Many studies are pointing to the fact that cities are experiencing higher temperatures than non-built-up areas. Yet limited can be found on thermal inequalities in the context of vulnerable groups, specifically linked to people living in deprivation. Here, we study heat patterns across vulnerable groups living in deprivation as an important effort that should be paralleled to the other urban climate studies and aim at answering two primary questions: (1) how temperature varies within and across deprived areas, and (2) what the key driving factors are for such variation. We conduct intensive in-situ measurements by involving local residents in air temperature traverse across deprived neighbourhoods and modelling the pattern of air temperature with spatial covariates. We also compare different modelling techniques while securing the interpretability of the air temperature pattern by using understandable spatial covariates, which is especially informative for mitigation and adaptation, and linking scientific exploration and practical solutions. 

Evaluating how land cover is being transformed is essential to identify patterns necessary to infer the change trajectories and the driving factors. This study considers the case of Nigeria, where various natural ecosystems are being converted and for which a current national scale assessment at high spatial resolution is lacking. Producing 30 m Landsat-based time-series data, we analyze change among land cover types (i.e. tree-covered area, grassland, wetland, waterbody, cropland, artificial surface, and otherland) across seven agroecological zones. The annual change intensity was assessed at multi-levels across two time-intervals (i.e. 2000–2013, 2013–2022). Distinguishing between natural land cover and human activity-related land-use, we estimate the extent of change signifying how humans have appropriated natural land cover. Insights from analysis at the interval level reveal that land transformation accelerated from 3.3% in 2000–2013 to 4.5% during 2013–2022 in all agroecological zones (e.g. rainforest, mangrove), except in Sudan savannah and Sahel savannah where speed was higher in 2000–2013 as grasslands were increasingly cultivated. Cropland expanded almost two-fold (22% to 37%), whereas tree-cover declined from 50% to 31% and wetland from 7% to 3.7% over the 23 years. Much loss of natural land cover (e.g. tree-cover, grassland, and wetland) to cropland occurred in 2000–2013 (22%) when most irrigation schemes in Nigeria were established. In contrast, the loss of natural land cover to settlement (0.9%) during 2000–2013 increased to 2.0% in 2013–2022. Of all agroecological zones, the mangrove zone was most disturbed as its persisting land cover areas reduced from 69% to 5% between 2000–2013 and 2013–2022. The amount of persisting land cover was highest in the Sudan savannah at 44% in 2000–2013 and 49% in 2013–2022. Processes of human-appropriated natural land cover in Nigeria are related to urbanization and cropland expansion into natural areas with some instances of natural regeneration, especially in croplands and abandoned settlement areas.

Abstract

Global changes in the climate during the last decade is frequently debated in today`s society. It is established that the climate is getting warmer. The consequences are already noticeable because of the warmer temperature. Since the earth temperature is increasing the weather systems around the world changes. The question is if the increasing temperature has something to do with both frequency and the extent of natural disasters. This question is very important and therefore research must continue to find new and improved facts.

The 4-5 of August in 2004 an area in Hagfors municipality was strike by a serious rain and thunder storm. The following consequences were severe and the road around Rådasjön was totally destroyed in several places. This study is connected to the storm in Hagfors and the current climate changes. The present question is if the storm and its consequences are caused by a warmer climate. Following this study also discusses causes of this storm and its consequences.

The area where this study was performed is tremendously sensitive to water erosion. The latest ice age has affected this area and therefore consists of material from till. Above this Rådasjön is situated in a broken valley that makes the lake very deep and steep sided. During the storm in 2004 there were at lot of material that strived down the steep sides to the lake. This affected not only the roads, but also the people who lived there during the time.

This study investigates students’ conceptions of the causes and processes that form eskers and erratics, types of glacial and glaciofluvial landforms which to date have been little researched in geoscience education. The data collected for the study included 134 responses to an assignment completed by 12- to 13-year-old students in the Swedish national geography test in 2013. The responses were sampled and analyzed using qualitative content analysis. The findings show that many of the students held alternative conceptions regarding the causes of these landforms, which included landslides, meteor impacts and human activity. Although some students were able to give a scientific explanation that considered the possible causes and relevant processes involved in the formation of erratics, many students did not give a full account of these processes. Furthermore, only a few students were able to describe the relevant processes involved in the formation of eskers and were more likely to discuss alternative or glacial processes rather than glaciofluvial processes. Given the lack of research on students’ understanding of glacial processes and landforms in geoscience and geography education, this study contributes with new knowledge of students’ conceptions of eskers and erratics and makes a theoretical contribution to research on students’ alternative conceptions and understanding of sequential and emergent processes in geoscience. The findings provide specific insights for teachers and are useful in the design of classroom practices that can change alternative conceptions and strengthen scientific conceptions.

The aim for the fire brigade of the Karlstad region (below referred to as "the fire brigade") is to expand their use of geographical information systems (GIS). As a step of the expansion the fire brigade has bought the computer software ArcGIS which enables presenting, editing and analyzing of geographical data. What is needed is geographical data and registers adapted for ArcGIS covering the whole region of operation. This degree project has been carried out in order to answer questions concerning the introduction of ArcGIS and the adapted data:

1. Which reference system will be used and how should the fire brigade adapt towards the transition to SWEREF99 TM?
2. Where will the fire brigade store its geographical data and in which data format?
3. Who will assemble, administrate and update the geographical data and registers needed?

The study recommends the fire brigade to use the same reference system in the entire organisation. Therefore the best solution is considered to be using RT90 2,5 gon W for GIS-applications since the operative unit will remain using mentioned reference system. All data suppliers are able to deliver data in RT90 2,5 gon W.

When the operative unit, controlled by SOS-alarm, transcend to SWEREF99 TM the advice is to follow with the rest of the organization. The transition will probably not be made until SOS-alarm stops delivering coordinates in RT90 2,5 gon W. To change reference system into SWEREF99 TM is not technically complicated and Karlstad municipality is offering to help.

Geographical data is recommended to be stored in the format of file-based geodatabase on the fire brigades server space.

Karlstad municipality’s GIS-department is willing to administer and update the geographical data and the authors of this degree project believe suggested solution will be the most appropriate - since that type of competence is missing within the fire brigade.

In this presentation I will highlight how Swedish geography teachers think about their subject and how they enact it. During the autumn 2012 a survey was conducted among 3000 teachers, who teach geography in primary and secondary schools (4–9 grade) in Sweden. Building on analyses of the questionnaire, some basic data about Swedish geography teachers are presented, and some issues about teachers’ different subject approaches and different teacher strategies are discussed. Geography teachers’ subject view varies with e.g. length of education, pedagogical approach and on what level they are teaching. In terms of teacher strategies, more student active approaches can be contrasted with more traditional textbook teaching. The results show that traditional study materials and textbooks are increasingly challenged by less structured forms of source material

This project has been carried out during 10 weeks, and has resulted in a common digital map containing the municipalities of Falun, Borlänge and Säter. To reach the desired result I have had to carry out a number of analyses on the ingoing data, and standardize the data to make the completion of a common map possible. The project has been divided into two large parts, collection and standardization of data, and cartographic adaptation of data. The first part has demanded most time, while considerably less time has been spent on the cartographic adaptation. Data that has been used was collected from the municipalities’ primary maps, the Swedish Land surveying’s parcel map and the Swedish National Road Administration’s National road database (NVDB). The software FME from the manufacturer Safe Software has been a very helpful tool to standardize data, and has been used in a large scale. The routines for updating the data that is suggested, has also been developed with the software. To study and control the look of data, the software ArcGIS from ESRI has been used. ArcGIS has also been used for the cartographic adaptation. The developed map doesn’t claim to be topological correct, even though the topology has been considered in some ways. The focus has been to develop a map that is clear and simple, and that after minor adjustments can be used by other actors other than the Rescue Service of Dala-central. Example of these actors can be other activities within the municipalities, such as the street offices, or external actors who wish to use a common map in their activities.

Climate change (CC) is one of the greatest challenges facing humanity and it is of great importance that education enables students with the knowledge and skills needed for making informed and evidence-based decisions. In this pilot study we examine teachers methods and views of teaching CC. A survey included questions about the teachers’ experience of teaching the topic of climate change and their views on teaching this specific content was distributed to 84 secondary teachers. 28% of the teachers consider geography to be the subject most responsible for teaching CC, 77% report that the aim is to teach the pupils an environmentally friendly behavior. The most used teaching methods are teachers lecturing (used by 89% of the teachers), group discussions (87%) and teacher moderated whole class debates (55%). 44% reported that they have sufficient knowledge for teaching CC, 26% feel that they have enough knowledge about howto teach CC but only 12% believe they have enough time for their teaching. Although CC is perceived as an interdisciplinary issue, relatively few of the teachers reportedly use interdisciplinary work. Both the high level of lecturing and lack of interdisciplinary work can be an consequence of a (over) loaded curriculum. To cooperate with other subjects can be difficult, often the subjects are not only separated by time (different schedules) but also in space (different classrooms). We conclude by giving examples of innovative ways of facing the challenge of teaching CC using innovative pedagogical tools.

Involving interested parties in Flood Risk Management is a crucial and challenging issue. The implementation of the European Flood Directive requires the active participation of stakeholders. But how can this be achieved successfully? This publication gives a brief overview of participation issues in Flood Risk Management in order to prepare for and to assist participatory processes. It provides a synopsis of key issues, findings of literature research and project results in (public) participation in the field of water and flood risk management. 

The focus here is on general aspects of (public) participation. This publication describes an understanding of what participation is and gives some definitions of relevant terms. Furthermore the question “why is participation important?” is considered and reasons for and against participation and potential barriers are described. Guidelines for the key questions that should be addressed before a participation process is started are offered and different working steps are explained. Finally, some examples of methods and tools for participation are described.

However, this short description can only give an overview and orientation of this broad field. In fact, each project and process has to be adapted to the respective situation and conditions. Nevertheless, this brochure might contribute to the participatory process in Flood Risk Management and help to involve interested parties as required by the EU Floods Directive.

In recent times the demand of high resolution 3D data has seen a rise, and the applications of airborne LiDAR data are increasing. Automatic extraction of building roofs is important in many of these applications such as city modelling. In 2018, Lantmäteriet (the Swedish mapping, cadastral and land registration authority) is planning a new flight to collect airborne LiDAR data. This data may become useful in extracting roof planes. The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate automatic methods for extracting buildings from airborne LiDAR data, and to perform a quality assessment of the footprints.This thesis proposes specific methods of extraction in using software called ArcGIS Pro and FME. The method was to process raw LiDAR points by separating the ground points, and finding building points through plane detection of points in clusters. Vegetation was removed using height difference of the points and the area. Polygons were created from the building points and a quality assessment was then carried out concerning completeness, accuracy and RMSE. The result on four different data sets shows a more appropriate extraction in FME. Lower point density sometimes leads to better extraction of buildings because of less vegetation. Higher point density has the advantage of higher accuracy and can extract smaller buildings, but includes more vegetation. The proposed method is recommended for larger buildings (>25 m²) and a LiDAR point density around 12 points/m².

A 3873 km² large rectangular area of the Precambrian basement in south-western Sweden has been investigated regarding gross morphology of palaeosurfaces. GIS and digital elevation data were used to construct maps of relative relief and absolute relief and E-W trending height profiles. Three different palaeosurfaces were recognised and delimited; the very even sub-Cambrian peneplain in the east at an intermediate altitudinal position, an uplifted and broken part of the sub-Cambrian peneplain in the centre at the highest present elevation, and in the western coastal areas a joint valley landscape with high relative relief, probably an exhumed Mesozoic etch-surface. Phanerozoic faulting has dissected the different palaeosurfaces into tectonic blocks, which are shown from trend surface analysis to be tilted in different directions and to different degrees, characteristic and decisive for the morphological development

Lessons learning from systematic analyses of past natural disasters is of great importance for future risk reduction and vulnerability management, not least in times of climate change and emerging climate-related risks. Systematic analyses of impact and assessment of past events have commonly been produced in many sectors, but the knowledge is seldom shared outside the own organization. As a response to a government commission in 2005 to meet up with this problem, the Swedish Rescue Services Agency (SRSA) has built and works on a knowledge database. The work is also one activity within the Swedish multi-sectoral national platform for disaster reduction, which was founded in 2007 in line with commitments to the UN/ISDR Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015. This presentation demonstrates the methodology where over 30 organizations gave their view of requirements, design and common weal. A brief view of the database content and arising holistic perspective is also given. The resulting information system gathers accident reports, investigations and in-depth analyses, together with societal additional costs and mappings of consequences from central and local governments, NGO and private actors. Information is compiled by SRSA about hazard cause, pre-event prevention, early warning and preparedness, hazard evolution and response, consequences to human, society and environment and last, in focus, lessons learned. All material is publicly shared. The compilations offer holistic perspectives and thorough analyses of historical natural hazards where LPHC (low probability high consequences) disasters usually comprise most data, since they often are met with surprise and highlights the failure to integrate resilience into normal societal planning. During the last 50 years, several LPHC events in Sweden has functioned as an alarm clock and entailed major changes and improvements in government policies or legislations, safety management systems, risk assessments, response training, stakeholder communication, etc. The gathered material is useful in educational activities and planning of society to foster a holistic approach towards disaster risk reduction and increased coping capacity. Building a knowledge database of historical disasters that have, or have not, contributed in building resilience in society, makes it possible to incorporate lessons learning into the memory of systems instead of leaving it in the memory of people

In high latitudes, landscapes of low relief are known to contain residues of pre-glacial deep weathering, or etching, which testify to limited modification of the pre-glacial relief by the Pleistocene ice sheets. In this thesis landforms in all scales are classified according to their process of formation. Etched landforms are identified and used as a basis to describe the subsequent glacial reshaping. Large- and medium-scale landform characteristics and patterns of spatial distribution are mapped using digital elevation data on a 50-m grid and air-photos. Medium- and small-scale landforms are studied and documented in field. It is shown that landforms within the glacially scoured Precambrian basement of SW Sweden are closely related to the principal structural pattern of the bedrock. It is concluded that this pattern is more compatible with differential etching than glacial erosion, even if multiple ice flows in different directions are considered. Etched rock basins occur in all levels along the Swedish west coast. Their shape and distribution are clearly adjusted to the joint pattern as shown by their location along joints or joint intersections. The basins coalesce as they grow and start to form a maze-like pattern of topographic depressions separated by more compact upland surfaces. Basin development is identified as an important component of long-term landform evolution and the transformation of a primary upland into a surface of low relief with residual hills. Other forms are directly related to the development of basins. High cliffs occur where master joints form marginal scarps to the basin. Basement areas in between master joints form hills. Deep narrow clefts have developed through etching and in their lower parts small-scale etchforms like corestones, corestone initiations, deeply weathered sheet slabs and thick exfoliation occasionally have been preserved throughout the glaciations.

Glacial reshaping of the ancient landforms is studied along a profile crossing three different types of palaeorelief, ranging from a pediplain to an etchsurface with relative relief of 20-135 m. It is shown that increased relief promotes enhanced glacial reshaping, but the magnitude of glacial erosion is considerably less than the amplitude of the palaeorelief. The pre-glacially etched relief is decisive for the efficiency of glacial erosion and limited glacial reshaping results when the ice flow crosses this structural relief.

The thesis emphasises the importance of using a long-term evolutionary approach to glacial landscapes in high latitudes, as well as landform analysis, to separate the sequence of exogenic processes that have formed the landscape.

Att mäta sårbarhet mot risker och hot i vårt samhälle lyfts i olika sammanhang fram som allt viktigare för att uppnå en effektivare riskhantering och ett robustare samhälle. I klimat- och sårbarhetsutredningen (SOU 2007:60) slår man fast att risken för naturolyckor ökar på många håll och att det är nödvändigt att påbörja anpassningen så snart som möjligt. I det perspektivet är det nödvändigt att inledningsvis skapa en klar bild över hur sårbarheterna ser ut och var de finns. Rimligen bör man också fundera över vad sårbarhet mot naturolyckor ska omfatta och vilka mätetal som är intressanta att ta fram. Avsikten med den här kunskapsöversikten är att ge en orientering av sårbarhet som begrepp och utifrån det diskutera hur sårbarhetsindikatorer kankonstrueras

Lessons learning from systematic analyses of past natural disasters is of great importance for future risk reduction and vulnerability management. It is one crucial piece of a puzzle towards disaster resilient societies, together with e.g. models of future emerging climate-related risks, globalization or demographic changes. Systematic analyses of impact and management of past events have commonly been produced in many sectors, but the knowledge is seldom shared outside the own organization or produced for other actors. To increase the availability of reports and documents, the Swedish Rescue Services Agency has created the Swedish Natural Hazards Information System, in accordance with a government commission from 2005. The system gathers accident reports, investigations and in-depth analyses, together with societal additional costs and mappings of consequences from central and local governments, NGOs and private actors. Evaluation of the collection reveals large differences in quality, systematic approach, depth and extent, clearly consistent with the lack of coherent harmonization of investigation and reporting approaches. Type of hazard, degree of impact and time elapsed since present are decisive for the collectedvolume. LPHC (low probability high consequences) disasters usually comprise most data and analytical activities, since they often are met with surprise and highlight the failure to integrate resilience into normal societal planning. During the last 50 years, several LPHC events in Sweden have functioned as alarm clocks and entailed major changes and improvements in government policies or legislations, safety management systems, risk assessments,response training, stakeholder communication, etc. Such an event occurred in January 2005 when Northern Europe was confronted with one of the most severe storms in modern history. Accidents that caused 24 fatalities occurred (17 in Sweden), several regions in UK and Germany were flooded and extensive areas of storm-felled forests left nearly one million households in Scandinavia without electricity. In Sweden the quantity of storm-felled trees was equivalent to the combined volume felled by other storms during the whole of the 20th century, which caused exceptional damage to forests, roads, railways and electricity and telecommunications networks, including cellphones. Follow-ups and evaluations at local level, as regulated by law, together with government commissions to central authorities and interest from research communities, have resulted in an extensive production of documented lessons learning. Our case study describes their thematic extent, identifies different perspectives in relation to their basis for analyses, emphasizes the complementary need of a holistic perspective and puts the Swedish systematic procedure into an international comparison

The granite area of Bohuslän along the Swedish west-coast is characterised by an abundance of rock basins of different sizes. Within a 163 km2 large part of the area over 400 basins occur, ranging in size from less than 0.005 km2 up to almost 2 km2. These basins were measured, described and classified from air-photos according to their length, width, area, altitude, shape, boundaries, openness and relation to joint configuration. The depth of basins was collected from digital elevation data. Their distributions and shapes are clearly associated with the visible jointing patterns, as shown by their location along joints or joint intersections, by joint-guided enlargement and similarity between directions of long axis of basins and principal tectonic lineaments in the Bohus granite. The patterns and characteristics of basins suggest that deep selective weathering had been the primary process involved in the origin and evolution of basins. Later they have been reshaped and possibly stripped of saprolites by glacial processes in the Pleistocene. Dating of deep weathering responsible for basin initiation and origin is difficult, although the complex story of Mesozoic weathering, Late Cretaceous burial and Late Tertiary exhumation is not without support

Lessons learning from systematic analyses of past natural disasters is of great importance for future risk reduction and vulnerability management. It is one crucial piece of a puzzle towards disaster resilient societies, together with e.g. models of future emerging climate-related risks, globalization or demographic changes. Systematic analyses of impact and management of past events have commonly been produced in many sectors, but the knowledge is seldom shared outside the own organization or produced for other actors. LPHC (low probability high consequences) disasters usually comprise most analytical activities, since they often are met with surprise and highlight the failure to integrate resilience into normal societal planning. During the last 50 years, several LPHC events in Sweden have functioned as alarm clocks and entailed major changes and improvements in government policies or legislations, safety management systems, risk assessments, response training, stakeholder communication, etc. Such an event occurred in January 2005 when Northern Europe was confronted with one of the most severe storms in modern history. Accidents that caused 24 fatalities occurred (17 in Sweden), several regions in UK and Germany were flooded and extensive areas of storm-felled forests left nearly one million households in Scandinavia without electricity. In Sweden the quantity of storm-felled trees was equivalent to the combined volume felled by other storms during the whole of the 20th century, which caused exceptional damage to forests, roads, railways and electricity and telecommunications networks, including cell-phones. Follow-ups and evaluations at local level, as regulated by law, together with government commissions to central authorities and interest from research communities, have resulted in an extensive production of documented lessons learning. The production of in total 24 reports, 7 scientific articles and 2 economic reports from business associations divides thematically quite equally within coping capacity and exposed and susceptible elements. Most attention allots crisis management and response issues (45 %). Only one attempt is made to present a holistic view of the event and it is not a law bounded initiative. Evaluations from other recent events, e.g. the flood 2000 in Arvika and the landslide at Munkedal 2006, show the same clear focus on crisis management and less or none consideration taken to environmental, social or socioeconomic consequences. It reflects the traditional political financial will to invest in a high level on response capacity on expense of preventive work

Configuration of granite sheet fractures has been reconstructed for the island Ramsvik (c. 9 km²) at the Swedish west-coast. The reconstruction suggests that the sheeting once formed eight antiformal domes separated by valleys or basin-like depressions connected with a rhombic joint pattern. Today the domes are dissected and eroded into c.70 separate hills. Long-term landform development invol-ves Mesozoic deep weathering with subsequent stripping of saprolite and Quaternary glacial reshap-ing of ancient relief. Same type of sheet structures has developed through both 920 Ma granite and a 50-70 m wide Permian rhomb porphyry dyke, which constrain their oldest possible age. We suggest that this type of large scale sheet structures results from vertical unloading of rocks that formed at depth under high triaxial compression. Thick sequences of coarse clastic sediments in Triassic rift basins westwards indicate that unloading of Palaeozoic cover rocks occurred after uplift and erosion. The unloading released the high N-S crustal compression built up in the granite during the Variscan tectonic regime. Mesozoic differential weathering and stripping exposed the domical relief before renewed burial beneath cover rocks in connection with the Late Cretaceous transgression. It is un-certain when exhumation of the Mesozoic surface started, with a possible second weathering phase, but studies of sediment compaction offshore point at a Neogene uplift in the area

Landforms are used as analytical tools to separate inherited features from the glacial impact on Precambrian basement rocks in southwest Sweden. The study covers three different palaeosurfaces, the sub-Cambrian peneplain (relative relief 0-20 m) with the character of a pediplain, an uplifted and dissected part of the sub-Cambrian peneplain (r.r. 5-40 m) and an etchsurface (r.r. 20-135 m), presumably sub-Mesozoic. The surfaces were recently re-exposed, probably due to a Neogene upheaval with some pre-glacial reshaping. Strong structural control and no alignment with glacial erosional directions other than those coinciding with structures, are arguments for etch processes as a most important agent for relief differentiation. This is strengthened by the occurrence of saprolite residues and etchforms in protected positions.

The glacial reshaping of the sub-Cambrian flat bedrock surfaces is negligible. The glacial impact becomes more evident in the uplifted and dissected parts of the peneplain and within the hilly sub-Mesozoic surface. The higher the initial relief the more effect of glacial erosion on individual hills, both on the abrading side with formation of roches moutonnées and on the plucking side. Detailed etchforms are preserved in protected positions in spite of erosion by a clearly wet-based ice. The magnitude of the Pleistocene glacial erosion is considerably less than the amplitude of the palaeorelief in the entire area.

Landscapes of areal glacial scouring have been described as comprised of irregular depressions with intervening bosses scraped by ice and labelled knock and lochan topography, but we suggest that an etched bedrock surface is a prerequisite for this type of landscape to develop.

A 357 km2 wide area in south-western Sweden is examined regarding Tertiary morphotectonics and characteristic relief of the sub-Cambrian peneplain. The relief of the sub-Cambrian peneplain is studied in a geographical information system (GIS) and geostatistical modelling is applied to digital elevation and geological data. Linear trend surface analysis is used for the purpose of describing the morphotectonics of fragmented parts of the sub-Cambrian peneplain. The trend surface analysis requires digital information of outcrops, bedrock type, tectonic pattern and elevation data and it is described in the report how this information can be produced digitally. The analysis reveals that the sub-Cambrian peneplain is separated into fault bounded blocks, which are arranged in a stepwise manner with blocks leaning towards NNW, with an inclination in the range of 0.2-0.4 %.



Spatial interpolation techniques, distance-weighted moving averages and triangulation, are used on regolith thickness data from wells, to describe the relief of the Precambrian bedrock surface below the Quaternary loose deposits in the immediate contact with Cambro-Silurian cover rocks. The resulting patterns from the interpolations of the Quaternary regolith thickness unveil a varied relief, different from the extremely flat Precambrian surface usually described near Cambro-Silurian cover rocks in southern Sweden.

The mining industry has been an important commerce in Norberg. When this activity ended, it resulted in unemployment for the workers in the mining industry.

My investigation aimed to analyse and find possible connections between the mining industry and alternations of the society.

In my study I focused upon the following issues:

- Has the mining industry been of importance for the growth/recession of the society Norberg?

- What was extracted from the mines at Klackbergsfältet and in which quantities?

- What the use of Klackbergsfältet today?

To be able to accomplish this investigation with the desired analysis I learnt the rudiments of the software ArcGIS deskop.

The study shows that the mining industry has been of importance for the recession of Norberg, but the study can not show a negative effect for the structure of the society, as the population turn out to have been stable in the study.

Mapping alpine vegetation at a meso-scale (catchment level) using remote sensing presents difficulties due to a patchy distribution and heteregeneous spectral appearance of the plant cover. We discuss issues of generalization and accuracy assessment in this case study when using a digital CIR air photo for an automatic classification of the dominant plant communities. About 10 plant communities could be classified with acceptable accuracy where the chosen classification scheme determined the final outcome. If a high resolution pixel mosaic is generalized to units that match the positional accuracy of simple GPS this generalization may also influence the information content of the image

This study focuses on structural and lithological controls exerted on landscape development in the basement terrain along the NW coast of Sweden, reflected in morphometric characteristics of medium-size rock-cut basins derived from air photos analysis. In this area fracture patterns have been critical for landform development and the majority of basins has developed along fractures, or at their intersections, or are bounded by fractures. No significant quantitative differences exist between granite and gneiss bedrock, evidently because fracture patterns disregard lithological boundaries. Likewise, intra-lithological variability is best attributed to different patterns of fracturing in each test area. Reasons for the prominence of fracture control probably are sought in morphotectonic setting and limited time span for etching. Despite multiple glaciations, effects of glacial processes are minor at this scale of inquiry

This text aims to discuss and analyse media material in video form produced by The Swedish educational radio. The material is available to find on their website UrPlay and can be viewed by whomever. The material is analysed in relation to the Swedish curriculum and its course specific syllabus in geography. The aim is to get an understanding of how well the material produced meets the expectations of said curriculum. It also aims to see what variation there is to the material found under the geography category on UrPlay and what its variation says about geography as a school subject. Both The Swedish educational radio and The Swedish School board are organisations owned by the Swedish government hence there should be a connection between material and curriculum. The usage of media platforms and film in educational purposes have been researched and a broader perspective than just geography have been taken into consideration. Choice of methodology for collection data is a qualitative analysis and consists of analysis and general review of five videos found under the geography category on UrPlay. In the result part of this project, the connections between material and geography syllabus are demonstrated. The result is demonstrated by thorough briefings of chosen videos. It is then viewed in relation to the syllabus and what parts of the syllabus that are covered in said videos. In the analyse section of this text that aims to critically analyse the material in relation to the syllabus it becomes evident that the majority of videos are not subject specific to geography. It rather shares the content with other subjects and to some part fill more criteria of other syllabuses. However, it does fulfil some parts of the geography syllabus. In the conclusion the results are discussed and shows that the material fills the criteria of the syllabus to some extent. Thereafter a general discussion and flaws within the project are presented.

På grund av inträffade översvämningar under senare år har behovet av effektiva åtgärder vid förebyggande arbete och katastrofhantering av händelserna ökat. Geografiska informationssystem (GIS) används till att visualisera utbredning av översvämningar, till att analysera underlag för riskkartering och som beslutsstöd vid katastrofinsatser. I rapporten tas upp hur GIS använts i olika studier om översvämningsproblematik, både i Sverige och internationellt. Kort berörs även att GIS-teknik i ökande omfattning utnyttjas i webbaserade tjänster bl.a. för informationsförmedling och riskvarning om översvämningar. 

En förutsättning för att tillförlitliga GIS-analyser av översvämningsrisk skall kunna göras är att översvämningsmodelleringen håller hög noggrannhet. Enligt flera studier kräver detta att detaljerade höjddata finns att tillgå. Sådana har på senare år börjat bli tillgängliga genom datainsamling via flygburen laserskanning. En ny höjdmodell med förbättrad noggrannhet är under uppbyggnad i Sverige och en liknande utveckling sker internationellt.

Ett antal internationella exempel på metodstudier kring GIS-baserad uppskattning av konsekvenser av översvämningar beskrivs. Hittills har främst ekonomiska konsekvenser undersökts, och i mindre utsträckning miljömässiga, sociala och kulturella påföljder, vilket efterfrågas i EU:s översvämningsdirektiv. En metod som provats bl.a. i Tyskland är multikriterieanalys baserat på rasterdata i GIS, varvid geografisk variation i olika faktorer kan sammanvägas som kriterier på översvämningsrisk. Detta ger förbättrade möjligheter att inräkna även ekonomiskt svårmätbara konsekvenser i riskbedömningen.

Solifluction movement rates from 1952 to 2008 for the Abisko region, N Sweden, have been compiled and analysed through correlation tests and multiple regression. It is concluded that movement rates may increase with high mean annual air temperature in the western part of the region, the spatial variability of movement rates within the region is very high and that altitude (and/or permafrost) together with wetness index are the main controls on the regional spatial variation. The study highlights the limitations in establishing statistical relationships between movement rates and climate using data from different field empirical studies

Climate change is one of the biggest concerns of today and within sustainble development you can find the answers, if you choose to follow them. The future need innovativ people to work on alternative solutions to fossil fuel. The negativ greenhhouse effect caused by humans needs to stopp so the global temperature increase stayes below 2 degreeds. In order to get those innovative people, they need an education first. This study will, among other things, try to answer questions as how teachers in geography teach about climate change and what the goal is with their education. The issue of didactics what, how and why is the startingpoint for the analysis work and the issues that the result has been divided in to.

In previous research there is a disire to develop the teacher education and that already working teachers should have the availability to do in-service training just in order to make sure that the education is as good as possible.

The geography curriculum for secondary school is comprehensive and a big part of the purpose of the curriculum is about sustainble development, the main content and knowledge requirements is about climate change. The purpose with the study is to find out what teachers teach about regarding climate change.

The method used in the study is semistructured interviews with four secondary teachers in geography. From the interviews it was found that teacher's teaching tries to be as comprehensive as possible about climate change and that they believe that they have enough knowlede to teach about this topic.

The main landforms within the glacially scoured Precambrian rocks of the Swedish west coast are closely connected to the principal structural pattern and have lately been explained as mainly a result of etch processes, probably during the Mesozoic and with a possible second period of etching during the Neogene. To explore the effect of multiple glacial erosion on the rock surfaces, an island with two different lithologies and with striae from different direction was selected for a detailed study, focusing on the shape of roches moutonnées. Air-photo interpretation of bedrock lineaments and roches moutonnées combined with detailed field mapping and striae measurements are used to interpret the structural and lithological control on the resulting shape. The study reveals a significant difference in shape between roche moutonnées in augen-granite and orthogneiss. Low elongated and streamlined roche moutonnées occur in the gneiss area, striated by a Late Weichselian ice flow from the NE. This ice flow is sub-parallel with both the local dominant trend of topographically well expressed joints and the schistosity of the gneiss. Frequently there are no signs of quarrying on the lee-sides of the gneiss roches moutonnées and hence they are resembling the shape of whalebacks, as typically are associated with the exposed basal weathering surface found in tropical areas. The granite roche moutonnées are formed by an older ice flow from ESE, which closely followed the etched WNW-ESE joint system of the granite. The Late Weichselian ice flow from NE caused only minor changes of the landforms. On the contrary, marks of this early ESE ice flow is poorly preserved in the gneiss area, where it probably never had any large effect as the flow was perpendicular to both schistosity and structures, and accordingly also to the pre-glacial relief. The study demonstrates that coincidence between ice flow direction and pre-glacially etched structures are most determining for the effects of glacial erosion