) of materials such as stainless steels there is a major problem with transfer and accumulation of sheet material to the metal forming tool surface. The problem is known as galling; a sort of severe adhesive wear, which results in severe scratching of produced parts. In this thesis, the overall aim was to gain knowledge of the influence of tool steel microstructure on galling initiation under sliding conditions. It was discovered that material transfer and tool steel damage caused by sheet material flow creating wear-induced galling initiation sites occurred in the early stage of galling. The galling resistance was higher for tool steels with higher matrix hardness due to better resistance to tool steel damage. Initial friction and critical contact pressure to galling was influenced by the strength of the sheet material. Material transfer happened at low pressures and the friction value was high in a case of sheet materials with lower proof strength, possibly due to the sheet contact against the tool steel matrix resulting in high adhesion and quicker tool damage. It was demonstrated that, in addition to hardness of the tool steel matrix and sheet material proof strength, tool steel microstructural features like size, shape, distribution and height of hard phases are important parameters influencing galling. Tool steels comprising homogeneously distributed, small and high hard phases better prevented the contact between sheet material and the tool steel matrix. Thus, a metal to metal contact with high friction was more efficiently avoided, which resulted in better tool performance.

     

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  • 16.
    Karlsson, Patrik
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
    Eriksson, Jenny
    Dalarna University.
    Gåård, Anders
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
    Krakhmalev, Pavel
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
    Olsson, Mikael
    Dalarna University.
    Bergström, Jens
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
    Galling resistance evaluation of tool steels by two different laboratory test methods for sheet metal forming2012In: Lubrication Science, ISSN 0954-0075, E-ISSN 1557-6833, Vol. 24, no 6, p. 263-272Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Adhesive accumulation of work material on the tool surface is today a major problem in many sheet metal-forming applications. Different laboratory test methods are used to investigate galling with respect to different tool materials, lubricants and process conditions. In the present study, the galling resistance of a modern nitrogen-alloyed powder metallurgy tool steel and an conventional ingot cast D2 type tool steel was evaluated under lubricated sliding against ferritic stainless steel sheets using a commercial pin-on-disc (POD) and an in-house made slider-on-flat-surface (SOFS) tribotester. The investigated tool steels ranked similarly in terms of galling resistanc in both test methods. However, sliding distances to galling were longer for the SOFS equipment due to continuous sliding on new lubricated sheet surface. Best performance was demonstrated by the powder metallurgy tool steel treated to 65 HRC. Differences in friction behaviour and galling initiation were analysed on the basis of the two different working conditions, i.e. open (SOFS) and closed (POD) tribosystems. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

  • 17.
    Karlsson, Patrik
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics.
    Gåård, Anders
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics.
    Krakhmalev, Pavel
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics.
    Influence of tool steel microstructure on friction and initial material transfer2014In: Wear, ISSN 0043-1648, E-ISSN 1873-2577, Vol. 319, no 1-2, p. 12-18Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    An investigation was conducted to study the influence of tool steel microstructure on initial material transfer and friction. Two different powder metallurgy tool steels and an ingot cast tool material were tested in dry sliding against 1.4301, 1.4162, Domex 355 MC and Domex 700 MC sheet materials. It was found that tool steel hard phase heights influence initial material transfer and friction. The coefficient of friction increased with decreasing tool steel hard phase heights at 50 N normal load and initial material transfer occurred around protruding hard phases. At higher load of 500 N the sheet material adhered to both the tool steel matrix and hard phases. Coefficient of friction decreased with increasing proof strength of the sheet material at 500 N normal load.

  • 18.
    Karlsson, Patrik
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
    Gåård, Anders
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
    Krakhmalev, Pavel
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
    Bergström, Jens
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
    Galling resistance and wear mechanisms for cold-work tool steels in lubricated sliding against high strength stainless steel sheets2012In: Wear, ISSN 0043-1648, E-ISSN 1873-2577, Vol. 286-287, p. 92-97Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Tool damage in sheet metal forming of stainless steel is of high concern for the forming industry. In the present work, ingot cast AISI D2 and advanced powder metallurgy tool steel (PM) cold-work tool steels were evaluated and ranked regarding wear mechanisms and galling resistance. Wear tests were performed using a slider-on-flat-surface (SOFS) tribometer in sliding against austenitic–ferritic (duplex) stainless steel sheets at different contact pressures in lubricated conditions. The best galling resistance was observed for the nitrogen alloyed PM tool steels. Abrasive scratching of the tool surfaces and transfer of sheet material due to adhesive wear were the main metal forming tool surface damage mechanisms. By increasing the hardness of one PM sheet metal forming tool grade, the galling resistance was enhanced.

  • 19.
    Karlsson, Patrik
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
    Gåård, Anders
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
    Krakhmalev, Pavel
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
    Bergström, Jens
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
    Influence of size and distribution of hard phases in tool steels on the early stage of galling2012In: / [ed] Harald Leitner, Regina Kranz, Angelica Tremmel, 2012, p. 469-476Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In sheet metal forming processes, contact pressures are relatively high and total sliding distances are long, which demands tool steels to prevent tool damage and to resist galling. Galling is related to microscopic and macroscopic material transfer, but, the mechanisms of initiation are not thoroughly understood.

     

    To investigate galling initiation, lubricated sliding testing in the Slider-On-Flat-Surface (SOFS) tribometer was performed for ingot cast (IC) AISI D2 type and nitrogen alloyed powder metallurgy (PM) tool steel. The sheet grade was EN 1.4509 ferritic stainless steel. To reveal mechanisms in the early stages of galling initiation, transfer and accumulation of sheet material to the tool surfaces were characterized using AFM and SEM.

     

    It was found that already after a short sliding distance, transfer of sheet material occurred covering both the matrix and the hard phases. Macroscopic analysis of the contact area showed that initial material transfer and further lump growth occurred at positions corresponding to high plastic strains in the sheet material. Even though initial material transfer was observed for both tested tool steels, the sliding distance to the point where transfer and further lump formation occurred was longer for the PM tool steel. This was discussed in correlation to differences in size and distribution of the hard phases in the tool steels, which was confirmed by AFM and SEM.

  • 20.
    Karlsson, Patrik
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
    Gåård, Anders
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
    Krakhmalev, Pavel
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
    Berhe-Larsson, Johanna
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
    Influence of tool steel hard phase orientation and shape on galling2014In: Advanced Materials Research, ISSN 1022-6680, E-ISSN 1662-8985, Vol. 966-96, p. 249-258Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Conventionally manufactured cold work tool steel is often used in sheet metal forming as die material. Due to the forging process, the as-cast network structure of carbides is broken into elongated particles. Depending on the tool cross-section, the orientation and shape of carbides in the active tool surface is different. In the present research, the influence of tool steel hard phase orientation and shape on galling was investigated. D2 type tool steel was cut in three different orientations and tested in lubricated sliding conditions against AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel. Tests were performed using a Slider-On-Flat-Surface and galling was detected by changes in friction and post-test microscopy. The lubricant was Castrol FST8 using 5 g/m2 sheet material. Results showed a strong correlation between sliding distance to galling and tool steel hard phase orientation and shape at low loads, whereas high load contact resulted in early galling in all cases. Material transfer was observed mainly to the tool steel matrix. The worst performance was observed for specimens cut so that the tool steel hard phase, M7C3 carbides in the D2 steel, were oriented along the sliding direction, which resulted in longer open tool matrix areas contacting the sheet material.

  • 21.
    Karlsson, Patrik
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
    Krakhmalev, Pavel
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
    Gåård, Anders
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
    Bergström, Jens
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
    Influence of work material proof stress and tool steel microstructure on galling initiation and critical contact pressure2013In: Tribology International, ISSN 0301-679X, E-ISSN 1879-2464, Vol. 60, p. 104-110Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    EN 1.4301 (austenitic), EN 1.4509 (ferritic), EN 1.4162 (duplex) and EN 1.4310 C1000 (metastable austenitic) stainless steels were tested in lubricated sliding against an ingot cast EN X153WCrMoV12 and powder metallurgy nitrogen alloyed Uddeholm Vancron 40 tool steels to reveal critical to galling contact pressure, Pcr. The calculated Pcr were higher for steels with higher strength. At P>Pcr, due to plastic flow of sheet material, the tool is damaged substantially and wear-induced matrix damage causes rapid galling initiation. At P<Pcr, galling was not observed. The powder metallurgy tool steel was more resistant to galling against all tested stainless steels. Better performance was associated with fine and homogeneously distributed hard phases preventing intensive wear of the tool steel matrix.

  • 22.
    Lange, Viktor
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics (from 2013).
    Additives in a steam engine to decrease friction: Friction testing of solid lubricants in powder form2023Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    This thesis aims to investigate the coefficient of friction between steel on steel contacts with the addition of solid lubricants such as h-BN, WS2, MoS2 in powder form, in dry conditions and wet conditions. More specifically, the purpose is to enhance the sliding between the piston rings and cylinder block in a modern high temperature steam engine developed by RANOTOR. The friction test was carried out as a linear sliding test with determined loads and sliding speed. Hertzian contact theory was deployed to calculate contact pressure and shear stresses to make sure the contact was elastic, alternatively plastic. It was found that WS2 and  MoS2 lowered the coefficient of friction quite heavily in dry conditions, acting as a thin protective-lubricating film. h-BN performed rather poorly, increasing the coefficient of friction. In a water slurry, none of the powders managed to decrease the COF due to the particles not interacting with the surfaces.The solid lubricants tested should be further tested as coatings since they acted like it in dry conditions.

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  • 23.
    Larsson, Andreas
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013).
    Precisionsstyrning av formverktygför tunnplåt2019Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 15 credits / 22,5 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The question for this work was: How to design and control the guidance of sheet metal molding tool in order to achieve precision over time.The work has been based on the method of product development where the product development is methodically done, individual opinions are eliminated to the greatest possible extent.Several different concepts have been developed, which have since been evaluated in a selection process that has been done by using elimination matrice and criterion weight matrice.A knee joint mechanism has emerged from this selection process. The main advantage of the knee joint mechanism is that it is least affected by the dynamic forces that excite in the molding tools. When the magnitude of the dynamic forces could not be determined, a mechanism emerged that largely eliminates this problem.

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    Precisionsstyrning av formverktyg för tunnplåt
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  • 24.
    Lundquist, Oskar
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics (from 2013).
    Tribological behaviour of CVD diamondcoated tools during machining of highstrength aluminum alloy: Master thesis project on tribological behavior of super hard materials: chemicalvapor deposition diamond (CVD) coated cutting tools and polycrystalline diamond(PCD) cutting tools used in machining of high strength aluminium alloy2022Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Machining of Aluminum can be complicated due to large amounts of adhesion and diffusion of the aluminum onto the cutting tool, causing effects such as built-up layers and built-up edges. This leads to poor surface finishes and can significantly affect the tool life. CVD diamond coated tools have shown to be a potential solution to this problem and is tested and analyzed as such in this thesis. CVD diamond coated inserts are tested and compared to uncoated cemented carbide inserts and Polycrystalline diamond tipped inserts, in milling, turning and in refined tribological methods.

    The workpiece material in both the machine tests and the tribological tests is a high strength aluminum of the name Alumec 89. The machine tests were performed for 5 and 60 seconds at three cutting speeds, 600, 900 and 1200 m/min, keeping other parameters constant. The cutting inserts, the chips and the generated workpiece surface are examined using LOM, SEM and EDS. In the refined tribological testing, a pin-turning tribometer is used, with pins of uncoated and coated (CVD diamond) cemented carbide pins. These are tested at 5 and 30 seconds at 600 and 1200 m/min, applying a constant force of 10 N. In addition, a friction test was performed to measure the friction of the uncoated and the CVD diamond coated cemented carbide. Like the cutting inserts, the used pins were examined in LOM and SEM.

    The results show that while a large amount of built-up layer and built-up edges gather when using uncoated cemented carbide tools, only minimal amounts can be detected on CVD diamond and PCD. It has also been shown that the reason for the reduced adhesion in the case of diamond tooling materials is most likely due to the lack of chemical interactions between the diamond and the aluminum. The friction of the CVD diamond material was shown to be lower compared to the cemented carbide. The surface finish generated by the different materials, was the best in the case of PCD while the CVD generated multiple small scratches that severely reduced the surface roughness.

    This thesis provides some initial basic understanding of the interaction of CVD diamond coated inserts with high strength aluminum alloys.

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  • 25.
    Mussa, Abdulbaset
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics, Science, Mathematics and Engineering Education Research.
    Wear characterization and wear mapping of a coated cutting tool: Development of cutting tool test fixture and wear testing2015Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Wear mechanisms of the cutting tools are well investigated worldwide. Usually researchers use the cutting process itself, turning by single point cutting, as their investigation method, which includes turning a metal cylinder with a pre-selected work-material and predetermined cutting conditions. Thereafter the tool worn surface is examined by scanning electron microscopy in order to characterize the tool wear mechanisms and tool failure. However, this may be the most appropriate way to investigate the wear mechanisms which occur during machining since it simulates the real operation. Metal cutting involves extreme conditions such as high temperature and high-pressure and the different condition results in different wear modes on the insert’s surface. The wear modes are overlapping and the transition boarder between them are not sharp making it difficult to obtain a detailed information of wear mechanisms. Because of these reasons many researchers try to refine the machining to a single condition e.g; high pressure, at the laboratory level in order to characterize the wear mechanisms and to get a more detailed information.

    In this thesis the wear tests of the cutting tool are performed by using a slider-on-flat-surface (SOFS) wear tester. SOFS involves a normal load, which applies to the sample and a tangential force that enables the sliding of the sample against a counterface. To enable conducting the wear tests in SOFS a newly design of tool holder was prepared. The wear tests were performed at different contact conditions and the stainless steel EN 1.4310 was used as the counterface material. After the tools were tested, the worn surface of the tool was examined by optical light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy in order to identify the wear rate and wear mechanisms.

    At low load the dominating wear mechanism was adhesive wear. The adhesive wear was induced by material pick-up during sliding i.e. material from the counterface was transferred to the insert’s surface. Further sliding results in delamination of the insert surface and removal of a part of the coatings material.

    At high load the dominating wear mechanism was a combination of severe adhesive wear and fracture of the coating material. The fracture of the coating material occurred because of overloading. Coating defects promote crack formation under high load and these cracks propagate through the coating during sliding movement and result in microchipping of the coating material.

    This procedure does not simulate the metal cutting but it still gives an understanding of the behavior of the coating material when it is exposed to a high mechanical stress.

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  • 26.
    Nilsson, Lukas
    Karlstad University.
    Designing a test rig which can simulate friction and wear in a steam environment2023Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
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  • 27.
    Nilsson, Rickard
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013).
    Optimization of pneumatic activity sensor: Development of a low friction seal2019Independent thesis Advanced level (professional degree), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    In this thesis, the development of a new type of seal is presented along with the steps taken to attain the conclusive design. The results are presented in this paper as a cross-sectioned CAD-model along with the selection of materials and suggestions for future work. The project was commissioned by the multi-discipline engineering consultancy company Projektengagemang AB in Karlstad, Sweden, and carried out as a master’s thesis at Karlstad University. The commission was due to a demand for a new type of sealing solution, as friction is a problem within the field of micro-pneumatics. The work done consists of a study of different low-friction materials where a 30/70 PTFE/PEEK compound was selected as it displayed promising friction and wear properties. The material was then implemented into a design concluded by employing a product development process. The result rendered a prototype for a new kind of low-friction seal which uses the fluid pressure to achieve a sealing contact load between a piston/rod and the seal, which also was the goal set to achieve at the start of the project. Additionally, a design of experiments study was conducted to settle what design parameters were significant with respect to the contact load. For proceeding, making the concept a product ready for production, additional work is needed in the form of experimental material testing, development of a leakage model to optimize the contact load, determination of temperature and creep behaviour, as well as sufficient field testing. Lastly, a die tool must be designed for manufacturing with injection moulding as well as determining if any further processing is required.

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  • 28.
    Samuelsson, Johan
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics (from 2013).
    Material analysis for a rotating inlet valve: Sliding contact in an oil-free super-critical steam environment2022Independent thesis Advanced level (professional degree), 300 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    In this thesis, the aim is to study possible tribo-materials for a rotating inlet valve and to find a suitable material combination for the contact. The valve is part of a modern oil-free and high temperature steam engine. Systematic material selection together with tribological tests and wear analyses are performed. The metals Nitronic 60 and Stellite 6B are tested as self-mated metals, and run against graphite. None of these combinations are found suitable. However, the tests show carbon-based materials to be promising. After further study another carbon-based material, antimony impregnated mechanical carbon is selected as valve seat. For the mating part valve distributor, the material ZrO2-MgO is selected. This tribo-pair has shown friction and wear in the same interval as oil-lubrication. The friction and wear are 50% respectively 10% of the second best tribo-pair found in this thesis. The valve seat material is realizable if supported by a valve block of a Ni-resist cast iron with thermal expansion similar to the valve seat. Lastly a redesign of the valve distributor is suggested to comply with ceramic design guidelines.

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    Material analysis for a rotating inlet valve
  • 29.
    Similä, Martin
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013).
    Nötning av belagda kräppblad, Cr2O3 & WC-Cr3C2-Ni: Jämförelse av nötningsmekanism samt friktionskoefficient2019Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Creping blades are used in paper machines for creping tissue paper from a rotating cylinder called a yankee cylinder. These blades experience severe wear and are therefore coated by either chromium oxide or a hard metal coating to make the blades more wear resistant. The coatings are sprayed on to the blade by thermal spraying processes, the chromium oxide coating with plasma spraying and the hard metal coating with "High-Velocity-Oxy-Fuel" (HVOF) spraying. In this thesis wear testing of the coated creping blade using a "slider-on-flat-surface" (SOFS) tribometer has been done to find out which of these coatings that is best suited for coating on the creping blade. When using the SOFS, the creping blade is subjected to a chosen normal force and is scraped against a counterface for a set total distance. In order to execute the wear tests in SOFS, construction and manufacturing of a holder for the creping blades was needed and the creping blades had to be cut to correct geometry. Three concepts were created for the holder and the decicion about which one to manufacture was made with a decision matrix. The new holder holds the creping blades stable in side movements and in the sliding direction. It also keeps the blade at a set angle to the counterface as in the real application. The wear tests consisted of three sliding distances with constant normal load. The blades were analyzed in a stereo microscope and in a scanning electron microscope to identify the wear mechanisms when the wear tests were completed. The major wear mechanisms were abrasive and adhesive wear. Because of porosity in the coatings, the number of cracks increased and fragments from the blades came loose when increasing the sliding distance during the wear tests. It showed that by measuring the eroded width on the blades that the hard metal coated blade had the best wear resistance because of the hard tungsten carbides that lowered the abrasive wear and the crack growth in the coating and because of its higher ductility in comparison to chromium oxide.

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  • 30.
    Tofique, Muhammad Waqas
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics (from 2013).
    Hallbäck, Nils
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Materials Science. Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics (from 2013).
    Development of the distributed dislocation dipole technique for the analysis of closure of complex fractures involving kinks and branches2018In: European journal of mechanics. A, Solids, ISSN 0997-7538, E-ISSN 1873-7285, Vol. 69, p. 168-178Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper presents the development of the distributed dislocation dipole technique (DDDT) for the analysis of straight, kinked and branched cracks where parts of the cracks may close during loading. The method has been developed for plane problems. Crack cases in which closure occurs are analyzed by reformulating the Buecicner's principle, taking into account the contact stresses at the contacting portions of the crack surfaces. Stress intensity factors corresponding to opening and the in-plane sliding mode of deformation at the crack tips are computed. Several test cases involving straight, kinked and/or branched cracks where parts of the cracks undergoes crack surface closure when subjected to the outer loading are analyzed. The results obtained from the DDDT are compared to those obtained from a Finite Element Method (FEM) analysis of the same crack cases. This comparison shows that the computation of stress intensity factors for the cases involving crack surface closure are less accurate than those for fully open crack cases. However, for the cases under consideration, the stress intensity factors were still computed with a maximum difference of approximately 2 per cent compared to the FEM calculations if Jacobi polynomial expansions of at least the twelfth order were used to represent the crack surface opening and sliding displacements. In most cases under consideration, sixth order Jacobi polynomial expansions were sufficient to obtain results within that margin of deviation.

  • 31.
    Tönnberg, William
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics (from 2013).
    Fibre volume fractions’ and printing directions’ effects on tribological and mechanical properties in FDM printed carbon fibre reinforced PEEK: Suitability assessment of FDM printed PEEK-CF to act in a steam engine’s ball joint, by analysis of compressive properties, impact strength, friction and wear2022Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose with this study was to investigate FDM/FFF manufactured carbon fibre reinforced PEEK and assess its suitability to act as a sealing- and bearing material in a modern steam engine’s ball joint. The steam engine is totally free from oil due to the risk of water- and steam contamination. Therefore, water-hydrostatic bearings are used in the ball joints which puts high requirements on the sealing- and bearing material’s mechanical and tribological properties. PEEK specimens containing 10% and 20% short carbon fibres were printed in a Creatbot F430-3D-printer of FDM/FFF type. Compressive strength and stiffness were investigated in approximately 90 °C for both horizontal and vertical printing layers. Impact strength testing was performed in room temperature with the crack directions crack arrest and crack divider. Tribo-discs were printed, polished and their friction and wear investigated in dry sliding as well as in cold and hot water against a stainless steel sheet of EN 1.4301 (SAE 304/AISI 304), rolled to surface finish 2B. 

    Compared with injection moulded or FDM printed PEEK-CF with well optimised printing parameters, all specimens had both exceptionally low strengths (26 MPa – 52 MPa), and compressive stiffnesses (0.20 GPa – 0.61 GPa). Most of the compressive specimens exhibited an additional stiffness change long before yielding, which likely were due to layer sliding. It is probable that a higher chamber temperature would result in both better layer- and fibre-matrix adhesion as well as higher crystallinity which would lead to higher strength and stiffness. Horizontally printed PEEK-CF20 had highest stiffness, impact strength and transversal isotropy. PEEK-CF20 exhibited lower friction and wear than PEEK-CF10. Despite that vertically printed PEEK-CF20 was slightly stronger than the horizontally printed, the low degree of transversal isotropy in a vertical design may be inappropriate since it entails a risk for increased water leakage. Hence, horizontally printed PEEK-CF20 is the most suitable material to be used as interfaces and sealings in the steam engine’s ball joints. 

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    Fibre volume fractions’ and printing directions’ effects on tribological and mechanical properties in FDM printed carbon fibre reinforced PEEK
  • 32.
    Vilardell, A. M.
    et al.
    Nagoya University, Japan.
    Pelcastre, L.
    Luleå University of Technology.
    Dimitrios, Nikas
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics (from 2013). Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Science, Mathematics and Engineering Education Research.
    Krakhmalev, Pavel
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Science, Mathematics and Engineering Education Research. Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics (from 2013).
    Kato, M.
    Aichi Center for Industry and Science Technology, Japan.
    Takata, N.
    Nagoya University, Japan.
    Kobashi, M.
    Nagoya University, Japan.
    B2-structured Fe3Al alloy manufactured by laser powder bed fusion: Processing, microstructure and mechanical performance2023In: Intermetallics (Barking), ISSN 0966-9795, E-ISSN 1879-0216, Vol. 156, article id 107849Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Prealloyed Fe3Al was successfully manufactured by laser powder bed fusion. The best set of process parameters led to parts with a relative density of 99.5 %, a surface roughness, Sa, of 31.5 ± 5.6 μm and a hardness of 319 ± 14 HV0.1. Its microstructure as well as its mechanical properties at room and high temperatures were analyzed. The results of the chemical composition showed minor variations in aluminum content oscillating between 21 and 28 at.% along the melt pool. Additionally, elongated grains were observed to grow parallel to the building direction, as well as the development of a weak 001 texture along the building direction. The mechanical properties were influenced by the temperature. Compression tests showed a loss in strength with the increase in temperature, from a yield strength of 621 ± 40 MPa at room temperature to 89 ± 20 MPa at 650 °C. Reciprocating sliding wear tests showed that fragmentation of the intermetallic at room temperature occurs, whereas plastic deformation dominated at higher temperatures. For all temperatures, tribochemical wear was also present due to the oxidation of wear debris. 

  • 33.
    Wassborg, Pär
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Physics.
    Tribological evaluation of the contact between upper compression ring and cylinder liner with different surface coatings2016Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The constant pursuit in the automotive industry to increase the engines performance, new solutions are always developed and tested to reduce the friction and increase the efficiency in the engine. One component that contributes to friction losses is the piston ring pack where the top compression stands for up to 40 %. This master thesis collaborated with Scania’s material science department Basic engine and covers the friction and wear of four different materials on the cylinder liner surface against the top compression ring.The four tested materials were grey cast iron with different honing quality and three atmospheric plasma sprayed coatings with titanium oxide, chromium oxide and Metco’s mixture F2071 which is a stainless steel mixed with a ceramic. A martensitic steel piston ring with a chromium coated sliding surface was used for all the testing in the Cameron-Plint TE77 test-rig. This is a pin-on-disc test method and the parameters used for testing is set to replicate the environment the ring is exposed to at the top dead centre.The test-rig has been in Scania’s possession for a long time and has not always given a satisfying result. An uneven contact between the ring and liner has been a problem resulting in only worn edges of the liner specimen. The piston ring holder was therefore redesigned to be able to adjust the radius of the ring. This allowed a good conformability between the ring and liner to be obtained.The tested materials were evaluated according to friction and wear. Friction was measured with the test-rig and the wear was calculated with surface profiles that were measured before and after testing. Worn surfaces were studied in a SEM to verify which wear mechanism that was active. The changes of the surfaces was studied with the use of following surface parameters Ra, Rk, Rpk, Rvk and if there was a connection between these parameters and friction and wear coefficient.Independent of honing quality showed the grey cast iron lowest friction coefficient just under 0.13, the F2071 liner showed a friction coefficient just above 0.13. Both oxide layers showed similar friction where the chromium oxide had a friction just below 0.15 and the titanium oxide lay just above 0.15. Lowest wear coefficient had the chromium oxide followed by F2071, titanium oxide and the bad honed grey cast iron. These three liners showed almost the exact same wear coefficient. Worst wear coefficient had the grey cast iron with a good honing quality. A mild abrasive wear mechanism was active during the wear test and vague wear marks was found on the surface. There is no connection between wear coefficient and friction and the change in surface roughness during the test does not affect the friction.

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  • 34.
    Willersjö Nyfelt, Emil
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013).
    Förbättring av snabbkoppling för högtryckshydraulik: Förhindrande av förslitning och oavsiktlig urkoppling2014Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    En snabbkopplingstyp för högtryckshydraulik (1000 Bar = 100 MPa) förbättrades med avseende på kulavtryck och låsmekanism. Kopplingen tenderade att ställa sig i halvlåst läge och kopplas ur oavsiktligt. Arbetet inkluderade minskning av kulavtryck i snabbkopplingens nippel samt förhindrande av oavsiktlig urkoppling och halvlåst läge. Geometriska förändringar och materialbyte ledde till dessa förbättringar. Snabbkopplingen är nu optimerad för hertzkontakter och sannolikheten för oavsiktlig urkoppling är mycket låg. Kopplingen är nu säkrare att hantera och är bättre lämpad att ta upp höga kultryck som orsakade kulavtrycken.

  • 35.
    Wojas, Natalia A.
    et al.
    KTH ;RISE .
    Dobryden, Illia
    KTH ; Luleå University.
    Wallqvist, Viveca
    RISE.
    Swerin, Agne
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences (from 2013).
    Jarn, Mikael
    RISE .
    Schoelkopf, Joachim
    Omya International AG, CHE.
    Gane, Patrick A. C.
    Aalto University, FIN.
    Claesson, Per M.
    KTH ;RISE.
    Nanoscale Wear and Mechanical Properties of Calcite: Effects of Stearic Acid Modification and Water Vapor2021In: Langmuir, ISSN 0743-7463, E-ISSN 1520-5827, Vol. 37, no 32, p. 9826-9837Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Understanding the wear of mineral fillers is crucial for controlling industrial processes, and in the present work, we examine the wear resistance and nanomechanical properties of bare calcite and stearic acid-modified calcite surfaces under dry and humid conditions at the nanoscale. Measurements under different loads allow us to probe the situation in the absence and presence of abrasive wear. The sliding motion is in general characterized by irregular stick-slip events that at higher loads lead to abrasion of the brittle calcite surface. Bare calcite is hydrophilic, and under humid conditions, a thin water layer is present on the surface. This water layer does not affect the friction force. However, it slightly decreases the wear depth and strongly influences the distribution of wear particles. In contrast, stearic acid-modified surfaces are hydrophobic. Nevertheless, humidity affects the wear characteristics by decreasing the binding strength of stearic acid at higher humidity. A complete monolayer coverage of calcite by stearic acid results in a significant reduction in wear but only a moderate reduction in friction forces at low humidity and no reduction at 75% relative humidity (RH). Thus, our data suggest that the wear reduction does not result from a lowering of the friction force but rather from an increased ductility of the surface region as offered by the stearic acid layer. An incomplete monolayer of stearic acid on the calcite surface provides no reduction in wear regardless of the RH investigated. Clearly, the wear properties of modified calcite surfaces depend crucially on the packing density of the surface modifier and also on the air humidity.

  • 36.
    Wojas, Natalia A.
    et al.
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Tyrode, Eric
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Corkery, Robert
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden; Australian National University, Australia.
    Ernstsson, Marie
    RISE, Sweden.
    Wallqvist, Viveca
    RISE, Sweden.
    Jarn, Mikael
    RISE, Sweden.
    Swerin, Agne
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences (from 2013).
    Schoelkopf, Joachim
    Omya International AG, Switzerland.
    Gane, Patrick A. C.
    Aalto University, Finland; University of Belgrade, Serbia.
    Claesson, Per M.
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Calcite Surfaces Modified with Carboxylic Acids (C2 to C18): Layer Organization, Wettability, Stability, and Molecular Structural Properties2023In: Langmuir, ISSN 0743-7463, E-ISSN 1520-5827, Vol. 39, no 42, p. 14840-14852Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A fundamental understanding of the interactions between mineral surfaces and amphiphilic surface modification agents is needed for better control over the production and uses of mineral fillers. Here, we controlled the carboxylic acid layer formation conditions on calcite surfaces with high precision via vapor deposition. The properties of the resulting carboxylic acid layers were analyzed using surface-sensitive techniques, such as atomic force microscopy (AFM), contact angle measurements, angle resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and vibrational sum-frequency spectroscopy. A low wettability was achieved with long hydrocarbon chain carboxylic acids such as stearic acid. The stearic acid layer formed by vapor deposition is initially patchy, but with increasing vapor exposure time, the patches grow and condense into a homogeneous layer with a thickness close to that expected for a monolayer as evaluated by AFM and XPS. The build-up process of the layer occurs more rapidly at higher temperatures due to the higher vapor pressure. The stability of the deposited fatty acid layer in the presence of a water droplet increases with the chain length and packing density in the adsorbed layer. Vibrational sum frequency spectroscopy data demonstrate that the stearic acid monolayers on calcite have their alkyl chains in an all-trans conformation and are anisotropically distributed on the plane of the surface, forming epitaxial monolayers. Vibrational spectra also show that the stearic acid molecules interact with the calcite surface through the carboxylic acid headgroup in both its protonated and deprotonated forms. The results presented provide new molecular insights into the properties of adsorbed carboxylic acid layers on calcite.

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