Space tourism, a niche segment of the aviation industry, has radically altered the private sector. A noticeable trend in this market has been the development of commercial space with numerous start-ups and ventures underway. Adopting a concept-driven approach, we conduct a hybrid review to sketch the emerging market areas in space tourism and provided insights into tourists' behavioral responses. Our results are supplemented by an analysis of public viewpoints on space-faring to gauge their alignment with academic views on space tourism. We also develop an integrative framework to elucidate how personality interacts with scenario to influence the feelings, thoughts, and behaviors of space tourists and their responses toward space tourism. We recognize critical gaps in previous literature and propose the following recommendations to guide future research: 1) Conceptualization of travel services and tourism typology in the new space market; 2) theoretical contribution on pragmatic and semantic levels; 3) need for empirical and multi-disciplinary studies; 4) investigating the role of ethical issues on bilateral arguments toward commercialized space tourism; 5) integrating stakeholders' perspectives to maximize the socioeconomic impacts of space tourism and environmental sustainability; 6) media platforms and application of new technologies; and 7) role of scientific journals in knowledge enhancement.

A rapid development of transportation, digitalisation, and pandemic 2020–2021 contributed to the instability of job demand and job insecurity, which can be mentally draining for employees and affect their well-being. While the impact of transformation in the tourism and hospitality industry is emerging, relevant research regarding the impact of this transformation on employee well-being is scarce in the literature, specifically in the food and beverage industry. Therefore, this research seems to have a number of contributions to employee well-being in this critical edge. This chapter is trying to address the following questions: What are the most important antecedents of employee well-being in the food and beverage industry? To what extent employee well-being could increase employee engagement and decrease employee turnover intention? The conceptual model for this study is tested based on responses from employees of seven restaurants in the city of Santander, Spain. The findings of our study improve the understanding of the link between employee well-being, employee engagement, and their turnover intention. The implications of this study provide a different road map of which human resource tools (e.g., training) are to be managed and used in the food and beverage industry.

Gamification approach recently has sparked interest among researchers as a new trend of increasing customer engagement (CE) in business-to-consumer (B2C) contexts. However, there is a dearth of exploratory specifically in Iran Market. This study aims to provide deeper insights into process of customer engagement by analysis of key factors in effectiveness of gamification. In order to achieve this aim, two main research phase were planned:1) detailed literature review on current studies in this scope and 2) Exploratory semi-structured interview with experts of gamification in small and medium enterprise (SMEs) in information technology (IT) industry in Iran. The synthesis of findings identified there are many game mechanics uses in designing games, which three key factors of feedback, gift and challenge have found to be more effective studies that confirm the effectiveness of gamified mechanism in process of CE, in our sample based on gamified engagement mechanism. Implication of this study may help practitioners in developing more effective gamified CE strategies.

This study applies complexity theory to explain how a cognitive-affective model indicates canal boat tour participants' desired behaviour. An in-situ survey was administered to collect data from 202 boat tour participants following a tour of the Canal du Faux-Rempart in Strasbourg, France. The study applies an asymmetrical analysis to investigate the cognitive-affective factors deriving participants’ intentions to recommend canal boat tours. This study uses an asymmetrical approach to explore causal recipes from three configurations of socio-demographic factors with prior experience and cognitive and affective factors, leading to both high and low scores of recommendation intention. An analysis of necessary conditions was performed to identify the factors required to achieve the expected outcome. The results revealed that complexity theory supports causal interactions, leading to intention to recommend. Overall image, perceived quality, emotion and satisfaction are necessary factors to recommend canal boat tours. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications.

Drawing on cumulative prospect theory (CPT), we measured the risk and motivational factors involved in “canal boat tours” and used these to test conceptual models to predict canal boat tour participant’s behavioural intentions in France. Data were collected using face-to-face questionnaire surveys and subjected to rigorous analysis. In-depth interviews provided deeper insight into participants’ post-purchase behaviour. Assessment of the study results using two key features of CPT – diminishing sensitivity and risk aversion – confirmed that this theory can explain how risk and motivational factors interact to drive canal boat tour participants’ post-purchase behaviours.

Hospitality has been an evident characteristic of Iranian society since ancient times. This chapter discusses the meaning of hospitality from the perspective of the cultural and traditional beliefs present in Iranian literature, religious beliefs, and food customs and deliveries. Reviewing the history of hospitality in Iran yields considerable evidence that this tradition dates to ancient times. This chapter shows that Iranian hospitality has been overlooked in research and suggests that exploring diverse aspects of it can aid tourism practitioners identify areas with potential and improve quality of service in its delivery.

This study aims to identify how the paradigm of outbound tourism expenditure (OTE) research transforms from economic to social concern. It also explicates the evolution of OTE from an advocacy platform to a sustainability platform. This study adopts a hybrid of narrative and systematic reviews to study OTE as a complex social phenomenon. This hybrid review is complemented by a thematic review and semantic network analysis on gaps and future directions of relevant studies. The results reveal that the paradigm of OTE research is directed from economic toward social thinking. This study proposes an application of socially related antecedent configurations, social theories, pragmatic methods, and various scales of study contexts as promising solutions to address the complexity and heterogeneity of OTE. The study concludes that the conceptual structure of OTE is premised on a sustainability platform, which is influenced by socio-cultural, environmental, economic, and political issues. This study provides a road map that enlightens the current state of OTE, prevailing topics, and pathways for further research.

This study contributes to the literature by offering a novel analytical approach to solving complex interactions of tourism expenditure antecedents, advancing the theoretical reasoning behind the way in which socioeconomic indicators of prosperity combine to explain tourism expenditure on an international scale. The study explored a variety of configurations sufficient for simulation of both high and low scores of outbound tourism expenditures that have policy implications in both destination countries and countries of origin. We used complexity theory and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to analyze a composite score of 5-year data for 105 countries. The predictive validity results indicated the capacity of the proposed model to predict future outcome using other samples. The results expand our knowledge of the asymmetrical relationships of tourism expenditure and its antecedents.