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Hedelin, B., Alkan-Olsson, J. & Greenberg, L. (2023). Collaboration Adrift: Factors for Anchoring into Governance Systems, Distilled from a Study of Three Regulated Rivers. Sustainability, 15(6), Article ID 4980.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Collaboration Adrift: Factors for Anchoring into Governance Systems, Distilled from a Study of Three Regulated Rivers
2023 (English)In: Sustainability, E-ISSN 2071-1050, Vol. 15, no 6, article id 4980Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Collaboration has the potential to aid the balancing of values and goals that belong to different, sometimes competing, policy fields, such as energy, climate adaptation and nature conservation-a key component of sustainable governance. However, we need to know more of how collaboration can function as integrating (and integrated) components of governance systems. Three regulated Swedish rivers are used here as examples to explore factors that influence this function. The following factors are identified: transparency of value trade-offs, understanding of collaboration and governance, interplay between public sectors, integrating funding mechanisms, clarity of mandate, strategic use of networks and consistency of the governance system. As a consequence of the poor management of these factors in our case, water quality and ecology values are not integrated in strategic decision making, e.g., regarding hydropower, urban development or climate adaptation. Instead, they are considered add-ons, or "decorations". The Swedish case illustrates the meaning of the factors and their great importance for achieving sustainable governance.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI, 2023
Keywords
collaborative capacity, floods directive, hydropower, sustainable development, Sweden, water framework directive
National Category
Environmental Sciences
Research subject
Risk and Environmental Studies
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-94552 (URN)10.3390/su15064980 (DOI)000968262400001 ()
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 2016-01432
Available from: 2023-05-08 Created: 2023-05-08 Last updated: 2023-05-08Bibliographically approved
Filipsson, K., Erlandsson, A., Greenberg, L., Österling, M., Watz, J. & Bergman, E. (2023). Do predator odours and warmer winters affect growth of salmonid embryos?. Ecology of Freshwater Fish (1), Article ID e12747.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Do predator odours and warmer winters affect growth of salmonid embryos?
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2023 (English)In: Ecology of Freshwater Fish, ISSN 0906-6691, E-ISSN 1600-0633, no 1, article id e12747Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Conditions early in ontogeny can have considerable effects later on in life. Many salmonids spawn during the autumn, and temperature during subsequent embryogenesis may have far-reaching effects on life-history traits, especially when considering ongoing climate change. Even biotic conditions during embryogenesis, such as predation threat, may affect later life stages. Here, we examined how predator odours and increased temperatures affect embryonic growth and development of a fish (brown trout Salmo trutta). We found that embryos had lower body mass and greater yolk volume close to hatching when subjected to predator odours. Trout embryos incubated at temperatures representing natural winter conditions were larger than embryos incubated at higher temperatures, although the latter hatched earlier. Fry sizes at emergence did not differ between treatments, perhaps because of compensatory growth during spring. This study shows that predator presence can have similar effects on embryonic growth of salmonids as warming winters, with possible impact later in ontogeny. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
John Wiley & Sons, 2023
Keywords
brown trout, climate change, development, egg incubation, predation, yolk
National Category
Ecology Zoology Fish and Aquacultural Science
Research subject
Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-96852 (URN)10.1111/eff.12747 (DOI)2-s2.0-85170696207 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Karlstad University
Available from: 2023-10-02 Created: 2023-10-02 Last updated: 2023-12-11Bibliographically approved
Myrstener, M., Greenberg, L. & Kuglerová, L. (2023). Experimental riparian forest gaps and increased sediment loads modify stream metabolic patterns and biofilm composition. Ecosphere, 14(12), Article ID e4695.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Experimental riparian forest gaps and increased sediment loads modify stream metabolic patterns and biofilm composition
2023 (English)In: Ecosphere, E-ISSN 2150-8925, Vol. 14, no 12, article id e4695Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Forest management operations greatly influence stream habitats. Canopy clearing and subsequent canopy development during succession, site preparation, and ditching alter the light environment, and increase sediment inputs and nutrient exports from upland and riparian soils to streams. These physicochemical changes affect aquatic biofilms and metabolic rates, and in this study, we tested their individual and combined effects. We used 12 artificial streamside channels, together with a field survey of nine streams in and around clear-cuts, to assess the effects of shading, substrate composition, and nutrient addition on biofilm biomass and composition, as well as metabolic rates. We found that biofilm biomass and gross primary production (GPP) were light limited in channels under 70% canopy shading. Nitrate additions at this shading level only marginally increased autotrophic biomass, while the rates of respiration increased 10-fold when carbon was added. Open (unshaded) channels had three times higher rates of GPP compared with channels with 70% shading, and autotrophic biomass was twice as high, largely caused by the colonization of filamentous green algae. These changes to biofilm biomass, composition, and GPP were caused by differences in light alone, as temperature was not affected by the shading treatment. Notably, higher rates of GPP led to no positive effect on net ecosystem production. Further, fine-grained substrates negatively affected GPP as compared with stone substrates in the experimental channels. In the surveyed streams, the negative effects of fine-grained substrates exceeded the positive influence of light on biofilm biomass. Altogether, our results highlight the need for riparian management that protects headwaters from unwanted stressors by focusing on preventing sediment erosion and carbon transport in clear-cuts, while providing variable shade conditions in second-growth forests. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
John Wiley & Sons, 2023
Keywords
biofilm, buffer, chla, clear-cut, forestry, gross primary production, metabolism, respiration, riparian forest, sediment, shading, stream
National Category
Ecology Environmental Sciences
Research subject
Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-97907 (URN)10.1002/ecs2.4695 (DOI)001126533100001 ()2-s2.0-85179670522 (Scopus ID)
Funder
WWF Sweden, 300326Swedish Research Council Formas, 2019‐01108
Available from: 2024-01-03 Created: 2024-01-03 Last updated: 2024-01-05Bibliographically approved
Näslund, J., Bowes, R., Sandin, L., Bergman, E. & Greenberg, L. (2023). Fish biodiversity in different types of tributary mouths located within impounded sections of Swedish boreal rivers. International Journal of Ecohydrology and Hydrobiology, 23(1), 48-65
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Fish biodiversity in different types of tributary mouths located within impounded sections of Swedish boreal rivers
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2023 (English)In: International Journal of Ecohydrology and Hydrobiology, ISSN 1642-3593, E-ISSN 2080-3397, Vol. 23, no 1, p. 48-65Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Large boreal rivers in Sweden are generally impounded by hydropower dams and a large proportion of main stem shallow flowing habitats have been lost. Tributaries often contain the last undisturbed habitats and could be important for the conservation of species diversity. In particular, tributary mouth areas could be biodiversity hot-spots, due to their vicinity to the main stem and favorable environmental conditions. In this study, we investigate whether tributary mouth areas in two impounded boreal rivers (Ume River and Lule River) could be regarded as biodiversity hot-spots for fish. Based on standardized electrofishing in 20 tributary mouths, we find that overall fish diversity is generally low. The highest species richness and diversity was found in mouth areas dominated by intermediate substrate sizes (gravel – cobble). Few, if any, species were found in areas where fine sediments (smaller than sand) dominated. The tributary mouth areas had similar species richness and diversity as areas in the tributaries located 1-km upstream of the mouth, but the fish community composition often differed between these two types of sites. Management action favoring fish diversity in the tributary mouth areas could include protection or rehabilitation of areas dominated by medium sized substrate and reduction of erosion and transport of fine sediments in the tributaries. Overall, we find no support for tributary mouths being hot-spots for fish biodiversity and while some patterns in diversity gives hints on suitable management action, it is important to further understand impacts in tributaries and their mouths and the temporal dynamics of the fish community.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2023
Keywords
Aggradation, Boreal rivers, Fish biodiversity, River morphology, River sediment size, Tributary confluence
National Category
Ecology
Research subject
Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-92780 (URN)10.1016/j.ecohyd.2022.11.004 (DOI)000927440400001 ()2-s2.0-85143146243 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Energy ResearchSwedish Energy AgencyUmeå UniversitySwedish Agency for Marine and Water ManagementKarlstad University
Available from: 2022-12-29 Created: 2022-12-29 Last updated: 2023-03-31Bibliographically approved
Bowes, R. E., Bergman, E., Donadi, S., Greenberg, L., Sandin, L. & Lind, L. (2023). Landscape features control river's confluences water quality and tributary fish composition. Rivers Research and Applications: an international journal devoted to river research and management, 39(6), 1025-1036
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Landscape features control river's confluences water quality and tributary fish composition
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2023 (English)In: Rivers Research and Applications: an international journal devoted to river research and management, ISSN 1535-1459, E-ISSN 1535-1467, Vol. 39, no 6, p. 1025-1036Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Rivers networks represent hierarchical dendritic habitats within terrestrial landscapes and differences in connectivity and land use influence dispersal, and consequently biodiversity patterns. We, therefore, measured variation in water chemistry and fish abundance and related these to a number of landscape characteristics (e.g., wetland, urban, wooded, and agricultural) in the River Klaralven and its 30 permanently flowing tributaries. We hypothesized that these environmental attributes would differ between tributary and main stem habitat and that these differences would be driven by landscape attributes including land use. We found considerable intertributary variation in temperature and nutrient levels, and between the tributaries and the main stem. Generally, water temperature was lower in the tributaries, whereas nutrient levels were higher in the tributaries. The lower water temperature has implications for coldwater fishes, and we found two fishes, burbot and lamprey, associated with coldwater tributaries. We also found an inverse relationship between water quality and anthropogenic land use. Protecting tributaries with low anthropogenic impact will likely become increasingly important with ongoing global warming as they can function as thermal refugia for coldwater fishes. Hence, this study underscores the need to evaluate water courses at regional scales to identify spatial refuges and ensure connectivity.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
John Wiley & Sons, 2023
Keywords
fish diversity, landscape, tributary, water quality
National Category
Ecology
Research subject
Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-94634 (URN)10.1002/rra.4133 (DOI)000973690300001 ()2-s2.0-85153311351 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Energy ResearchKarlstad University
Available from: 2023-05-12 Created: 2023-05-12 Last updated: 2023-12-11Bibliographically approved
Filipsson, K., Bergman, E., Erlandsson, A., Greenberg, L., Österling, M. & Watz, J. (2023). Temperature during embryonic development in brown trout influences juvenile behaviour in encounters with predators. Journal of Zoology
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Temperature during embryonic development in brown trout influences juvenile behaviour in encounters with predators
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2023 (English)In: Journal of Zoology, ISSN 0952-8369, E-ISSN 1469-7998Article in journal (Refereed) Epub ahead of print
Abstract [en]

Variation in thermal conditions during embryogenesis can have far-reaching impact throughout ontogeny and may give rise to behavioural variation. Many animals, such as salmonids, exhibit behavioural trade-offs related to foraging and predator avoidance. How embryonic temperature affects these behaviours has remained unexplored. Not only abiotic conditions during embryogenesis but also biotic factors such as predator conditioning may affect fish behaviour, especially anti-predator responses. We examined how elevated temperatures and predator odours throughout embryogenesis affect the behaviour of 28-37 mm young-of-the-year brown trout (Salmo trutta) in encounters with predators, namely Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar; 20 cm) and burbot (Lota lota; 40 cm). Juvenile brown trout were more active and aggressive if they were incubated in warmer water as eggs than if they were incubated in colder water, and trout remained inactive longer when encountering predators if they were cold incubated. Brown trout were less active and aggressive when an Atlantic salmon was present than when a burbot or no predator was present. Behavioural responses did not differ between trout that had been subjected to water with versus without predator odours during embryogenesis, possibly because brown trout were not subjected to conspecific alarm cues during egg incubation. This study shows that thermal conditions during embryogenesis can influence fish behaviour early in life and thus contribute to behavioural variation, with potential effects on life history. Considering the rapid warming of northern regions, elevated embryonic temperatures may contribute substantially to variation in salmonid behaviour in the near future. Variation in environmental conditions during embryogenesis of salmonids can have far-reaching impact throughout ontogeny and may give rise to variation in anti-predator behaviour. In a laboratory experiment, we showed that elevated temperatures throughout embryogenesis increased the activity and aggression of 28-37 mm brown trout fry and reduced the time to first movement in encounters with predators (burbot and Atlantic salmon). Predator odour during embryogenesis did not affect brown trout fry behaviour.image

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
John Wiley & Sons, 2023
Keywords
anti-predator behaviour, climate change, development, embryogenesis, incubation temperature, salmonid
National Category
Ecology
Research subject
Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-97834 (URN)10.1111/jzo.13135 (DOI)001118606000001 ()2-s2.0-85179367718 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Karlstad University
Available from: 2023-12-22 Created: 2023-12-22 Last updated: 2024-01-03Bibliographically approved
Greenberg, L. A., Filipsson, K., Bergman, E. & Jonsson, B. (2023). The effects of egg incubation temperature and parental cross on the swimming activity of juvenile brown trout Salmo trutta. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 77(10), Article ID 114.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The effects of egg incubation temperature and parental cross on the swimming activity of juvenile brown trout Salmo trutta
2023 (English)In: Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, ISSN 0340-5443, E-ISSN 1432-0762, Vol. 77, no 10, article id 114Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Personality varies among individuals and is influenced by the environment. Here, we tested the hypothesis that egg incubation temperature had carry-over effects on swimming activity of juvenile brown trout, Salmo trutta. Eggs from different crosses involving anadromous and lacustrine-adfluvial parents were incubated under two temperature regimes, unheated (cold) or heated c. 2.5 degree celsius above ambient temperature (warm), until first exogenous feeding. In the laboratory, we used open-field tests to quantify swimming activity in a new environment, and mirror-image tests to measure time spent swimming and resting motionless near a mirror, measures often used as proxies for aggression. These tests were conducted for two cohorts, with one tested in June 2018 and the other in June and August 2019, enabling us to test for repeatability and if differences persisted over the summer. In June, when adjusting for differences in body size between cold- and warm-incubated trout, we found that juvenile trout incubated as embryos at cold temperatures showed more swimming activity and took less time to initiate swimming for their size than those incubated in warm water. There were also body size and year effects but no effects of parental cross. For August, none of the incubation temperature effects observed in June persisted, but cold-incubated trout spent a larger proportion of their time motionless near the mirror than warm-incubated trout and there was a general body size effect on time to initiate swimming. The lack of any persistent effects of incubation temperature between June and August suggests that the effect is ephemeral. Notwithstanding, these results support the hypothesis that incubation temperature has short-term effects on activity of juvenile of brown trout during their first summer.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer, 2023
Keywords
Behavior, Brown trout phenotypes, Counter-gradient variation, Early life history effects, Locomotor activity, Personality
National Category
Ecology
Research subject
Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-97287 (URN)10.1007/s00265-023-03384-w (DOI)001082484100001 ()2-s2.0-85173974045 (Scopus ID)
Funder
The Research Council of Norway, 268005
Available from: 2023-11-02 Created: 2023-11-02 Last updated: 2023-11-22Bibliographically approved
Filipsson, K., Åsman, V., Greenberg, L., Österling, M., Watz, J. & Bergman, E. (2023). Winter Behavior of Juvenile Brown Trout in a Changing Climate: How Do Light and Ice Cover Affect Encounters with Instream Predators?. Fishes, 8(10), Article ID 521.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Winter Behavior of Juvenile Brown Trout in a Changing Climate: How Do Light and Ice Cover Affect Encounters with Instream Predators?
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2023 (English)In: Fishes, E-ISSN 2410-3888, Vol. 8, no 10, article id 521Article in journal (Other academic) Published
Abstract [en]

During winter, stream fishes are vulnerable to semi-aquatic predators like mammals and birds and reduce encounters by being active in darkness or under surface ice. Less is known about the behavior of fishes towards instream piscivorous fishes. Here, we examined how surface ice and light affected the anti-predator behavior of juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta Linnaeus, 1758) in relation to piscivorous burbot (Lota lota Linnaeus, 1758) and northern pike (Esox lucius Linnaeus, 1758) at 4 degrees C in experimental flumes. Trout had lower foraging and swimming activity and spent more time sheltering when predators were present than when absent. In daylight, trout's swimming activity was not affected by predators, whereas in darkness trout were less active when predators were present. Trout consumed more drifting prey during the day when ice was present, and they positioned themselves further upstream when under ice cover, regardless of light conditions. Trout stayed closer to conspecifics under ice, but only in the presence of pike. Piscivorous fishes thus constitute an essential part of the predatory landscape of juvenile trout in winter, and thus loss of ice cover caused by climate warming will likely affect trout's interactions with predators.

Keywords
anti-predator, global changer, diel behavior, foraging, piscivores, predators
National Category
Ecology Zoology
Research subject
Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-88204 (URN)10.3390/fishes8100521 (DOI)001089943500001 ()2-s2.0-85175046960 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Karlstad University
Note

This paper was included as a manuscript in doctoral thesis entitled "Early life stages of brown trout - Anti-predator responses under warming winters" 2022:2

Available from: 2022-01-26 Created: 2022-01-26 Last updated: 2023-11-28Bibliographically approved
Naslund, J., Bowes, R. E., Greenberg, L. & Bergman, E. (2022). Downstream bypass efficiency of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts in relation to bypass cobble substrate and flow velocity. Ecological Engineering: The Journal of Ecotechnology, 181, Article ID 106695.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Downstream bypass efficiency of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts in relation to bypass cobble substrate and flow velocity
2022 (English)In: Ecological Engineering: The Journal of Ecotechnology, ISSN 0925-8574, E-ISSN 1872-6992, Vol. 181, article id 106695Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

River connectivity is a major environmental factor affecting fish migration through river systems. Anthropogenic barriers cause substantial delays and mortality to long-migrating diadromous fish, such as salmonids. Downstream bypasses have received little attention over the years and can be constructed in several ways, with bypass acceptance by fish shown to be problematic in many cases. This experiment investigated whether the addition of cobble in the passageway of a surface bypass could facilitate downstream movement of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts. The experiment also determined if the addition of cobble substrate functioned similarly under five varying flow velocities, as this can directly interact with bypass design and impact bypass acceptance. Surface bypasses were constructed in large experimental flumes, into which the smolts were released and monitored for bypass passage using PIT-telemetry through 3-h night-trials. Behavior was scored using two continuously recording video cameras at the bypass construction. No clear positive effects on passage efficiency could be detected from the addition of cobble substrate in the passageway of the bypass. Based on these results, the addition of cobble substrate in a surface bypass passageway cannot be recommended as a measure to facilitate the downstream passage performance of Atlantic salmon smolts through surface bypasses. With respect to flow velocity, higher velocities within the tested range (0.48-0.75 m.s(-1)) led to faster passage.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2022
Keywords
Avoidance behavior, Behavior, Salmonidae, Downstream migration, Fish passage, Flume experiment, Hydropower dams, Migration barrier
National Category
Ecology
Research subject
Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-91251 (URN)10.1016/j.ecoleng.2022.106695 (DOI)000807983600002 ()2-s2.0-85130969663 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2022-07-07 Created: 2022-07-07 Last updated: 2022-11-03Bibliographically approved
Jonsson, B. & Greenberg, L. (2022). Egg incubation temperature influences the population-specific outmigration rate of juvenile brown trout Salmo trutta. Journal of Fish Biology, 100(4), 909-917
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Egg incubation temperature influences the population-specific outmigration rate of juvenile brown trout Salmo trutta
2022 (English)In: Journal of Fish Biology, ISSN 0022-1112, E-ISSN 1095-8649, Vol. 100, no 4, p. 909-917Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The present experiment tested if temperature during embryogenesis and parental heritage affected the migratory behaviour of young brown trout Salmo trutta. Two parental forms were used, a freshwater resident form and an anadromous form, both from the same river system but geographically isolated since 1993-95. Four groups of young S. trutta were produced and reared from (a) freshwater resident parents spawning in a tributary to the River Imsa, Norway, (b) anadromous parents spawning in the main stem of the same river system, (c) resident male × anadromous female parents and (d) resident female × anadromous male parents. The eggs were incubated until first exogenous feeding in River Imsa water, either unheated or heated c. 2.7°C above ambient temperature. Thereafter, all fish experienced the same ambient river temperature until release. Groups were released below an impassable waterfall 900 m upstream of the mouth of the River Imsa, either as age-0 in October 2019 or as age-1 in May 2020. About 7.5% of the released fish moved downstream and were captured in a trap at the outlet. For any given body size, the proportion of warm incubated trout that moved downstream was greater than the proportion of cold incubated trout. It was also found that most emigrants of the October-released S. trutta were caught within a month of release. Also, most May-released S. trutta emigrated in October. The offspring of the freshwater resident parents emigrated to a larger extent than offspring of anadromous parents. Thus, the difference in emigration with regard to embryonic temperature was phenotypically plastic and may be associated with an epigenetic effect of the thermal conditions during early development. The effect of parental origin suggests there may be genetic divergence between the geographically isolated populations. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Wiley-Blackwell, 2022
Keywords
Behaviour; egg temperature; genetic expression; outmigration; parental effect; phenotypic plasticity
National Category
Ecology
Research subject
Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-89422 (URN)10.1111/jfb.15022 (DOI)000767953900001 ()35195904 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85126133569 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2022-04-08 Created: 2022-04-08 Last updated: 2022-05-19Bibliographically approved
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Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0002-3191-7140

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