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Sjöstrand, B., Danielsson, M. & Lestelius, M. (2023). Method for Studying Water Removal and Air Penetration during Through Air Drying of Tissue in Laboratory Scale. BioResources, 18(2), 3073-3088
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Method for Studying Water Removal and Air Penetration during Through Air Drying of Tissue in Laboratory Scale
2023 (English)In: BioResources, ISSN 1930-2126, E-ISSN 1930-2126, Vol. 18, no 2, p. 3073-3088Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Energy use, together with consumption of raw materials, machine clothing, and wet end chemicals, are some of the most critical aspects in successful tissue making today. This work was aimed at developing a laboratory-scale method of estimating dewatering mechanisms, vacuum efficiency, and energy use of Through Air Drying (TAD) of tissue. When compared to pilot data, the results of the new laboratory method for investigating dewatering during TAD were in the same magnitude, around 24 to 26% dryness after vacuum dewatering, and 27 to 29% dryness after TAD molding. Sheet properties, such as caliper and surface profile, were evaluated and compared to commercial tissue sheets. The results indicate that it will be possible to precisely measure accurate dryness development and penetrated air volume for tissue sheet forming and TAD molding at a laboratory scale. This can contribute to the efforts of implementing a circular forest-based bioeconomy by increasing the fundamental understanding of dewatering of tissue paper materials, which is facilitated by improvements in energy use. The new method developed in this work will make it easier to assess ideas that are difficult to bring to pilot scale or full scale before learning more of the dewatering capabilities. The authors are convinced that improved knowledge of tissue dewatering mechanisms, forming, and material transport during and after TAD dewatering can increase the efficiency of the industrial manufacturing processes.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Raleigh: North Carolina State University, 2023
Keywords
Through air drying, TAD, dewatering, tissue, papermaking
National Category
Chemical Engineering Paper, Pulp and Fiber Technology
Research subject
Chemical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-93875 (URN)10.15376/biores.18.2.3073-3088 (DOI)000970545000040 ()2-s2.0-85150161450 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Karlstad UniversityKnowledge Foundation, 2022-0024
Available from: 2023-03-07 Created: 2023-03-07 Last updated: 2024-03-11Bibliographically approved
Lidbrand, I., Govindarajan, V. & Lestelius, M. (2023). Paper Bags vis-à-vis LDPE Bags: Gleanings from Peer-reviewed E-LCA Publications [Torby papierowe a torby foliowe LDPE: wnioski z recenzowanych publikacjina temat oceny cyklu życia (E-LCA)]. Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae, 21(4), 63-76
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Paper Bags vis-à-vis LDPE Bags: Gleanings from Peer-reviewed E-LCA Publications [Torby papierowe a torby foliowe LDPE: wnioski z recenzowanych publikacjina temat oceny cyklu życia (E-LCA)]
2023 (English)In: Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae, ISSN 1733-1218, E-ISSN 2719-826X, Vol. 21, no 4, p. 63-76Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Fossil-plastics or paper? Or for that matter, bio-plastics and paper? This is a wellentrenched question in academic research, industrial, social and policy-making circles. Asenvironmental life-cycle analyses (or more appropriately, sustainability analyses) show timeand again, no single product or process or mode of operation is a ‘total villain’. There are goodsand bads, and at times, more of the one than the other. This paper, which is based on a coursereport written by the first author at Karlstad University (Sweden), restricts itself to a review ofpublications which have opted to compare paper bags with low density polyethylene (LDPE)plastic bags, on the basis of their environmental impacts. Environmental impact categoriesinclude the global warming potential, energy demand, fossil fuel depletion, water usage,acidification, eutrophication, and a range of toxicities – human, terrestrial, freshwater-aquaticand marine-aquatic. The articles were obtained through Google Scholar, read and reviewed toglean the results presented therein. The ‘What’, ‘How’ and ‘Where’, so to say were studiedcarefully to understand the reasons behind any differences or similarities detected. On the basisof this focused review, even though no new knowledge is being added, the common belief thatthe paper bag is environmentally superior to the LDPE alternative is further consolidated.However, if one focuses on water usage and would assign a high weightage to thatenvironmental impact, LDPE perhaps may score a few ‘brownie points’ over paper. One mustalso not forget that plastics (LDPE in this instance) can be recycled without significantdeterioration in its functional properties. In a circular economy (the bioeconomy part of whichgradually will expand over time), while introducing more and more bio-based products into thetechnosphere by way of trans-materialization is recommended, plastics will still continue toexist – albeit in much smaller amounts – and it would be perfectly fine if the degree of recyclingis augmented significantly. Speaking of a holistic sustainability analysis, the socio-economicaspects of a choice between LDPE and paper bags must also be factored in, and studied. Muchdesired change happens when the top-down meets the bottom-up somewhere midway.

Abstract [pl]

Tworzywa sztuczne pochodzenia kopalnego czy papier? A może biotworzywa ipapier? Pytanie to stale pojawia się w kręgach akademickich, badawczych, przemysłowych,społecznych i politycznych. Jak wielokrotnie wykazały środowiskowe analizy cyklu życia (lubdokładniej, analizy zrównoważonego rozwoju), w kwestiach środowiskowych żadenpojedynczy produkt, proces czy sposób działania nie może być uznany za “jedynegowinowajcę”. Wszystkie rozwiązania niosą ze sobą zarówno dobre, jak i złe skutki, a tylko wniektórych przypadkach jedne przeważają nad drugimi. Niniejszy artykuł, bazujący nasprawozdaniu z kursu napisanym przez pierwszego z autorów na Uniwersytecie w Karlstad(Szwecja), stanowi przegląd publikacji na temat porównania wpływu toreb papierowych orazplastikowych toreb z polietylenu o niskiej gęstości (LDPE) na środowisko. Kategorie wpływuna środowisko obejmują potencjał tworzenia efektu cieplarnianego, zapotrzebowanie naenergię, wyczerpywanie paliw kopalnych, zużycie wody, zakwaszanie, eutrofizację oraztoksyczność dla ludzi, oraz ekosystemów lądowych, słodkowodnych i morskich. Przeglądliteratury mający na celu zebranie przedstawionych wyników badań obejmował artykuływyszukane za pomocą Google Scholar. Aby w pełni zrozumieć przyczyny dostrzeżonychróżnic czy podobieństw przeprowadzono uważną analizę odpowiadając na pytania “Co”, “Jak”i “Gdzie”. Mimo że ten ukierunkowany przegląd literatury przedmiotu nie wnosi żadnej nowejwiedzy, to jednak służy ugruntowaniu powszechnego przekonania o mniejszej szkodliwościtoreb papierowych dla środowiska, w porównaniu z LDPE. Jeśli jednak za istotne kryteriumwpływu na środowisko przyjmiemy zużycie wody, torby LDPE zyskują w porównaniu zpapierowymi kilka przysłowiowych punktów. Jednocześnie, nie można zapominać, żetworzywa sztuczne (w tym wypadku LDPE) można poddać recyklingowi bez znaczącegopogorszenia ich właściwości użytkowych, a chociaż w gospodarce o obiegu zamkniętym (wktórej biogospodarka będzie z czasem zyskiwać na znaczeniu) zaleca się wprowadzanie dotechnosfery coraz większej liczby bioproduktów na drodze transmaterializacji, to jednaktworzywa sztuczne zawsze będą wykorzystywane – choć oczywiście w znacznie mniejszychilościach – dlatego zwiększenie stopnia recyklingu jest jak najbardziej pożądane. Wcałościowej analizie zgodności cyklu życia toreb LDPE i toreb papierowych z zasadamizrównoważonego rozwoju, należy również uwzględnić aspekty społeczno-ekonomiczne.Pożądane zmiany zachodzą wtedy, gdy odgórne podejście spotyka się gdzieś w połowie drogiz tym oddolnym.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Poland: Scientific Publishing House of the Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University, 2023
Keywords
Circular economy, E-LCA, global warming potential, LDPE, paper bags, plastic bags, water usage
National Category
Environmental Engineering
Research subject
Environmental and Energy Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-96431 (URN)10.21697/seb.2023.21 (DOI)2-s2.0-85183433396 (Scopus ID)
Note

This is a development of a course deliverable by Isabell Lidbrand, into a journal paper....

Available from: 2023-08-22 Created: 2023-08-22 Last updated: 2024-02-20Bibliographically approved
Lestelius, M., Frodeson, S. & Murad Parist, K. (2022). Fiberförstärkta polymerer för 3D-utskrivna laminat, ES3D. Karlstad: Karlstads universitet
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Fiberförstärkta polymerer för 3D-utskrivna laminat, ES3D
2022 (Swedish)Report (Other academic)
Alternative title[en]
Enhanced Strength 3D printed wood and biopolymer laminates, ES3D
Abstract [sv]

Projektet Fiberförstärkta polymerer för 3D-utskrivna laminat (ES3D) var ett samarbete mellan Karlstads universitet och The Wood Region. Syftet var att åstadkomma nya metoder och öka kunskapen kring 3D-utskrivna strukturer med blandningar av termoplaster och sågspån. Genom att öka styrkan i det 3D-utskrivna biobaserade och nedbrytbara materialet kan hållbarhetsmässiga fördelar uppnås. Den enskilda trådens styrka avsågs ökas genom att använda längre spån och rikta dem i utskriftsriktningen. Adhesionen mellan de utskrivna lagren skulle förbättras genom kontrollerad temperatur och s.k. coronabehandling.

ES3D har resulterat i en metod för att kunna testa 3D-utskrivna prov i dragprovare för mekanisk karakterisering, som sedankan användas för att jämföra olika materialsammansättningar och tillverkningssätt.

Sortering av sågspån, i olika storleksfraktioner, har genomförts med både maskinell rotationssorterare och sållning. Resultatet av den maskinella sorteringen var inte tillräckligt precis för att producera sågspånsfraktioner som kunde användas för ovanstående mål.

Ökad adhesion mellan lager med temperaturkontroll eller coronabehandling, har ej kunnat prövas ordentligt, p.g.a. otillräcklig temperaturkontroll, samt att en teknisk lösning för coronabehandling ej fanns.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Karlstad: Karlstads universitet, 2022. p. 33
Series
Karlstad University Studies, ISSN 1403-8099 ; 2022:3
National Category
Paper, Pulp and Fiber Technology
Research subject
Chemical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-88239 (URN)978-91-7867-256-1 (ISBN)978-91-7867-266-0 (ISBN)
Available from: 2022-01-28 Created: 2022-01-28 Last updated: 2022-03-01Bibliographically approved
Wilke, C., Lestelius, M. & Germgård, U. (2021). Integrated Forest Biorefinery: A Proposed Pulp Mill of 2040. Karlstad: Karlstads universitet
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Integrated Forest Biorefinery: A Proposed Pulp Mill of 2040
2021 (English)Report (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Negative environmental impact from greenhouse gas emissions and a dwindling oil supply have resulted in an interest in biorefineries based on renewable resources. The objective of a biorefinery is to upgrade the biomass to more valuable products such as biofuels, electricity, materials, and chemicals. Wood biomass is a suitable raw material for a biorefinery since it is abundant, renewable and can be harvested all year round.

In the kraft pulping process, only half of the wood biomass is converted into pulp while the remaining part is turned into energy. A conventional kraft pulp mill could be transformed into an integrated forest biorefinery, and thus produce for example biofuels and chemicals in addition to the traditional pulp and paper products, by implementing several new processes that could utilize the byproducts. Utilization of the byproducts for other purposes than energy would obviously affect the energy balance but also the important sodium/sulfur balance.

The processes that are discussed in this report have the potential to be included in a BAT pulp mill built in 2040. The processes are black liquor gasification, on-site production of sulfuric acid, production of tall oil diesel, and lignin and hemicellulose extraction. The possibility to produce a cleaner green liquor through a new membrane filter is also discussed.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Karlstad: Karlstads universitet, 2021
Series
Karlstad University Studies, ISSN 1403-8099 ; 2021:4
National Category
Chemical Engineering
Research subject
Chemical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-82467 (URN)978-91-7867-180-9 (ISBN)978-91-7867-181-6 (ISBN)
Available from: 2021-01-19 Created: 2021-01-19 Last updated: 2021-02-10Bibliographically approved
Idris, A., Muntean, A., Mesic, B., Lestelius, M. & Javed, A. (2021). Oxygen Barrier Performance of Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) Coating Films with Different Induced Crystallinity and Model Predictions. Coatings, 11, 1-12, Article ID 1253.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Oxygen Barrier Performance of Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) Coating Films with Different Induced Crystallinity and Model Predictions
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2021 (English)In: Coatings, ISSN 2079-6412, Vol. 11, p. 1-12, article id 1253Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The presence of the crystalline regions in poly(vinyl alcohol) coating films acts as barrier clusters forcing the gas molecules to diffuse in a longer pathway in the amorphous region of the polymer, where diffusivity and solubility are promoted in comparison. Evaluating the influence of crystalline regions on the oxygen barrier property of a semi-crystalline polymer is thus essential to prepare better coating films. Poly(vinyl alcohol) coating films with varying induced crystallinity were prepared on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate by drying at different annealing temperatures for 10 min. The coating films were first delaminated from the PET substrate and then characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques to determine and confirm the induced percentage of crystallinity. The barrier performance of the coating films, i.e., the oxygen transmission rate (OTR), was measured at room temperature. Results showed a decrease in the OTR values of poly(vinyl alcohol) film with an increase in the degree of crystallinity of the polymer matrix. Tortuosity-based models, i.e., modified Nielsen models, were adopted to predict the barrier property of the semi-crystalline PVOH film with uniform or randomly distributed crystallites. A modified Nielsen model for orderly distributed crystallites with an aspect ratio of 3.4 and for randomly distributed crystallites with an aspect ratio of 10.4 resulted in a good correlation with the experimental observation. For the randomly distributed crystallites, lower absolute average relative errors of 4.66, 4.45, and 5.79% were observed as compared to orderly distributed crystallites when the degree of crystallinity was obtained using FTIR, DSC, and XRD data, respectively.

Keywords
barrier property, crystallinity, coating film, model predictions, poly(vinyl alcohol)
National Category
Mathematics Chemical Engineering
Research subject
Mathematics; Chemical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-86305 (URN)10.3390/coatings11101253 (DOI)000713992300001 ()2-s2.0-85118354309 (Scopus ID)
Projects
Multi Barr, GA nr. 20180036
Funder
Knowledge Foundation, 20180036
Available from: 2021-10-26 Created: 2021-10-26 Last updated: 2022-02-28Bibliographically approved
Govindarajan, V., Nyflött, Å., Bonnerup, C. & Lestelius, M. (2018). An economic-environmental analysis of selected barrier coating materials used in packaging food products: A Swedish case study. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 20(4), 1483-1497
Open this publication in new window or tab >>An economic-environmental analysis of selected barrier coating materials used in packaging food products: A Swedish case study
2018 (English)In: Environment, Development and Sustainability, ISSN 1387-585X, E-ISSN 1573-2975, Vol. 20, no 4, p. 1483-1497Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The purpose of a barrier coating in food packaging is primarily to increase the shelf life of the foodstuff contained within the packaging, preserve its colour, odour, taste and quality, and thereby reduce food wastage (both at retail outlets and households). While most publications hitherto have compared packaging and barrier-coating materials on the basis of their environmental impacts alone, this paper adopts a more holistic approach by factoring in the economic aspect as well. Four barrier material alternatives—starch, polyethylene, EVOH + kaolin and latex + kaolin are analysed. Two well-defined end-of-life handling scenarios, relevant to Sweden, are: one in which everything except starch is recycled, with starch being composted, and the other in which everything is incinerated. Among the several environmental impact categories which can be analysed, this paper considers only global warming. Two approaches are tested to combine the economic and environmental aspects—normalisation, weighting and aggregating on the one hand, and using the carbon tax to internalise the externality caused by GHG emissions on the other. For the set of weighting factors obtained thanks to a survey conducted by the authors (40.6% for environmental and 59.4% for economic), starch emerges as the most sustainable alternative, followed by polyethylene for both the end-of-life handling scenarios. This tallies with the result obtained by using the carbon tax for internalisation of the externality. The case study, methodology and results presented in this paper, will hopefully be a springboard for more detailed studies of this nature, under the umbrella of sustainability.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Dordrecht: Springer, 2018
Keywords
Barrier coatings, Starch, Kaolin, Latex, EVOH Polyethylene, Environmental LCA, Sustainability, Economic
National Category
Polymer Technologies Environmental Sciences
Research subject
Chemistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-47463 (URN)10.1007/s10668-017-9948-2 (DOI)000437438300003 ()
Available from: 2016-12-13 Created: 2016-12-07 Last updated: 2022-05-30Bibliographically approved
Nyflött, Å., Petkova-Olsson, Y., Moons, E., Bonnerup, C., Järnström, L., Carlsson, G., . . . Minelli, M. (2017). Modelling of oxygen permeation through filled polymeric layers for barrier coatings. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 134(20), Article ID 44834.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Modelling of oxygen permeation through filled polymeric layers for barrier coatings
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2017 (English)In: Journal of Applied Polymer Science, ISSN 0021-8995, E-ISSN 1097-4628, Vol. 134, no 20, article id 44834Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Wiley-Blackwell, 2017
National Category
Polymer Technologies Composite Science and Engineering
Research subject
Materials Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-47461 (URN)10.1002/app.44834 (DOI)000395129600020 ()
Funder
Knowledge FoundationStora Enso
Available from: 2016-12-13 Created: 2016-12-07 Last updated: 2022-03-30Bibliographically approved
Hämäläinen, P., Hallbäck, N., Gåård, A. & Lestelius, M. (2017). On the determination of transverse shear properties of paper using the short span compression test. Mechanics of materials, 107, 22-30
Open this publication in new window or tab >>On the determination of transverse shear properties of paper using the short span compression test
2017 (English)In: Mechanics of materials, ISSN 0167-6636, E-ISSN 1872-7743, Vol. 107, p. 22-30Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The present paper explores the short span compression tester (SCT) as a means to experimentally determine the transverse shear moduli of paper. These moduli, which are known to be difficult to determine by any other means, are of importance for the behavior of paper during tissue manufacturing and in the converting and embossing of paperboard. Testing was conducted on paper of two different grammages both in MD and in CD. By applying the Timoshenko-Engesser theory for buckling of shear compliant materials, estimates of the transverse shear moduli were obtained through the measured SCT values and standard measurements of the Young's modulus and the thickness. These estimates were evaluated by detailed FE-analyses of the SCT setup incorporating initial geometrical imperfections representative for real test conditions. It was found that the Timoshenko-Engesser theory gives estimates of the transverse shear moduli that are within an accuracy well applicable for most engineering purposes. The results suggest that the method is at least as accurate as any other, more involved, method that could be used for the purpose.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2017
National Category
Paper, Pulp and Fiber Technology
Research subject
Chemical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-63022 (URN)10.1016/j.mechmat.2017.01.012 (DOI)000397366100002 ()
Projects
VIPP
Funder
Knowledge Foundation
Available from: 2017-09-11 Created: 2017-09-11 Last updated: 2024-01-17Bibliographically approved
Lestelius, M., Nyflött, Å., Moons, E., Järnström, L., Carlsson, G., Bonnerup, C. & Govindarajan, V. (2017). Oxygen permeabilityand economic-environmental impact studies of some polyvinyl alcohol dispersionbarrier coatings for packaging applications. In: : . Paper presented at PTS Coating Symposium, September 5-6, Munich, Germany.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Oxygen permeabilityand economic-environmental impact studies of some polyvinyl alcohol dispersionbarrier coatings for packaging applications
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2017 (English)Conference paper, Oral presentation only (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Purposes of employing barrier coatings in packaging, and in particular food packaging, can be to increase the shelf life, preserve colour, odour, and taste, and to protect from a harmful environment in general. Barrier coatings can thus help to reduce food waste along the value chain until end use. Including both materials choice for packaging and the possible fates of the used package, even further steps to provide greater knowledge for decisions on choices of packaging solutions. To that end, we have conducted several experimental and transport modeling studies on oxygen barrier coatings performance. The coating system of choice    has been dispersion coatings of poly vinyl alcohol (PVOH), with additions of kaolin. Physical and chemical features of the coatings were characterized to obtain information on polymer crystallinity, free volume and filler orientation as these characteristics are influential to the oxygen mass transport performance. In turn, the oxygen mass transport was also measured, both in steady state and dynamically. In so doing, we obtained information    useful for developing a general model to describe the oxygen permeability taking into account the physical and chemical features, described above, of the coating layer. Attempts on describing the interdependence and impact, for instance between crystalline and amorphous polymer regions and moisture, was added to the model. The model showed agreement to experimental data for PVOH-kaolin coating in this particular case. However, the basic permeability model has been applied to  many different polymers.

To further explore the potential of these types of coating, which are technically possible to    produce in paperboard production, an economic-environmental impact comparison to other existing material solutions was made. Four barrier material alternatives – starch, polyethylene, ethyl vinyl alcohol (chosen as an alternative for PVOH, where data was difficult to obtain) and kaolin, and latex and kaolin, were analyzed with respect to cost and global warming potential. Weighting and comparing cost to environmental aspect, weighting    factors based on interviews with experts in the packaging value chain, starch emerges as the most sustainable alternative. However, previous coating and mass transport studies also shows how these renewable materials require some further technical development to be competitive.

The mass transport model can serve as a tool for customizing barrier coatings and to predict the barrier performance, as permeability is obtained and thus shelf-life estimation is    possible. The overall concept, the combination of assessment of structural performance and the environmental studies, can be employed to find sustainable food packaging solutions.

National Category
Paper, Pulp and Fiber Technology
Research subject
Chemical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-63024 (URN)
Conference
PTS Coating Symposium, September 5-6, Munich, Germany
Projects
VIPP
Funder
Knowledge FoundationStora Enso
Available from: 2017-09-11 Created: 2017-09-11 Last updated: 2022-05-30Bibliographically approved
Nyflött, Å., Meriçer, Ç., Minelli, M., Moons, E., Jarnstrom, L., Lestelius, M. & Giacinti Baschetti, M. (2017). The influence of moisture content on the polymer structure of polyvinyl alcohol in dispersion barrier coatings and its effect on the mass transport of oxygen. JCT Research, 1345-1355
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The influence of moisture content on the polymer structure of polyvinyl alcohol in dispersion barrier coatings and its effect on the mass transport of oxygen
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2017 (English)In: JCT Research, ISSN 1547-0091, E-ISSN 2168-8028, p. 1345-1355Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This paper presents a study of the effect of moisture on the gas permeability of polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) and PVOH–kaolin dispersion barrier coatings. The oxygen permeability was measured at different humidity levels, and the material properties were characterized under the same conditions: polymer crystallinity, kaolin concentration, and kaolin orientation were all evaluated. The experimental results revealed that the water plasticizes the PVOH material of the coatings, and the presence of kaolin filler is unable to affect such behavior significantly. The PVOH crystallinity was affected drastically by the humidity, as water melts polymer crystallites, which is a reversible process under removal of water. The permeability data were analyzed using a thermodynamicbased model able to account for the water effect on both the solubility of the gas and the diffusivity coefficients in the polymer and composite. The results showed good agreement between the model’s predictions and the experimental data in terms of the overall permeability of the material.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer, 2017
Keywords
Mass transport, Permeability, Modeling, Barrier coating, Moisture, Kaolin, PVOH
National Category
Polymer Technologies Composite Science and Engineering
Research subject
Chemical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-47462 (URN)10.1007/s11998-017-9937-2 (DOI)000422975500012 ()
Funder
Knowledge Foundation, 20100268Stora Enso
Available from: 2016-12-13 Created: 2016-12-07 Last updated: 2022-03-30Bibliographically approved
Organisations
Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0002-0674-4356

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