Present work focuses on the in-situ 316L/Cu alloy development by using laser beam powder bed fusion (PBF-LB) additive manufacturing. Influence of the most influential processing parameters i.e., the laser power, and the number of scans i.e., single melting (SM), double melting (DM) and triple melting (TM), on the in-situ alloying ability was studied. At the lowest laser power, 175 W, some 316L powder particles were unmelted and the Cu was not mixed properly into the matrix of 316L. Increasing the laser power from 175 W to 235 W, improves the complete melting of all the components in 316L/Cu powder mix and effective alloying of Cu into 316L with improved homogeneity in its distribution after solidification. However, there is minor copper rich banding at the track overlaps in SM sample prepared at 235 W. Employing of rescanning strategy further improves the homogeneity in distribution of copper owing to the clean and high-quality molten pool with better intermixing by strong molten pool convection.

Chicken eggshells (eggshells) are the bio-waste produced during day-to-day egg consumption by humans. The eggshell contains calcium carbonate (CaCO3) along with several other elements such as Si, Mg, K, P, Na, etc., which enables its application for human bio-implants. Our research work aims to practically implement the eggshell powder as the bio-implant, for which, the study of the densification behavior of the eggshell powder is required. Hence, the present paper represents the densification behavior of the crystalline eggshell powder by spark plasma sintering. The eggshell powders were irregular in shape with a wide particle size distribution. The eggshell powder was sintered at six varying temperatures, i.e., 250 °C, 500 °C, 750 °C, 850 °C, 900 °C, and 1000 °C. The consolidated samples were characterized through SEM, FTIR, and XRD analysis, and the optimum spark plasma sintering temperature was determined. The consolidation of eggshells at 850 °C not only avoids the calcination process (due to the application of pressure) but gives optimum density and hardness making it an optimum condition for consolidating eggshells into compacts.