The purpose of the essay was to study how flooding risks affects the physical planning generally, and also to do a case study regarding flooding risks in Karlstad and how these affect the municipality vision of growth: “Karlstad 100 000”. The study has mainly been made through literature studies and scrutinises of various investigations and development plans.
During recent years Sweden has been struck by several, both severe and minor, floods of areas related to seas and watercourses, which has resulted in serious environmental consequences, economic loss and severe damage to infrastructure and other societal functions. And now, climate change is expected to make the problems even worse. The vulnerability of society regarding floods is dependent on how severe the change is going to be, but also on how much consideration is taken to risks in the shaping of physical planning. Many of the problems revealed during earlier high flows could have been solved if the unburden capacity of the watercourse had been better and if buildings and other infrastructure had been planned in consideration of high flows and flooding risks.
The municipalities has, in consequence of their planning monopoly, the greatest influence on the shaping of physical planning, hence a large part of the responsibility for the mitigation work is on them. But mitigating the built environment to flooding risks often collide with economic interest in the municipalities, for example building houses in close proximity to water, which denotes the risk that the necessary measures wont be taken. Unsure and contradictory information, short-term thinking in planning and an obvious tendency for urbanisation leading to an increased vulnerability for nature risks are other factors that complicates the mitigation work.
Karlstad is one of the cities threatened by floods when the climate is changing. The close proximity to Vänern and the fact that Klarälven runs through the city makes it vulnerable to high flows. This creates a problem for the municipality regarding the work with physical planning and “Karlstad 100 000”. The municipality has based a large part of it’s marketing on the close proximity to the water and the possibility for estuaries next to water in order to attract new inhabitants to Karlstad. They argue that the state of knowledge is to uncertain, and thereby choose not to incorporate the recommendations regarding no new buildings on land threatened by floods. Instead, the municipality has chosen to investigate technical solutions to the problem, which could be considered a far more short term and also very expensive way of dealing with the problem. Thus, the short term economic profits seem to get the upper hand in the weighing between risks and economic interests.