To comprehensively understand online communication behavior, a theoretical framework applied must capture the whole range of ambivalence between toxic and prosocial forms of online engagement. Although the concept of the Online Disinhibition Effect (ODE) provides a useful ground, it is theoretically underdeveloped. Building on the ODE and adding relevant aspects through a literature review, we propose a comprehensive model consisting of three analytical dimensions: (1) (intra-)individual and social antecedents including personal traits, attitudes, group characteristics, and cultural contexts and values, (2) communication and media environments as antecedents comprising platform affordances as well as news characteristics, and (3) (situational) correlates which include individuals’ situational states as well as user interactions and dynamics. Our Online Communication Disinhibition Model (OCDM) is able to capture individual and public communication on diverse platforms and in different modalities and can be used to study disinhibition in various subdisciplines of media and communication studies.