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Andersson, M., Jonsson, B., Calles, O. & Greenberg, L. (2024). Assessing Movements between Freshwater and Saltwater by Brown Trout (Salmo trutta L.) Based on Otolith Microchemistry. Animals, 14(14), Article ID 2116.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Assessing Movements between Freshwater and Saltwater by Brown Trout (Salmo trutta L.) Based on Otolith Microchemistry
2024 (English)In: Animals, E-ISSN 2076-2615, Vol. 14, no 14, article id 2116Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

By analyzing otolith microchemistry, we examined the use of freshwater and marine environments by brown trout Salmo trutta L. that spawn in the Swedish River Emån and migrate to the Baltic Sea. We estimated the time juveniles spent in freshwater and the number of times the fish returned to freshwater, presumably to spawn. Twenty-six percent of the fish migrated to sea by 1 year of age. However, 13% spent less than one year in the river. Most brown trout (48%) migrated to the sea between 1 and 2 years of age. On average, brown trout, which averaged 4.4 years in age (range 3–6 years), returned to freshwater 2.3 times, and there was an inverse relationship between time spent in freshwater after hatching and the number of visits to freshwater. Our results do not support the classical life history pattern, where brown trout spend one or more years in freshwater before migrating to the sea. Here, we found evidence that part of the population leaves freshwater during their first year. While the cause for precocial migration in the River Emån is not known, our results from this permanently flowing river do not support the idea proposed for other Baltic Sea populations, where the risk of drought has been suggested to be the cause. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI, 2024
Keywords
calcium, fresh water, salt water, strontium, animal experiment, animal model, Article, Baltic Sea, chemistry, female, male, marine environment, migration, nonhuman, nuclear microscopy, otolith, phenotypic variation, Rutilus rutilus, Salmo salar, Salmo trutta, salmonid, X ray emission spectroscopy
National Category
Ecology Fish and Aquacultural Science
Research subject
Biology; Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-101312 (URN)10.3390/ani14142116 (DOI)001278217500001 ()2-s2.0-85199482991 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Energy AgencySwedish Environmental Protection Agency
Available from: 2024-08-12 Created: 2024-08-12 Last updated: 2024-08-12Bibliographically approved
Norrgård, J. R., Nyqvist, D., Greenberg, L. & Bergman, E. (2024). Downstream migration of landlocked Atlantic salmon smolt in a regulated river-Effects of multiple passage at dams with programmed spill. Rivers Research and Applications: an international journal devoted to river research and management, 40(5), 821-833
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Downstream migration of landlocked Atlantic salmon smolt in a regulated river-Effects of multiple passage at dams with programmed spill
2024 (English)In: Rivers Research and Applications: an international journal devoted to river research and management, ISSN 1535-1459, E-ISSN 1535-1467, Vol. 40, no 5, p. 821-833Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In many rivers, downstream-migrating salmonid smolts must pass multiple dams often with high losses as a result. Fish experience mortality both in dam and reservoir passage, and spilling water might allow fish to avoid turbine passage and hence increase migration survival. In River Klaralven, Sweden landlocked Atlantic salmon smolts migrate along a 180 km long reach passing eight dams. A previous telemetry study estimated an accumulated migration success of 16% under conditions with no or very little spill. Here we repeat this study, under a planned spill regime at a subset of hydropower dams. Overall passage success through the eight dams was 32%, which is greater than the 16% reported from the same river section in a year without spill. Most of this increase, however, was attributable to the situation at one dam, where spill constituted a large proportion of total discharge. In addition, we found that loss rates km-1 were similar over dammed reaches and the lentic habitats, but greater than in the free-flowing reference reaches. Results for migration speed paralleled this result with the highest speeds observed in the free-flowing reaches.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
John Wiley & Sons, 2024
Keywords
acoustic telemetry, dammed river, fish passage, migration success, Salmo salar
National Category
Ecology
Research subject
Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-99488 (URN)10.1002/rra.4276 (DOI)001193912700001 ()2-s2.0-85189649187 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Interreg Sweden-NorwayKarlstad University
Note

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Available from: 2024-04-26 Created: 2024-04-26 Last updated: 2024-07-09Bibliographically approved
Filipsson, K., Bergman, E., Erlandsson, A., Greenberg, L., Österling, M. & Watz, J. (2024). Temperature during embryonic development in brown trout influences juvenile behaviour in encounters with predators. Journal of Zoology, 322(3), 241-250
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Temperature during embryonic development in brown trout influences juvenile behaviour in encounters with predators
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2024 (English)In: Journal of Zoology, ISSN 0952-8369, E-ISSN 1469-7998, Vol. 322, no 3, p. 241-250Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Variation in thermal conditions during embryogenesis can have far-reaching impact throughout ontogeny and may give rise to behavioural variation. Many animals, such as salmonids, exhibit behavioural trade-offs related to foraging and predator avoidance. How embryonic temperature affects these behaviours has remained unexplored. Not only abiotic conditions during embryogenesis but also biotic factors such as predator conditioning may affect fish behaviour, especially anti-predator responses. We examined how elevated temperatures and predator odours throughout embryogenesis affect the behaviour of 28-37 mm young-of-the-year brown trout (Salmo trutta) in encounters with predators, namely Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar; 20 cm) and burbot (Lota lota; 40 cm). Juvenile brown trout were more active and aggressive if they were incubated in warmer water as eggs than if they were incubated in colder water, and trout remained inactive longer when encountering predators if they were cold incubated. Brown trout were less active and aggressive when an Atlantic salmon was present than when a burbot or no predator was present. Behavioural responses did not differ between trout that had been subjected to water with versus without predator odours during embryogenesis, possibly because brown trout were not subjected to conspecific alarm cues during egg incubation. This study shows that thermal conditions during embryogenesis can influence fish behaviour early in life and thus contribute to behavioural variation, with potential effects on life history. Considering the rapid warming of northern regions, elevated embryonic temperatures may contribute substantially to variation in salmonid behaviour in the near future. Variation in environmental conditions during embryogenesis of salmonids can have far-reaching impact throughout ontogeny and may give rise to variation in anti-predator behaviour. In a laboratory experiment, we showed that elevated temperatures throughout embryogenesis increased the activity and aggression of 28-37 mm brown trout fry and reduced the time to first movement in encounters with predators (burbot and Atlantic salmon). Predator odour during embryogenesis did not affect brown trout fry behaviour.image

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
John Wiley & Sons, 2024
Keywords
anti-predator behaviour, climate change, development, embryogenesis, incubation temperature, salmonid
National Category
Ecology
Research subject
Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-97834 (URN)10.1111/jzo.13135 (DOI)001118606000001 ()2-s2.0-85179367718 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Karlstad University
Available from: 2023-12-22 Created: 2023-12-22 Last updated: 2024-04-17Bibliographically approved
Erlandsson, A., Asmonaite, G., Jonsson, B. & Greenberg, L. (2024). Using qPCR to Identify Potential Effects of Thermal Conditions during Embryogenesis on Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number in Juvenile Brown Trout Salmo trutta. Fishes, 9(4), Article ID 142.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Using qPCR to Identify Potential Effects of Thermal Conditions during Embryogenesis on Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number in Juvenile Brown Trout Salmo trutta
2024 (English)In: Fishes, E-ISSN 2410-3888, Vol. 9, no 4, article id 142Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Changes in the number, structure, and function of mitochondria during the early life stages of animals can play an important role for an organism's metabolic rate, growth, and health. Previous studies have shown that juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta) subjected to elevated temperatures during the embryonic stage respond phenotypically with a reduced metabolic rate. The aim of this study was to explore if embryonic temperature affects the mitochondria content of young brown trout and as such explains the previously found differences in metabolic rates. Here, we optimize a quantitative PCR (qPCR) method for the mitochondria cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene, and then use the method as a proxy for mitochondrial DNA content. We hypothesize that young trout subjected to elevated temperatures during the embryonic stage respond phenotypically with a reduced mitochondrial DNA content. To test this hypothesis, we subjected brown trout to either control ambient (4.4 +/- 1.5 degrees C) or elevated temperatures (7.1 +/- 0.6 degrees C) during embryogenesis. Subsequently, we extracted DNA from liver and white muscle tissue of juvenile brown trout from the two different incubation temperature treatments and successively optimized qPCR for mitochondrial DNA. We found that the amount of mitochondria DNA in liver tissue was 18 times higher than in white muscle tissue, but there was no significant difference in mitochondria content in liver or muscle tissue between brown trout exposed to elevated and ambient control temperatures during embryogenesis. We conclude that reduced metabolic rate is not likely associated with mitochondria DNA content. We also suggest that qPCR is a simple and cost-effective method to quantify mitochondria DNA in frozen and partly degraded tissue from different treatment groups and a useful proxy for identification of differences in mitochondria number.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI, 2024
Keywords
COI gene, mitochondria, Salmo trutta, climate change, quantitative PCR
National Category
Ecology
Research subject
Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-99858 (URN)10.3390/fishes9040142 (DOI)001211346600001 ()2-s2.0-85191563994 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Karlstad University
Available from: 2024-06-04 Created: 2024-06-04 Last updated: 2024-06-13Bibliographically approved
Hedelin, B., Alkan-Olsson, J. & Greenberg, L. (2023). Collaboration Adrift: Factors for Anchoring into Governance Systems, Distilled from a Study of Three Regulated Rivers. Sustainability, 15(6), Article ID 4980.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Collaboration Adrift: Factors for Anchoring into Governance Systems, Distilled from a Study of Three Regulated Rivers
2023 (English)In: Sustainability, E-ISSN 2071-1050, Vol. 15, no 6, article id 4980Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Collaboration has the potential to aid the balancing of values and goals that belong to different, sometimes competing, policy fields, such as energy, climate adaptation and nature conservation-a key component of sustainable governance. However, we need to know more of how collaboration can function as integrating (and integrated) components of governance systems. Three regulated Swedish rivers are used here as examples to explore factors that influence this function. The following factors are identified: transparency of value trade-offs, understanding of collaboration and governance, interplay between public sectors, integrating funding mechanisms, clarity of mandate, strategic use of networks and consistency of the governance system. As a consequence of the poor management of these factors in our case, water quality and ecology values are not integrated in strategic decision making, e.g., regarding hydropower, urban development or climate adaptation. Instead, they are considered add-ons, or "decorations". The Swedish case illustrates the meaning of the factors and their great importance for achieving sustainable governance.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI, 2023
Keywords
collaborative capacity, floods directive, hydropower, sustainable development, Sweden, water framework directive
National Category
Environmental Sciences
Research subject
Risk and Environmental Studies
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-94552 (URN)10.3390/su15064980 (DOI)000968262400001 ()
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 2016-01432
Available from: 2023-05-08 Created: 2023-05-08 Last updated: 2023-05-08Bibliographically approved
Filipsson, K., Erlandsson, A., Greenberg, L., Österling, M., Watz, J. & Bergman, E. (2023). Do predator odours and warmer winters affect growth of salmonid embryos?. Ecology of Freshwater Fish (1), Article ID e12747.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Do predator odours and warmer winters affect growth of salmonid embryos?
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2023 (English)In: Ecology of Freshwater Fish, ISSN 0906-6691, E-ISSN 1600-0633, no 1, article id e12747Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Conditions early in ontogeny can have considerable effects later on in life. Many salmonids spawn during the autumn, and temperature during subsequent embryogenesis may have far-reaching effects on life-history traits, especially when considering ongoing climate change. Even biotic conditions during embryogenesis, such as predation threat, may affect later life stages. Here, we examined how predator odours and increased temperatures affect embryonic growth and development of a fish (brown trout Salmo trutta). We found that embryos had lower body mass and greater yolk volume close to hatching when subjected to predator odours. Trout embryos incubated at temperatures representing natural winter conditions were larger than embryos incubated at higher temperatures, although the latter hatched earlier. Fry sizes at emergence did not differ between treatments, perhaps because of compensatory growth during spring. This study shows that predator presence can have similar effects on embryonic growth of salmonids as warming winters, with possible impact later in ontogeny. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
John Wiley & Sons, 2023
Keywords
brown trout, climate change, development, egg incubation, predation, yolk
National Category
Ecology Zoology Fish and Aquacultural Science
Research subject
Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-96852 (URN)10.1111/eff.12747 (DOI)2-s2.0-85170696207 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Karlstad University
Available from: 2023-10-02 Created: 2023-10-02 Last updated: 2023-12-11Bibliographically approved
Myrstener, M., Greenberg, L. & Kuglerová, L. (2023). Experimental riparian forest gaps and increased sediment loads modify stream metabolic patterns and biofilm composition. Ecosphere, 14(12), Article ID e4695.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Experimental riparian forest gaps and increased sediment loads modify stream metabolic patterns and biofilm composition
2023 (English)In: Ecosphere, E-ISSN 2150-8925, Vol. 14, no 12, article id e4695Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Forest management operations greatly influence stream habitats. Canopy clearing and subsequent canopy development during succession, site preparation, and ditching alter the light environment, and increase sediment inputs and nutrient exports from upland and riparian soils to streams. These physicochemical changes affect aquatic biofilms and metabolic rates, and in this study, we tested their individual and combined effects. We used 12 artificial streamside channels, together with a field survey of nine streams in and around clear-cuts, to assess the effects of shading, substrate composition, and nutrient addition on biofilm biomass and composition, as well as metabolic rates. We found that biofilm biomass and gross primary production (GPP) were light limited in channels under 70% canopy shading. Nitrate additions at this shading level only marginally increased autotrophic biomass, while the rates of respiration increased 10-fold when carbon was added. Open (unshaded) channels had three times higher rates of GPP compared with channels with 70% shading, and autotrophic biomass was twice as high, largely caused by the colonization of filamentous green algae. These changes to biofilm biomass, composition, and GPP were caused by differences in light alone, as temperature was not affected by the shading treatment. Notably, higher rates of GPP led to no positive effect on net ecosystem production. Further, fine-grained substrates negatively affected GPP as compared with stone substrates in the experimental channels. In the surveyed streams, the negative effects of fine-grained substrates exceeded the positive influence of light on biofilm biomass. Altogether, our results highlight the need for riparian management that protects headwaters from unwanted stressors by focusing on preventing sediment erosion and carbon transport in clear-cuts, while providing variable shade conditions in second-growth forests. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
John Wiley & Sons, 2023
Keywords
biofilm, buffer, chla, clear-cut, forestry, gross primary production, metabolism, respiration, riparian forest, sediment, shading, stream
National Category
Ecology Environmental Sciences
Research subject
Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-97907 (URN)10.1002/ecs2.4695 (DOI)001126533100001 ()2-s2.0-85179670522 (Scopus ID)
Funder
WWF Sweden, 300326Swedish Research Council Formas, 2019‐01108
Available from: 2024-01-03 Created: 2024-01-03 Last updated: 2024-01-05Bibliographically approved
Näslund, J., Bowes, R., Sandin, L., Bergman, E. & Greenberg, L. (2023). Fish biodiversity in different types of tributary mouths located within impounded sections of Swedish boreal rivers. International Journal of Ecohydrology and Hydrobiology, 23(1), 48-65
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Fish biodiversity in different types of tributary mouths located within impounded sections of Swedish boreal rivers
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2023 (English)In: International Journal of Ecohydrology and Hydrobiology, ISSN 1642-3593, E-ISSN 2080-3397, Vol. 23, no 1, p. 48-65Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Large boreal rivers in Sweden are generally impounded by hydropower dams and a large proportion of main stem shallow flowing habitats have been lost. Tributaries often contain the last undisturbed habitats and could be important for the conservation of species diversity. In particular, tributary mouth areas could be biodiversity hot-spots, due to their vicinity to the main stem and favorable environmental conditions. In this study, we investigate whether tributary mouth areas in two impounded boreal rivers (Ume River and Lule River) could be regarded as biodiversity hot-spots for fish. Based on standardized electrofishing in 20 tributary mouths, we find that overall fish diversity is generally low. The highest species richness and diversity was found in mouth areas dominated by intermediate substrate sizes (gravel – cobble). Few, if any, species were found in areas where fine sediments (smaller than sand) dominated. The tributary mouth areas had similar species richness and diversity as areas in the tributaries located 1-km upstream of the mouth, but the fish community composition often differed between these two types of sites. Management action favoring fish diversity in the tributary mouth areas could include protection or rehabilitation of areas dominated by medium sized substrate and reduction of erosion and transport of fine sediments in the tributaries. Overall, we find no support for tributary mouths being hot-spots for fish biodiversity and while some patterns in diversity gives hints on suitable management action, it is important to further understand impacts in tributaries and their mouths and the temporal dynamics of the fish community.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2023
Keywords
Aggradation, Boreal rivers, Fish biodiversity, River morphology, River sediment size, Tributary confluence
National Category
Ecology
Research subject
Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-92780 (URN)10.1016/j.ecohyd.2022.11.004 (DOI)000927440400001 ()2-s2.0-85143146243 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Energy ResearchSwedish Energy AgencyUmeå UniversitySwedish Agency for Marine and Water ManagementKarlstad University
Available from: 2022-12-29 Created: 2022-12-29 Last updated: 2023-03-31Bibliographically approved
Bowes, R. E., Bergman, E., Donadi, S., Greenberg, L., Sandin, L. & Lind, L. (2023). Landscape features control river's confluences water quality and tributary fish composition. Rivers Research and Applications: an international journal devoted to river research and management, 39(6), 1025-1036
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Landscape features control river's confluences water quality and tributary fish composition
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2023 (English)In: Rivers Research and Applications: an international journal devoted to river research and management, ISSN 1535-1459, E-ISSN 1535-1467, Vol. 39, no 6, p. 1025-1036Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Rivers networks represent hierarchical dendritic habitats within terrestrial landscapes and differences in connectivity and land use influence dispersal, and consequently biodiversity patterns. We, therefore, measured variation in water chemistry and fish abundance and related these to a number of landscape characteristics (e.g., wetland, urban, wooded, and agricultural) in the River Klaralven and its 30 permanently flowing tributaries. We hypothesized that these environmental attributes would differ between tributary and main stem habitat and that these differences would be driven by landscape attributes including land use. We found considerable intertributary variation in temperature and nutrient levels, and between the tributaries and the main stem. Generally, water temperature was lower in the tributaries, whereas nutrient levels were higher in the tributaries. The lower water temperature has implications for coldwater fishes, and we found two fishes, burbot and lamprey, associated with coldwater tributaries. We also found an inverse relationship between water quality and anthropogenic land use. Protecting tributaries with low anthropogenic impact will likely become increasingly important with ongoing global warming as they can function as thermal refugia for coldwater fishes. Hence, this study underscores the need to evaluate water courses at regional scales to identify spatial refuges and ensure connectivity.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
John Wiley & Sons, 2023
Keywords
fish diversity, landscape, tributary, water quality
National Category
Ecology
Research subject
Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-94634 (URN)10.1002/rra.4133 (DOI)000973690300001 ()2-s2.0-85153311351 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Energy ResearchKarlstad University
Available from: 2023-05-12 Created: 2023-05-12 Last updated: 2023-12-11Bibliographically approved
Stoilova, V., Andreasson, P., Aldvén, D. & Greenberg, L. (2023). Novel’Dancing Rods’ Behavioural Barrier for the Guidance of Juvenile Salmonids. In: Helmut Habersack; Michael Tritthart; Lisa Waldenberger (Ed.), Proceedings of the IAHR World Congress: . Paper presented at 40th IAHR World Congress, Vienna, Austria, August 21-25, 2023. (pp. 3142-3146). International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Novel’Dancing Rods’ Behavioural Barrier for the Guidance of Juvenile Salmonids
2023 (English)In: Proceedings of the IAHR World Congress / [ed] Helmut Habersack; Michael Tritthart; Lisa Waldenberger, International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research , 2023, p. 3142-3146Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

When fish migrate downstream, they follow bulk flow and unless enough flow is redirected towards a bypass, they need guidance to pass the dam. Guidance relying on behavioural responses by fish are generally less effective but less expensive than physical guidance structures, and hence there is an interest in finding more effective behavioural guidance systems. Here we test a newly developed behavioural guidance system referred to as the ’dancing rods’ guidance barrier. The system consists of a series of evenly-spaced parallel floating polyethylene rods that are anchored to the river bottom, vacillating with the flow, thereby presenting the fish will a “permeable wall” whose purpose is to lead the fish away from the turbines. A single pilot trial with 106 out-migrating Atlantic salmon smolts carried out in a large experimental flume showed that the barrier was effective in deterring fish from passing through it. Only 5.7% of the fish crossed the rods barrier downstream, while the rest of the fish remained upstream 51.9%, stayed around the start box or followed the barrier downstream until they reached the end of a bypass ramp 39.6%. Further testing is required to establish the potential of the ‘dancing rods’ as a guiding structure. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research, 2023
Keywords
Tlantic salmon, Downstream migration, Hydropower, Smolt
National Category
Ecology Zoology
Research subject
Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-99212 (URN)10.3850/978-90-833476-1-5_iahr40wc-p1481-cd (DOI)2-s2.0-85187686793 (Scopus ID)978-90-833476-1-5 (ISBN)
Conference
40th IAHR World Congress, Vienna, Austria, August 21-25, 2023.
Available from: 2024-04-05 Created: 2024-04-05 Last updated: 2024-04-05Bibliographically approved
Organisations
Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0002-3191-7140

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