I föreliggande rapport kan du ta del av sju olika utvecklingsprojekt inom undervisning och examination vid Karlstads universitet. Samtliga bidrag i rapporten har utvecklats från projekt som presenterats vid enhetens universitetspedagogiska konferens.

I årets upplaga kan du bland annat läsa om en ny typ av tentamen, en klimatutmaning. Vad händer när studenter uppmanas att under en månads tid göra något annorlunda i sin vardag, så som att resa med cykel eller buss istället för bil? I en annan studie undersöker författarna huruvida det är någon skillnad för studenterna om läraren använder läsplatta eller dokumentkamera i inspelade föreläsningar.

Du får även en inblick i hur flexibla nätbaserade kurser för yrkesverksamma, i samverkan med företag och organisationer, kan bidra till det livslånga lärandet, och inte minst vilken roll sociala medier kan få när en kurs om vetenskaplig metod plötsligt ställs om till distans i pandemitider. 

Publicerade texter i rapportserien kan ligga till grund för pedagogisk meritering vid ansökan om att bli meriterad eller excellent inom undervisning och examination vid Karlstads universitet.

Background and ObjectiveCancer drug costs have increased considerably within healthcare systems, but many drugs lack quality-of-life (QoL) and overall survival (OS) data at the time of reimbursement approval. This study aimed to review the extent of subsequent literature documenting improvements in OS and QoL for cancer drug indications where no such evidence existed at the time of reimbursement approval.MethodsDrug indications with claims of added therapeutical value but a lack of evidence on OS and QoL that were reimbursed between 2010 and 2020 in Sweden were included for review. Searches were conducted in PubMed and ClinicalTrial.gov for randomized controlled trials examining OS and QoL.ResultsOf the 22 included drug indications, seven were found to have at least one trial with conclusive evidence of improvements in OS or QoL after a mean follow-up of 6.6 years. The remaining 15 drug indications either lacked subsequent randomized controlled trial data on OS or QoL (n = 6) or showed no statistically significant improvements (n = 9). Only one drug demonstrated evidence of improvement in both OS and QoL for its indication.ConclusionsA considerable share of reimbursed cancer drug indications continue to lack evidence of improvement in both OS and QoL. With limited healthcare resources and an increasing cancer burden, third-party payers have strong incentives to require additional post-reimbursement data to confirm any improvements in OS and QoL.

The impact factor is used to rank the quality of scientific journals but has been criticised for a number of reasons. The aim of the study was to investigate sleep researchers' perceptions of sleep journals to determine whether subjective rankings of journals were in line with the journals' impact factors. Clarivate's Journal Citation Reports website was used to identify journals containing the words 'sleep' or 'dream' in the titles with an impact factor since 2018, resulting in 12 journals. A survey including questions about how the respondent would rank these journals (e.g., three most prestigious journals) was developed. A total of 122 sleep researchers completed the survey. Sleep, Sleep Medicine Reviews and Journal of Sleep Research were ranked as the three most prestigious sleep journals, in line with the impact factors of the journals. For the rest of the journals, the subjective rankings and impact factors did not correspond as much.

On 20 November 2020, the government of Sweden banned on-premise alcohol sales after 10:30 p.m. and then after 8 p.m. on December 24. This study aims to estimate the impact of earlier pub closing hours on emergency calls to the police. We use a quasi-experimental hybrid differences-in-differences design, drawing on data for emergency calls in Sweden. The primary outcome measure is the daily number of emergency calls to the police in Sweden 70 days before the intervention and 70 days after the intervention. The primary control series is the daily number of emergency calls to the police in Sweden during the preceding year, 70 days before the intervention and 70 days after the intervention. We fail to find an effect on daily emergency calls, or nighttime emergency calls to the police, from the restrictions on the sale of alcohol. There is, however, some evidence indicating that weekend emergency calls may have been affected, but that potential effect does not translate into an overall effect. While our study is limited in its focus, it contributes to using a wide range of time windows and a large geographical area (the whole of Sweden) to inform on displacement effects, as well as in considering a broader set of robustness checks. We suggest that our results and future work should be seen in light of our limitations and our contribution, respectively.

Background: This study aimed to describe the clinical and cost-effectiveness evidence supporting reimbursementdecisions of new cancer drugs and analyze the influence of trial characteristics and the cost per quality-adjusted lifeyears (QALYs) on the likelihood of reimbursement in Sweden.Patients and methods: Data were extracted from all appraisal dossiers for new cancer drugs seeking reimbursement inSweden and claiming added therapeutical value between the years 2010 and 2020. The data were analyzed usingdescriptive statistics, and logistic regression models were also used with the cost per QALY, study design,comparator, and evidence on final outcomes in the clinical trials as predictors of reimbursement.Results: All 60 included appraisals were based on trial evidence that assessed at least one final outcome (overallsurvival [OS] or quality of life [QoL]), although rarely as a primary outcome. Of the appraisals with a final decision(n ¼ 58), 79% were approved for reimbursement. Among the reimbursed drugs, only half had trial evidencedemonstrating improved OS or QoL. Only one drug had trial evidence supporting improvements in both OS andQoL. The average cost per QALY for reimbursed cancer drugs was estimated to be 748 560 SEK (V73 583). A highercost per QALY was found to decrease the likelihood of reimbursement by 9.4% for every 100 000 SEK (V9830)higher cost per QALY (P ¼ 0.03). For cost-effectiveness models without direct evidence of improvements in finaloutcomes, a larger QALY gain was observed compared with those with evidence mainly relying on intermediate andsurrogate outcomes.Conclusions: There are substantial uncertainties in the clinical and cost-effectiveness evidence underlyingreimbursement decisions of new cancer drugs. Decision makers should be cautious of the limited evidence onpatient-centered outcomes and the implications of allocating resources to expensive treatments with uncertainvalue for money.

I föreliggande rapport kan du ta del av åtta olika utvecklingsprojekt inom undervisning och examination vid Karlstads universitet. Samtliga bidrag i rapporten har utvecklats från projekt som presenterades vid enhetens universitetsgemensamma konferens 2021, med temat Redefining Learning Spaces. Naturligt nog handlade många presentationer just om hur man behövt omdefiniera eller omvandla sin undervisning på olika sätt till följd av Covid 19-pandemin, men som vanligt presenterades även andra utvecklingsarbeten inom högskolepedagogik. 

Det handlar bland annat om den nya modellen för universitetslärares kompetensutveckling och behörighetsprövning som införts vid Karlstads universitet, eller hur en omdefiniering av lärandemiljöer och införandet av nya digitala metoder kan underlätta undervisningen för förstaårsstudenter på matematik. Du kan också läsa om hur användandet av en skrivplatta tycks underlätta ekonomistudenters upplevda lärande jämfört med vad en dokumentkamera gör, eller hur seniora psykologstudenter har stöttat förstaårsstudenter i att utveckla och träna färdigheter och förmågor som kan underlätta övergången till högre utbildning.

Publicerade texter i rapportserien kan ligga till grund för pedagogisk meritering vid ansökan om att bli meriterad eller excellent inom undervisning och examination vid Karlstads universitet.

Den här boken ger en pedagogisk och detaljerad genomgång av den mikroekonomi som varit nationalekonomins kärna under snart 100 år: utbud och efterfrågan, nyttoteori och vinstmaximering. Men författarna sätter också in teorin i ett större sammanhang, där institutioner, beteendeekonomi och politik beaktas och analyseras. Målet är att skapa förståelse för hur marknadsekonomin fungerar, men även att ge läsaren verktyg för att analysera statens roll i samhället och vilka institutioner som krävs för att en fungerande marknadsekonomi ska uppstå. Denna femte upplaga har reviderats och uppdaterats genomgående, bland annat med nya avsnitt om plattformsföretag och konkurrens på internet. Dessutom har många övningar med lösningar lagts till och gjorts om.

This meta-analysis assessed the effectiveness of mandala coloring, compared with free drawing on state anxiety in adults. A systematic search for studies yielded eight studies, which constituted a total of 578 participants, with 289 in the mandala coloring group and 289 in the free drawing group. The results indicated that coloring mandala designs was not found to reduce state anxiety significantly more than free drawing. Larger effect sizes were found in the studies with lower precision, indicating some evidence of bias toward finding an effect. The findings suggest that mandala coloring and free drawing are equally effective coloring techniques to achieve anxiety reduction. More high-quality studies are warranted before any recommendations can be made with confidence.