Change search
Link to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Publications (10 of 13) Show all publications
Vilardell, A. M., Cantillo Alzamora, V., Bauso, L. V., Madrid, C., Krakhmalev, P., Albu, M., . . . Garcia-Giralt, N. (2023). Effect of Heat Treatment on Osteoblast Performance and Bactericidal Behavior of Ti6Al4V(ELI)-3at.%Cu Fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion. Journal of Functional Biomaterials, 14(2), Article ID 63.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Effect of Heat Treatment on Osteoblast Performance and Bactericidal Behavior of Ti6Al4V(ELI)-3at.%Cu Fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion
Show others...
2023 (English)In: Journal of Functional Biomaterials, E-ISSN 2079-4983, Vol. 14, no 2, article id 63Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Cu addition to alloys for biomedical applications has been of great interest to reduce bacterial growth. In situ-alloyed Ti6Al4V(ELI)-3at.%Cu was successfully manufactured by laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF). Even so, post-heat treatments are required to avoid distortions and/or achieve required/desired mechanical and fatigue properties. The present study is focused on the investigation of microstructural changes in L-PBF Ti6Al4V(ELI)-3at.%Cu after stress relieving and annealing treatments, as well as their influence on osteoblast and bactericidal behavior. After the stress relieving treatment, a homogenously distributed β phase and CuTi2 intermetallic precipitates were observed over the αʹ matrix. The annealing treatment led to the increase in amount and size of both types of precipitates, but also to phase redistribution along α lamellas. Although microstructural changes were not statistically significant, such increase in β and CuTi2 content resulted in an increase in osteoblast proliferation after 14 days of cell culture. A significant bactericidal behavior of L-PBF Ti6Al4V(ELI)-3at.%Cu by means of ion release was found after the annealing treatment, provably due to the easier release of Cu ions from β phase. Biofilm formation was inhibited in all on Cu-alloyed specimens with stress relieving but also annealing treatment. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI, 2023
Keywords
aluminum, copper, titanium, vanadium, Article, bacterial growth, bacterial strain, bactericidal activity, bone mineralization, cell proliferation, cell viability, colony forming unit, controlled study, energy dispersive X ray spectroscopy, Escherichia coli, heat treatment, human, human cell, nonhuman, osteoblast, particle size, powder bed fusion, scanning electron microscopy, Staphylococcus aureus, X ray diffraction, bactericidal effect, laser powder bed fusion, microstructure, osteoblast activity, Ti–Cu alloys
National Category
Materials Engineering
Research subject
Materials Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-93966 (URN)10.3390/jfb14020063 (DOI)000939144300001 ()2-s2.0-85148860618 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2023-03-20 Created: 2023-03-20 Last updated: 2024-05-02Bibliographically approved
Vilardell, A. M., Hosseini, S. B., Åsberg, M., Dahl-Jendelin, A., Krakhmalev, P., Oikonomou, C. & Hatami, S. (2021). Evaluation of post-treatments of novel hot-work tool steel manufactured by laser powder bed fusion for aluminum die casting applications. Materials Science & Engineering: A, 800, 1-11, Article ID 140305.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Evaluation of post-treatments of novel hot-work tool steel manufactured by laser powder bed fusion for aluminum die casting applications
Show others...
2021 (English)In: Materials Science & Engineering: A, ISSN 0921-5093, E-ISSN 1873-4936, Vol. 800, p. 1-11, article id 140305Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Additive manufacturing is a good alternative to conventional methods for the production of near net shape geometries with high geometric complexity shorter lead times, being a good option for the manufacturing of dies for die casting process. In this research, a novel hot-work tool steel for aluminum die casting applications manufactured by laser powder bed fusion was investigated. As-built and stress-relieved (AS-B + SR) state was established and used as the reference condition, and subsequent post-treatments were added and compared to the reference condition. Test parts were evaluated using tensile, impact, hardness and thermal fatigue testing. Compared to the reference condition, heat treatment (HT), significantly increased the hardness, yield and ultimate tensile strengths of the material, due to the obtained tempered martensite microstructure. Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) prior to HT significantly increased the impact toughness and ductility, and slightly increased the yield and ultimate tensile strength values compared to the HT condition. The addition of nitriding treatment after HT, without intermedium HIP step, resulted in the highest surface hardness and lowest impact toughness. Thermal fatigue was mostly affected by the hardness and the softening of the material during the thermal fatigue testing. Results showed that a high surface hardness resulted in a higher thermal fatigue crack nucleation, meanwhile conditions with a high softening during thermal fatigue performance resulted in a higher crack propagation.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2021
Keywords
Laser powder bed fusion, Hot-work tool steels, Heat treatment, Nitriding, Die casting, Thermal fatigue
National Category
Materials Engineering
Research subject
Materials Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-82490 (URN)10.1016/j.msea.2020.140305 (DOI)000593890800002 ()2-s2.0-85091555667 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2021-01-21 Created: 2021-01-21 Last updated: 2023-06-20Bibliographically approved
Vilardell, A. M., Krakhmalev, P., Yadroitsava, I., Yadroitsev, I. & Garcia-Giralt, N. (2021). In Vitro Characterization of In Situ Alloyed Ti6Al4V(ELI)-3 at.% Cu Obtained by Laser Powder Bed Fusion. Materials, 14(23), 7260-7260
Open this publication in new window or tab >>In Vitro Characterization of In Situ Alloyed Ti6Al4V(ELI)-3 at.% Cu Obtained by Laser Powder Bed Fusion
Show others...
2021 (English)In: Materials, E-ISSN 1996-1944, Vol. 14, no 23, p. 7260-7260Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The intensive cytotoxicity of pure copper is effectively kills bacteria, but it can compromise cellular behavior, so a rational balance must be found for Cu-loaded implants. In the present study, the individual and combined effect of surface composition and roughness on osteoblast cell behavior of in situ alloyed Ti6Al4V(ELI)-3 at.% Cu obtained by laser powder bed fusion was studied. Surface composition was studied using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Surface roughness measurements were carried out using confocal microscopy. In vitro osteoblast performance was evaluated by means of cell morphology observation of cell viability, proliferation, and mineralization. In vitro studies were performed at 1, 7, and 14 days of cell culture, except for cell mineralization at 28 days, on grounded and as-built (rough) samples with and without 3 at.% Cu. The addition of 3 at.% Cu did not show cell cytotoxicity but inhibited cell proliferation. Cell mineralization tends to be higher for samples with 3 at.% Cu content. Surface roughness inhibited cell proliferation too, but showed enhanced cell mineralization capacity and therefore, higher osteoblast performance, especially when as-built samples contained 3 at.% Cu. Cell proliferation was only observed on ground samples without Cu but showed the lowest cell mineralization. 

Keywords
laser powder bed fusion, Ti–Cu alloys, in-vitro tests, surface roughness, implants
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Research subject
Mechanical Engineering; Materials Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-88570 (URN)10.3390/ma14237260 (DOI)000735449600001 ()2-s2.0-85120312997 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2022-02-16 Created: 2022-02-16 Last updated: 2024-07-04Bibliographically approved
Vilardell, A. M., Takezawa, A., du Plessis, A., Takata, N., Krakhmalev, P., Kobashi, M., . . . Yadroitsev, I. (2021). Mechanical behavior of in-situ alloyed Ti6Al4V(ELI)-3 at.% Cu lattice structures manufactured by laser powder bed fusion and designed for implant applications. Journal of The Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 113, 1-9, Article ID 104130.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Mechanical behavior of in-situ alloyed Ti6Al4V(ELI)-3 at.% Cu lattice structures manufactured by laser powder bed fusion and designed for implant applications
Show others...
2021 (English)In: Journal of The Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, ISSN 1751-6161, E-ISSN 1878-0180, Vol. 113, p. 1-9, article id 104130Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In the present study, cellular lattice structures for implant applications are reported for the first-time incorporating copper directly by in-situ alloying in the laser powder bed fusion process. The aim to incorporate 3 at.% Cu into Ti6Al4V(ELI) is selected for improved antibacterial properties while maintaining appropriate mechanical properties. Previously, topologically optimized Ti6Al4V(ELI) lattice structures were successfully designed, manufactured and studied for implant applications. The development of a new alloy produced by in-situ alloying of elemental powder mixture of Ti6Al4V(ELI) and pure Cu powders was used here for the production of identical lattice structures with improved antibacterial properties. One of the same as-designed CAD models was used for the manufacturing of these lattices compared to previous work on pure Ti6Al4V(ELI) lattices, making direct comparison of mechanical properties possible. Similar manufacturability highlights the applicability of this alloying technique to other lattice designs. Microstructural characterization was performed by optical and electron microscopies, as well as microCT. Mechanical characterization was performed by means of compression tests and hardness measurements. Results showed that in-situ alloying with copper leads to the formation of localized Cu-rich regions, refinement of martensitic phase and the formation of CuTi2 intermetallic precipitates, which increased the hardness and strength of the material. Deviations in wall thickness between the as-designed and as-manufactured lattices led to anisotropy of the mechanical properties of the lattices. Higher compressive strength values were obtained when thicker walls were oriented along the loading direction. Nevertheless, alloying with Cu had a higher impact on the compressive strength of lattice structure than the wall thickness deviations. The direct in-situ alloying of copper in Ti6Al4V(ELI) is a promising mute for direct manufacturing of antibacterial implants.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2021
Keywords
Cellular lattice structures, Laser powder bed fusion, Ti6Al4V(ELI)-Cu, Mechanical properties, In-situ alloying
National Category
Materials Engineering
Research subject
Materials Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-82497 (URN)10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104130 (DOI)000599655300004 ()33049622 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85092281656 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2021-01-21 Created: 2021-01-21 Last updated: 2023-06-20Bibliographically approved
Krakhmalev, P., Fredriksson, G., Thuvander, M., Åsberg, M., Martin Vilardell, A., Oikonomou, C., . . . Kazantseva, N. (2020). Influence of heat treatment under hot isostatic pressing (HIP) on microstructure of intermetallic-reinforced tool steel manufactured by laser powder bed fusion. Materials Science & Engineering: A, 772, 1-9, Article ID 138699.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Influence of heat treatment under hot isostatic pressing (HIP) on microstructure of intermetallic-reinforced tool steel manufactured by laser powder bed fusion
Show others...
2020 (English)In: Materials Science & Engineering: A, ISSN 0921-5093, E-ISSN 1873-4936, Vol. 772, p. 1-9, article id 138699Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Microstructure and properties of as-built laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) steels differ from the conventional ones, and they may contain some porosity and lack of fusion. Therefore, post-treatments, including hot isostatic pressing (HIP), are used to density the material, and tailor the properties of the final product. Usually, HIP is performed as an operation separate from heat treatment. In the present investigation a new approach was used, in which the whole cycle of the heat treatment was carried out in HIP under pressure, and the influence of HIP on microstructure of an advanced stainless maraging tool steel manufactured by LPBF was investigated. For a comparison, a conventional steel grade of the same chemical composition, after a heat treatment at the same temperature-time conditions, was also characterized. The microstructure of the steel was investigated by means of advanced microscopy and atom probe tomography. The influence of the manufacturing route, heat treatment and HIP on microstructure, austenitic phase fraction and size distribution of precipitates was investigated, and the role of high pressure in stabilization of austenite in the microstructure was discussed. It was concluded that since HIP influences phase transformations, a fundamental understanding of the influence of HIP on microstructure is nececcary, and development of new post processing regimes guaranteeing the best performance of the material is required.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2020
Keywords
Transmission electron microscopy, Atom probe tomography, Maraging steel, Laser powder bed fusion, Hot isostatic pressing (HIP), Precipitation hardening
National Category
Materials Engineering
Research subject
Mechanical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-76964 (URN)10.1016/j.msea.2019.138699 (DOI)000509621500114 ()2-s2.0-85075904226 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2020-02-20 Created: 2020-02-20 Last updated: 2023-06-20Bibliographically approved
Vilardell, A. M., Yadroitsev, I., Yadroitsava, I., Albu, M., Takata, N., Kobashi, M., . . . du Plessis, A. (2020). Manufacturing and characterization of in-situ alloyed Ti6Al4V(ELI)-3 at.% Cu by laser powder bed fusion. Additive Manufacturing, 36, 1-14, Article ID 101436.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Manufacturing and characterization of in-situ alloyed Ti6Al4V(ELI)-3 at.% Cu by laser powder bed fusion
Show others...
2020 (English)In: Additive Manufacturing, ISSN 2214-8604, E-ISSN 2214-7810, Vol. 36, p. 1-14, article id 101436Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Biofunctionalization of Ti6Al4V alloy with metallic agents like Ag or Cu is a promising approach to add antibacterial properties and thus to reduce the risk of implant failure. This research investigates the in-situ alloying of Ti6Al4V(ELI) with 3 at.% Cu powders using Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF). The morphology and geometrical characteristics of the single tracks and layers were studied. Laser powers of 170 W and 340 W, and scanning speeds ranging from 0.4 to 1.4 m/s and 0.8-2.8 m/s were implemented. Single track results showed balling effect and humping at high scanning speeds, 1.4 m/s and 1.6 m/s, for each laser powder respectively. Conversely, keyhole formation occurred at lower scanning speeds of 0.4-0.6 m/s for 170 W laser power, and below and 0.8 m/s for 340 W laser power. For both laser powers, single layers resulted in smoother surfaces at lower scanning speeds. These results were used for the development of optimal process parameters for 3D cubes with 99.9 % density. Optimal process parameters were found for 170 W and 340W laser powders at 0.7-0.9 and 1.0-1.2 m/s scanning speeds, respectively.

In-situ alloying by L-PBF was challenging and a homogeneous distribution of Cu within the alloy was hard to achieve. The increase in laser power from 170 to 340 W resulted in small increase in homogenization. Microstructural analyses after stress-relieving treatment showed the presence of alpha' and beta phases, as well as CuTi2 intermetallic precipitates. The finer microstructure together with CuTi2 intermetallic precipitates resulted in an increase in hardness. This study demonstrates the potential for printing in-situ alloyed Ti6Al4V(ELI)- 3 at.% Cu for biomedical applications. However, further studies are required to determine the effectiveness of antibacterial properties.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2020
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials Manufacturing, Surface and Joining Technology
Research subject
Materials Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-81010 (URN)10.1016/j.addma.2020.101436 (DOI)000600807800036 ()2-s2.0-85087748967 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2020-10-22 Created: 2020-10-22 Last updated: 2023-06-20Bibliographically approved
Vilardell, A. M., Fredriksson, G., Cabanettes, F., Sova, A. & Krakhmalev, P. (2020). Surface integrity factors influencing fatigue crack nucleation of laser powder bed fusion Ti6Al4V alloy. In: Schmidt M.,Vollertsen F.,Govekar E. (Ed.), Procedia CIRP: . Paper presented at 11th CIRP Conference on Photonic Technologies, LANE 2020; Virtual, Online; ; 7 September 2020 through 10 September 2020 (pp. 222-226). Elsevier, 9
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Surface integrity factors influencing fatigue crack nucleation of laser powder bed fusion Ti6Al4V alloy
Show others...
2020 (English)In: Procedia CIRP / [ed] Schmidt M.,Vollertsen F.,Govekar E., Elsevier, 2020, Vol. 9, p. 222-226Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

The quality of the surface influences remarkably the fatigue life of additive manufactured components. This work proposes to study the influence of surface integrity on the bending fatigue life of Ti6Al4V manufactured by laser powder bed fusion. Rectangular specimens were manufactured horizontally and the last printed layer had laser track scanning directions (α=30°,60°,90°) in relation to the specimen length. The top surface 3D-roughness average was similar for all the specimens. The specimens were studied under as-built and heat-treated conditions. A correlation between laser track scanning direction, 2D-roughness parameters, and fatigue life for as-built specimens was found. The as-built specimens with 90° and 30° direction showed the shortest and the longest fatigue life, respectively. Heat-treated specimens showed a shorter fatigue life independently of the surface roughness. This could be explained by other surface integrity factors influencing fatigue performance of the material, such as the presence of subsurface porosity and surface oxygen enrichment. © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2020
National Category
Manufacturing, Surface and Joining Technology Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Research subject
Physics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-81016 (URN)10.1016/j.procir.2020.09.042 (DOI)2-s2.0-85093358474 (Scopus ID)
Conference
11th CIRP Conference on Photonic Technologies, LANE 2020; Virtual, Online; ; 7 September 2020 through 10 September 2020
Available from: 2020-10-22 Created: 2020-10-22 Last updated: 2023-06-20Bibliographically approved
Vilardell, A. M., Fredriksson, G., Yadroitsev, I. & Krakhmalev, P. (2019). Fracture mechanisms in the as-built and stress-relieved laser powder bed fusion Ti6Al4V ELI alloy. Optics and Laser Technology, 109, 608-615
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Fracture mechanisms in the as-built and stress-relieved laser powder bed fusion Ti6Al4V ELI alloy
2019 (English)In: Optics and Laser Technology, ISSN 0030-3992, E-ISSN 1879-2545, Vol. 109, p. 608-615Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The influence of a stress-relief treatment on impact and fatigue properties of Ti6Al4V ELI samples manufactured by laser powder bed fusion was analyzed. The heat treatment resulted in removal of residual stresses, coarsening of needles and formation of precipitations between needles. In both, impact and fatigue tests, crack development was correlated to microstructural features. Fracture analysis was carried out by means of optical and electron microscopy to reveal the influence of microstructure on crack development. Ductile fracture was the dominating fracture mode at impact testing. Pore formation and coalescence were the main crack formation mechanisms. The microstructural changes led to a decrease in impact toughness after heat treatment. Presumably, this was a result of the precipitations between needles. Fatigue results showed multiple crack nucleation at the surface in both, as-built and stress-relieved material. The crack propagation rate was slightly higher and the crack was less deflected in the stress-relieved material due to the stress relief and coarsening of the microstructure.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2019
Keywords
Fracture analysis, Impact and fatigue properties, Laser powder bed fusion, Stress-relief treatment, Ti6A4V ELI, Aluminum alloys, Coarsening, Cracks, Ductile fracture, Fatigue testing, Fracture testing, Heat treatment, Impact testing, Microstructural evolution, Needles, Residual stresses, Stress relief, Titanium alloys, Crack propagation rate, Laser powders, Microstructural changes, Microstructural features, Optical and electron microscopies, Fatigue of materials
National Category
Atom and Molecular Physics and Optics
Research subject
Physics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-69444 (URN)10.1016/j.optlastec.2018.08.042 (DOI)000446949600074 ()2-s2.0-85053287726 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2018-10-02 Created: 2018-10-02 Last updated: 2023-06-20Bibliographically approved
Vilardell, A. M., Takezawa, A., du Plessis, A., Takata, N., Krakhmalev, P., Kobashi, M., . . . Yadroitsev, I. (2019). Topology optimization and characterization of Ti6A14V ELI cellular lattice structures by laser powder bed fusion for biomedical applications. Materials Science & Engineering: A, 766, 1-11, Article ID 138330.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Topology optimization and characterization of Ti6A14V ELI cellular lattice structures by laser powder bed fusion for biomedical applications
Show others...
2019 (English)In: Materials Science & Engineering: A, ISSN 0921-5093, E-ISSN 1873-4936, Vol. 766, p. 1-11, article id 138330Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Topology optimization approach was used for the design of Ti6A14V ELI lattice structures with stiffness and density close to the human bone for implant applications. Three lattice designs with volume densities of 350/0, 40 % and 45 % and corresponding elastic modulus of 18.6 GPa, 23.1 GPa 27.4 GPa close to the human bone were generated. Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) technique was used for the manufacturing of the specimens. Physical measurements and mechanical characterization of specimens were assessed by microCT analyses and compression test, perpendicular and parallel to the building direction of the specimens. LPBF Ti6A14V ELI manufactured lattice structures showed deviations in wall thickness in comparison with the generated designs, leading to an increase in relative porosity but also a decrease in elastic modulus in comparison with the original designs. Horizontal walls of the lattice structures showed higher wall thickness in comparison with the vertical walls, leading to anisotropic behaviour of the lattice structures. Higher elastic modulus and compression strength were obtained when thicker walls were oriented along the loading direction of the compression test, showing a complete failure by dividing the specimens into two neighbouring halves. All specimens showed 45 degrees diagonal shear fracture along the structure. On the other hand, higher energy absorption at first maximum compression strength peak was observed when samples were tested parallel to the building direction (when thinner walls were oriented along the loading compression direction). Results showed that designed lattice structures can possess the levels of human bones' stiffness and therefore can reduce/avoid stress shielding on implant applications.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2019
Keywords
Topology optimization, Cellular lattice structures, Laser powder bed fusion, Ti6A14V, Elastic modulus, Compression strength
National Category
Physical Sciences
Research subject
Physics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-75962 (URN)10.1016/j.msea.2019.138330 (DOI)000496607000017 ()
Available from: 2019-12-13 Created: 2019-12-13 Last updated: 2023-06-20Bibliographically approved
Vilardell, A. M., Cinca, N., Cano, I. G., Concustell, A., Dosta, S., Guilemany, J. M., . . . Peiro, F. (2017). Dense nanostructured calcium phosphate coating on titanium by cold spray. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 37(4), 1747-1755
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Dense nanostructured calcium phosphate coating on titanium by cold spray
Show others...
2017 (English)In: Journal of the European Ceramic Society, ISSN 0955-2219, E-ISSN 1873-619X, Vol. 37, no 4, p. 1747-1755Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This article deals with the understanding of building-up mechanisms of bioactive nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite coatings by Cold Spray, revealing very promising results in contrast to more conventional techniques such as Plasma Spray. A full characterization of feedstock and coatings is provided. The agglomerated structure of the powder proved to be suitable to obtain successfully thick hydroxyapatite coatings. A crystallite size below similar to 20 nm in the powder and the as-sprayed coatings is calculated by the Rietveld X-ray refinement method and agreed by Transmission Electron Microscopy. Some wipe tests were carried out on Ti6Al4V substrates in order to study the deposition of single particles and the nanoscale features were evaluated. The resulting structure indicates that there is no delimitation of particle boundaries and the overall coating has been formed by effective compaction of the original nanocrystallites, leading to consistent and consolidated layers. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2017
Keywords
Coating, Nanocrystalline calcium phosphate, Cold spray, Electron microscopy
National Category
Materials Engineering
Research subject
Materials Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-65097 (URN)10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2016.11.040 (DOI)000394482700065 ()
Available from: 2017-11-17 Created: 2017-11-17 Last updated: 2023-06-20Bibliographically approved
Organisations
Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0002-3732-9585

Search in DiVA

Show all publications