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Eckstein, R. L., Welk, E., Klinger, Y. P., Lennartsson, T., Wissman, J., Ludewig, K., . . . Ramula, S. (2023). Biological flora of Central Europe– Lupinus polyphyllus Lindley. Perspectives in plant ecology, evolution and systematics, 58, Article ID 125715.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Biological flora of Central Europe– Lupinus polyphyllus Lindley
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2023 (English)In: Perspectives in plant ecology, evolution and systematics, ISSN 1433-8319, E-ISSN 1618-0437, Vol. 58, article id 125715Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The invasive herb Lupinus polyphyllus has been focus of a number of fact sheets worldwide but a comprehensive summary of the species’ taxonomy and morphology, distribution, habitat requirements, and biology has been lacking. This paper gives a thorough account of the species’ systematic position and taxonomy, highlighting the difficulties to delimit taxa, which is related to interbreeding among members of this genus. However, L. polyphyllus var. polyphyllus is apparently the taxon that has naturalized and is regionally invasive in temperate-humid climates worldwide. We also present an updated distribution map of L. polyphyllus in the native and invaded ranges, which highlights seven regions in the world where the species has been established. We show that the climatic niche of L. polyphyllus in the invaded range shifts towards higher summer precipitation and lower isothermality, probably because the invaded range includes subcontinental regions of eastern Europe and western Siberia. The habitats of L. polyphyllus range from rather dry to wet, have moderately acidic to strongly acidic soils, and the species’ indicator values across Europe suggest that it occurs along a gradient from very nutrient poor sites to intermediate to rich sites from northern to southern Europe. The species shows high resistance to both drought and frost. In Central Europe, the species has a stronghold in alpic mountain hay meadows, abandoned meadows and pastures, low and medium altitude hay meadows, anthropogenic herb stands and temperate thickets and scrubs. In northern Europe, the species occurs in anthropogenic herb stands along roads and railroads as well as in abandoned pastures and fields. We also found some doubtful information about L. polyphyllus in the literature. This refers to its description as “rhizomatous perennial” although it lacks rhizomes; an apparently very high longevity of its seeds, which may only be true under artificial conditions in an ex situ seed repository; and a very deep rooting depth, which may not represent the average rooting depth but rather an extreme value. Knowledge about the interrelationships between the species’ future population dynamics and spread and ongoing climate warming is lacking. Finally, our review points out that there is currently no evidence-based strategy for a cost-efficient management of L. polyphyllus although it is among the most problematic non-native plant species in Europe due to its environmental and socio-economic impacts. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2023
Keywords
altitude, drought, flora, geographical distribution, global warming, herb, invasive species, longevity, population dynamics, rooting, taxonomy, Central Europe, Siberia
National Category
Ecology
Research subject
Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-93594 (URN)10.1016/j.ppees.2022.125715 (DOI)000989916200001 ()2-s2.0-85146303011 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2023-02-13 Created: 2023-02-13 Last updated: 2023-06-26Bibliographically approved
Klinger, Y. P., Eckstein, R. L. & Kleinebecker, T. (2023). iPhenology: Using open-access citizen science photos to track phenology at continental scale. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 14(6), 1424-1431
Open this publication in new window or tab >>iPhenology: Using open-access citizen science photos to track phenology at continental scale
2023 (English)In: Methods in Ecology and Evolution, E-ISSN 2041-210X, Vol. 14, no 6, p. 1424-1431Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Photo observations are a highly valuable but rarely used source of citizen science (CS) data. Recently, the number of publicly available photo observations has increased strongly, for example, due to the use of smartphone applications for species identification. This has enabled the raising of ecological insights in poorly studied subjects. One of the fields with the highest potential to benefit from the use of photo observations is phenology. We propose a workflow for iPhenology, the use of publicly available photo observations to track phenological events at large scales. The workflow comprises data acquisition, cleaning of observations, phenological classification and modelling spatiotemporal patterns of phenology. We explore the suitability of iPhenology to observe key phenological stages in the plant reproductive cycle of a model species and discuss limitations and future prospects of the approach using the example of an invasive species in Europe. We show that iPhenology is suitable to track key phenological events of widespread species. However, the number and quality of available observations may differ among species and phenological stages. Overall, publicly available CS photo observations are suitable to track key phenological events and can thus significantly advance the knowledge on the timing and drivers of plant phenology. In future, integrating the workflow with automated image processing and analysis may enable real-time tracking of plant phenology.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
John Wiley & Sons, 2023
Keywords
iEcology, image analysis, photo observation, plant ecology, workflow
National Category
Ecology
Research subject
Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-94546 (URN)10.1111/2041-210X.14114 (DOI)000972549200001 ()2-s2.0-85153532179 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2023-05-05 Created: 2023-05-05 Last updated: 2024-01-17Bibliographically approved
Hansen, W., Klinger, Y. P., Otte, A., Eckstein, R. L. & Ludewig, K. (2022). Constraints in the restoration of mountain meadows invaded by the legume Lupinus polyphyllus. Restoration Ecology, Article ID e13682.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Constraints in the restoration of mountain meadows invaded by the legume Lupinus polyphyllus
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2022 (English)In: Restoration Ecology, ISSN 1061-2971, E-ISSN 1526-100X, article id e13682Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Semi-natural grasslands invaded by the legume Lupinus polyphyllus need the introduction of target species in order to promote highly endangered native target plant communities. However, which techniques are best suited to achieve both invader control and the introduction of target species at the same time? Few studies have investigated restoration techniques that support native plant communities in mountain meadows and control the invader simultaneously. We employed the restoration techniques seed bank activation and green hay transfer in combination with manual removal of the invasive L. polyphyllus on three types of grassland (Nardus grassland, mesic and wet mountain hay meadows) in the low mountain ranges of the Rhon UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in central Germany. Vegetation reacted differently to specific measures depending on the type of grassland. L. polyphyllus cover could be effectively reduced by L. polyphyllus removal in Nardus grassland and mesic hay meadow sites, but not in wet meadows. In Nardus grassland, the cover of target species was lowered by the application of green hay. The target species cover of wet mountain hay meadows declined in response to seed bank activation. When restoring mountain meadows, restoration practitioners should thus first consider the specific vegetation types. As our study indicates that target mountain meadow species may react negatively to restoration measures in the short term, the long-term effects of the application of green hay should be studied.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
John Wiley & Sons, 2022
Keywords
green hay transfer, invader management, invasive Lupinus polyphyllus, mountain-meadow restoration, seed-bank activation
National Category
Botany
Research subject
Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-89646 (URN)10.1111/rec.13682 (DOI)000778165400001 ()2-s2.0-85127462615 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2022-04-28 Created: 2022-04-28 Last updated: 2022-11-03Bibliographically approved
Lind, L., Eckstein, R. L. & Relyea, R. A. (2022). Direct and indirect effects of climate change on distribution and community composition of macrophytes in lentic systems. Biological Reviews, 97(4), 1677-1690
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Direct and indirect effects of climate change on distribution and community composition of macrophytes in lentic systems
2022 (English)In: Biological Reviews, ISSN 1464-7931, E-ISSN 1469-185X, Vol. 97, no 4, p. 1677-1690Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Macrophytes are an important part of freshwater ecosystems and they have direct and indirect roles in keeping the water clear and providing structure and habitats for other aquatic organisms. Currently, climate change is posing a major threat to macrophyte communities by altering the many drivers that determine macrophyte abundance and composition. We synthesise current literature to examine the direct effects of climate change (i.e. changes in CO2, temperature, and precipitation patterns) on aquatic macrophytes in lakes as well as indirect effects via invasive species and nutrient dynamics. The combined effects of climate change are likely to lead to an increased abundance and distribution of emergent and floating species, and a decreased abundance and distribution of submerged macrophytes. In small shallow lakes, these processes are likely to be faster than in deep temperate lakes; with lower light levels, water level fluctuations and increases in temperature, the systems will become dominated by algae. In general, specialized macrophyte species in high-latitude and high-altitude areas will decrease in number while more competitive invasive species are likely to outcompete native species. Given that the majority of endemic species reside in tropical lakes, climate change, together with other anthropogenic pressures, might cause the extinction of a large number of endemic species. Lakes at higher altitudes in tropical areas could therefore potentially be a hotspot for future conservation efforts for protecting endemic macrophyte species. In response to a combination of climate-change induced threats, the macrophyte community might collapse, which will change the status of lakes and may initiate a negative feedback loop that will affect entire lake ecosystems.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
John Wiley & Sons, 2022
Keywords
aquatic plants, climate change, CO2, invasive species, lakes, macrophytes
National Category
Biological Sciences
Research subject
Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-89644 (URN)10.1111/brv.12858 (DOI)000778925100001 ()35388965 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85127655996 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2022-04-28 Created: 2022-04-28 Last updated: 2022-11-01Bibliographically approved
Nordström, E., Eckstein, R. L. & Lind, L. (2022). Edge effects on decomposition in Sphagnum bogs: Implications for carbon storage. Ecosphere, 13(9), Article ID e4234.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Edge effects on decomposition in Sphagnum bogs: Implications for carbon storage
2022 (English)In: Ecosphere, ISSN 2150-8925, E-ISSN 2150-8925, Vol. 13, no 9, article id e4234Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Peatlands provide multiple ecosystem services, including extensive carbon sequestration and storage, yet many peatlands have been degraded or destroyed. Peatlands' carbon storage capacity is connected to inherently low decomposition rates, causing the buildup of organic matter. This pattern could be explained by waterlogged conditions that reduce the amount of available oxygen for the decomposer community, a low pH that inhibits bacterial decomposition, or colder temperatures lowering metabolic rates. This study focused on edge effects on decomposition in the transition zone (lagg) between Sphagnum bogs and the surrounding forest, with the expectation that decomposition is lowest in the bog and highest in the forest but with a mix of factors causing intermediate decomposition rates near the bog edge. Transitional decomposition rates were measured across six bogs in central Sweden during the summer of 2021, following the Tea Bag Index. Three 20-m transects, each containing seven pairs of tea bags, were buried across the margins of each bog, centered at the edge of the Sphagnum moss. Soil moisture content, pH, and plant composition were also recorded at each burial site, and temperature loggers placed evenly among four of the bogs. Our results confirmed our hypothesis regarding edge effects, with soil moisture levels showing a strong negative interaction with decomposition rate. The interaction between pH and decomposition rate was significant, but with an unexpected negative relation, most likely due to low pH in the surrounding forest. Temperature displayed no significance, and plants indicative of low decomposition rates included Vaccinium oxycoccos, Drosera rotundifolia, and Sphagnum species. In contrast to other studies, we did not find an increase in decomposition with increased species richness among the studied bog ecosystems. In conclusion, there is an edge effect on decomposition, and maintaining, or restoring, the hydrology of a peatland is the most important factor for continued carbon storage, with a rough estimation of an area decomposition rate possible to be estimated based on its vegetation.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
John Wiley & Sons, 2022
Keywords
carbon sequestration, carbon storage, edge effects, peatlands, Tea Bag Index, waterlogging
National Category
Ecology
Research subject
Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-91942 (URN)10.1002/ecs2.4234 (DOI)000850466700001 ()2-s2.0-85139162347 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Karlstad University
Available from: 2022-09-19 Created: 2022-09-19 Last updated: 2022-11-01Bibliographically approved
Lind, L., Harbicht, A., Bergman, E., Edwartz, J. & Eckstein, R. L. (2022). Effects of initial leaching for estimates of mass loss and microbial decomposition-Call for an increased nuance. Ecology and Evolution, 12(8), 1-10, Article ID e9118.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Effects of initial leaching for estimates of mass loss and microbial decomposition-Call for an increased nuance
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2022 (English)In: Ecology and Evolution, E-ISSN 2045-7758, Vol. 12, no 8, p. 1-10, article id e9118Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Decomposition is essential to carbon, nutrient, and energy cycling among and within ecosystems. Several methods have been proposed for studying litter decomposition by using a standardized and commercially available substrate. One of these methods is the Tea Bag Index (TBI) which uses tea bags (green and rooibos tea) incubated for similar to 90 days. The TBI is now applied all over the globe, but despite its usefulness and wide application, the TBI (as well as other methods) does not explicitly account for the differences in potential loss of litter mass due to initial leaching in habitats with large differences in moisture. We, therefore, studied the short-term mass losses (3-4 h) due to initial leaching under field and laboratory conditions for green and rooibos tea using the TBI and contextualized our findings using existing long-term mass loss (90 days) in the field for both aquatic and terrestrial environments. For both tea litter types, we found a fast initial leaching rate, which could be mistaken for decomposition through microbial activity. This initial leaching was higher than the hydrolyzable fraction given in the description of the TBI. We also found that leaching increased with increasing temperature and that leaching in terrestrial environments with high soil moisture (> 90%) is almost as large as in aquatic environments. When comparing our findings to long-term studies, we found that up to 30-50% of the mass loss of green tea reported as decomposition could be lost through leaching alone in high moisture environments (> 90% soil moisture and submerged). Not accounting for such differences in initial leaching across habitats may lead to a systematic overestimation of the microbial decomposition in wet habitats. Future studies of microbial decomposition should adjust their methods depending on the habitat, and clearly specify the type of decomposition that the study focuses on.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
John Wiley & Sons, 2022
Keywords
decomposition, leaching, microbial, Tea Bag Index
National Category
Biological Sciences Microbiology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-91555 (URN)10.1002/ece3.9118 (DOI)000833915400001 ()35923944 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85136903841 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Karlstad University
Available from: 2022-08-22 Created: 2022-08-22 Last updated: 2024-01-17Bibliographically approved
Marker, J., Bergman, E., Eckstein, R. L. & Lafage, D. (2022). Forested riparian buffer environmental variables are more important than size for species functional diversity in production forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 526, Article ID 120599.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Forested riparian buffer environmental variables are more important than size for species functional diversity in production forests
2022 (English)In: Forest Ecology and Management, ISSN 0378-1127, E-ISSN 1872-7042, Vol. 526, article id 120599Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Retention of forested buffers around streams following forest cutting operations is a common managementtechnique used to protect aquatic resources and conserve the surrounding ecosystem services. Species richness,or α-diversity, is commonly used as an indicator of the effects of forestry management although it provides verylittle information about those effects on ecosystem processes and function. Functional diversity links speciestraits and ecosystem function incorporating species diversity, community composition, and functional guild andis more suitable to investigate the direct and indirect effects of forestry on ecosystem function. We sampledspiders and vascular plants in buffered and unbuffered stream-forest systems in southern Sweden and used atrait-based approach to assess the effects of buffer size and environmental variables on functional diversity. Weused structural equation modeling (SEM) to explore the effects of buffer size and condition on spider and vascularplant diversity. We found no effect of buffer size on the functional richness or functional redundancy for spidersor vascular plants. Buffer size had a slight effect on the α-diversity of spiders within small buffers and fullyforested sites but the effect was small. Other buffer variables including canopy closure, buffer density, bareground coverage, and soil fertility had direct effects on spider and vascular plant functional diversity. The maindriver of functional richness was α-diversity, but our SEM analysis illustrated other environmental variablesworking jointly to drive functional diversity. Using a trait-based approach, we showed that forested buffers havea minimal overall impact on spider and vascular plant functional diversity. However, it is important to maintainhigh levels of α-diversity to preserve and promote both spider and plant functional richness in production forestsand we suggest that forest management conserves and encourages high levels of α-diversity to increase overallfunctional diversity.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2022
Keywords
Aquatic ecosystems, Aquatic organisms, Conservation, Plant shutdowns, Redundancy, Timber, Buffer sizes, Environmental variables, Forestry management, Functional diversity, Functional redundancy, Functional richness, Riparian zones, Species richness, Structural equation models, Vascular plant, Forestry, Ecosystem function, Forest management, Riparian zone, Soil fertility, Species richness, Arachnids, Buffers, Conservation, Forest Management, Forestry, Production, Variables, Vascular Plants, Sweden
National Category
Ecology Forest Science
Research subject
Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-92498 (URN)10.1016/j.foreco.2022.120599 (DOI)000878593200004 ()2-s2.0-85140344645 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 2018-00412
Available from: 2022-11-16 Created: 2022-11-16 Last updated: 2024-03-11Bibliographically approved
Ludewig, K., Klinger, Y. P., Donath, T. W., Bärmann, L., Eichberg, C., Gadegaad Thomsen, J., . . . Eckstein, R. L. (2022). Phenology and morphology of the invasive legume Lupinus polyphyllus along a latitudinal gradient in Europe. NeoBiota, 78
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Phenology and morphology of the invasive legume Lupinus polyphyllus along a latitudinal gradient in Europe
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2022 (English)In: NeoBiota, ISSN 1619-0033, E-ISSN 1314-2488, Vol. 78Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Plant phenology, i. e. the timing of life cycle events, is related to individual fitness and species distributionranges. Temperature is one of the most important drivers of plant phenology together with day length.The adaptation of their phenology may be important for the success of invasive plant species. The presentstudy aims at understanding how the performance and the phenology of the invasive legume Lupinuspolyphyllus vary with latitude. We sampled data across a >2000 km latitudinal gradient from Centralto Northern Europe. We quantified variation in phenology of flowering and fruiting of L. polyphyllususing >1600 digital photos of inflorescences from 220 individual plants observed weekly at 22 sites. Theday of the year at which different phenological phases were reached, increased 1.3–1.8 days per degreelatitude, whereas the growing degree days (gdd) required for these phenological phases decreased 5–16 gddper degree latitude. However, this difference disappeared, when the day length of each day included inthe calculation of gdd was considered. The day of the year of the earliest and the latest climatic zone toreach any of the three studied phenological phases differed by 23–30 days and temperature requirementsto reach these stages differed between 62 and 236 gdd. Probably, the invasion of this species will furtherincrease in the northern part of Europe over the next decades due to climate warming. For invasive speciescontrol, our results suggest that in countries with a large latitudinal extent, the mowing date should shiftby ca. one week per 500 km at sites with similar elevations.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Pensoft Publishers, 2022
Keywords
flowering phenology, invasive plant, latitudinal gradient, legume, Lupinus polyphyllus, photoperiod
National Category
Biological Sciences
Research subject
Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-94350 (URN)10.3897/neobiota.78.89673 (DOI)
Available from: 2023-04-18 Created: 2023-04-18 Last updated: 2023-04-18Bibliographically approved
Hoppenreijs, J., Eckstein, R. L. & Lind, L. (2022). Pressures on Boreal Riparian Vegetation: A Literature Review. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 9, Article ID 806130.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Pressures on Boreal Riparian Vegetation: A Literature Review
2022 (English)In: Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, E-ISSN 2296-701X, Vol. 9, article id 806130Article, review/survey (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Riparian zones are species-rich and functionally important ecotones that sustain physical, chemical and ecological balance of ecosystems. While scientific, governmental and public attention for riparian zones has increased over the past decades, knowledge on the effects of the majority of anthropogenic disturbances is still lacking. Given the increasing expansion and intensity of these disturbances, the need to understand simultaneously occurring pressures grows. We have conducted a literature review on the potential effects of anthropogenic pressures on boreal riparian zones and the main processes that shape their vegetation composition. We visualised the observed and potential consequences of flow regulation for hydropower generation, flow regulation through channelisation, the climate crisis, forestry, land use change and non-native species in a conceptual model. The model shows how these pressures change different aspects of the flow regime and plant habitats, and we describe how these changes affect the extent of the riparian zone and dispersal, germination, growth and competition of plants. Main consequences of the pressures we studied are the decrease of the extent of the riparian zone and a poorer state of the area that remains. This already results in a loss of riparian plant species and riparian functionality, and thus also threatens aquatic systems and the organisms that depend on them. We also found that the impact of a pressure does not linearly reflect its degree of ubiquity and the scale on which it operates. Hydropower and the climate crisis stand out as major threats to boreal riparian zones and will continue to be so if no appropriate measures are taken. Other pressures, such as forestry and different types of land uses, can have severe effects but have more local and regional consequences. Many pressures, such as non-native species and the climate crisis, interact with each other and can limit or, more often, amplify each other's effects. However, we found that there are very few studies that describe the effects of simultaneously occurring and, thus, potentially interacting pressures. While our model shows where they may interact, the extent of the interactions thus remains largely unknown.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Frontiers Media S.A., 2022
Keywords
riparian vegetation, boreal, hydropower, forestry, climate change, land use change (LUC), invasion, ecosystem interactions
National Category
Ecology
Research subject
Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-88998 (URN)10.3389/fevo.2021.806130 (DOI)000756051600001 ()2-s2.0-85124585642 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2022-03-04 Created: 2022-03-04 Last updated: 2022-11-01Bibliographically approved
Watz, J., Eckstein, R. L. & Nyqvist, D. (2021). Effects of fragmentation per se on slug movement. Acta Oecologica, 112, Article ID 103771.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Effects of fragmentation per se on slug movement
2021 (English)In: Acta Oecologica, ISSN 1146-609X, E-ISSN 1873-6238, Vol. 112, article id 103771Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

To predict the effects of habitat alterations on animal populations we need insight into how the habitat configuration influences local scale movements. This relationship may be particularly important for effective management of pest species. We tracked 80 PIT-tagged Spanish slugs (Arion vulgaris) in 16 × 16 m arenas with manipulated habitat fragmentation. The arenas had habitat patches consisting of high grass residing within a matrix of short grass, and the arenas with a high degree of fragmentation had 12 large (2 × 2 m), 13 medium-sized (1 × 1 m) and 12 small (0.5 × 0.5 m) patches, whereas the arenas with low fragmentation had four 4 × 4 m patches, resulting in equal amounts of total habitat patch area in the two treatments. The measured mean distance moved per day was 3.8 m, and between 0 and 25% of the slugs left the arenas each day. Fragmentation treatment had no effect on these two measurements. In the treatment with patches of different sizes, slugs distributed themselves among the patch size classes according to the total amount of habitat area for each habitat patch class, whereas patch edge did not explain the distribution pattern. All in all, fragmentation per se seems to play a minor role in the local movement and distribution of Spanish slugs.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2021
Keywords
Arion vulgaris, Arionid, Edge, Habitat use, Landscape, Pest, Spanish slug, Telemetry
National Category
Ecology
Research subject
Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-85611 (URN)10.1016/j.actao.2021.103771 (DOI)000691322300014 ()2-s2.0-85111814477 (Scopus ID)
Funder
The Royal Swedish Academy of Agriculture and Forestry (KSLA), GFS2019-0050
Available from: 2021-08-10 Created: 2021-08-10 Last updated: 2022-10-10Bibliographically approved
Organisations
Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0002-6953-3855

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